TWO NEW PERSONAL COMPUTERS FOR LESS THAN $200.00
1
COMPUTB
The Journal For Progressive Computing
$2.50 •
March,
1982
Issue 22
Vol. 4 No. 3
An Energy Workbook
Progrann For Home
Or Business
Two Programs To
Help You Learn
BASIC Programming
Organizing APPLE
Data Storage
A Game Of
Concentration
For ATARI
Disk Drive Check-
out For PET/CBM
Starfight 3
For VIC-20
74470"63379'
0 3
Reviews: Ricochet,
Votrax Type 'n Telle,
Atari's Microsoft BASIC
And More...
9^^
^o';tv<^
-.^V:;
is is all you ibally ne^d!
An Apple II®, a printer, a video screen, a modem, a disk drive,
OPS Multifunction, pnd HAMPLf S+.
The CPS Multifunction card and cables are all
you need to connect almost any printer, mo-
dem, or terminal to your Apple H". It's really
three cards in one. It provides the capabilities
of a serial interlace, parallel output interface,
and real-time clock/calendar. It saves you
money power, and slots. The CPS Multifunction
is compatible with DOS. CPM, PASCAL, and
BASIC. Suggested retail price $239, including
software. Cables $24.95 each.
Mountain ^ Computer
I >t coupon k mo
■ r
' 300 Er PufltJto. Sf.atlb Vnilev. CA 95066
TWX:9tO 598 4S04 I4081438-665D f
The RAMPLUS+ card allows you to expand the
available memory of your Apple 11"^ to 80K.
RAMPLUS+ has two 16K banks of RAM. The card
is supplied with 16K of installed RAM, with an
additional 16E of plug-in RAM available. It is
compatible with DOS, CPM, PASCAL, and BASIC,
also. Suggested retail price S 1 89. Additional 16K
RAM $24.95. ,,
CK nULTtFtHCTI
I* The n
iafes MicrocOii
le wideo screen
fnter (s a product of Epson America.
;s a product o* Apple Computer. Inc.
s a product of Apple Computer. Inc.
IF YOU'RE WAITING FOR THE
PRICE OF WORD PROCESSORS
TO FALL WITHIN REASON,
Everyone expected it would happen
sooner or later. . .with WordPro PLUS"
it already has! Now all the marvelous
benefits of expensive and advanced
word processing systems are available
on Commodore computers, America's
largest selling computer line. WordPro
PLUS, when combined with the new 80
column CBM 8032, creates a word pro-
cessing system comparable to virtually
any other top quality word processor
available— but at savings of thousands
of dollars!
TM WordPro is a Registered Trademark of Professional Software,
New, low cost computer technology is
now available at a fraction of what you
would expect to pay. This technology
allowed Commodore to introduce the
new and revolutionary CBM 8032
Computer.
WordPro PLUS turns this new CBM
8032 Computer into a sophisticated,
time saving word processing tool. With
WordPro PLUS, documents are dis-
played on the computer's screen. Edit-
ing and last minute revisions are simple
and easy. No more lengthy re-typing
sessions. Letters and documents are
easily re-called from memory storage
for editing or printing with final drafts
printed perfectly at over five hundred
words per minute!
, Inc, WordPro was written by Steve Puntef .
Our nationwide team of professional
dealers will show you how your office
will benefit by using WordPro PLUS. At
a price far less than you realize.
Invest in your office's future. . .
invest in WordPro PLUS. . .
Cali us today for the name of the
WordPro PLUS dealer nearest you.
Professional Software Inc.
166 Crescent Road
Needham, AAA 02194
(617)444-5224
TELEX: 95 1579
CMS Sof twa
General Accou
For the Commodore 8000
Now there is an interactive
General Accounting System
designed especially for the
first time user. The user is led
through each function by
highlighted prompts explain-
ing the required input at each
point. And all input requests
are prompted with complete
verification. Plus, a step-by-
step instruction manual
guides the user through the
General Ledger
Cash Disbursements and
Cash Receipts Journal as wel
as a General Journal. Main-
tains account balances for
Present Month, Quarter to
Date and Year to Date.
Accepts postings from
program. The user prompts
and the detailed manual
make it virtually impossible
for the first time user to get
lost or to accidentally crash.
Accounts Receivable,
Accounts Payable, Payroll
and other programs. Also
provides user customized
financial statements. Gp to
1000 accounts and up to
99 departments.
re Systems
nting System II
Series Computer System
Accounts Receivable
Invoices and Monthly State-
ments as well as Credit and
Debit Memos. Accomodates
full or partial payments. User
sets finance charge rate and
period. User also sets invoice
aging reports and aging
breaks. Invoices may be dis-
tributed among nine different
General Ledger accounts with
Accounts Payable
Accounts Payable checks
with full voucher detail.
Detailed check register. Auto-
matic application of Credit
Memos. User sets invoice
aging reports and aging
breaks. Invoices may be dis-
Payroll
Payroll checks with full
deductions and pay detail.
Pays regular, overtime,
holiday and piece work hours.
Accommodates Weekly,
Bi-Weekly, Semi-Monthly and
Monthly employees. Gp to
eight miscellaneous deduc-
tions or payments per
automatic updating to the
General Ledger. During
invoice data entry the invoice
is displayed on the screen
and typed exactly as if in a
typewriter. File capacity
allows 1800 customers and
invoices. Five hundred
customers allows room for
1300 invoices.
tributed among nine different
General Ledger accounts with
automatic updating to the
General Ledger. File capacity
allows 2500 vendors and
invoices.
employee. Prints Payroll
Journal, Payroll Check
Register and an Absentee
Report as well as 941 infor-
mation and W2 forms. Main-
tains Monthly, Quarterly and
Yearly totals for up to 350
employees. Automatic
General Ledger updating.
See your nearest
Commodore dealer for
a demonstration.
CMS Soft:ware Syst:ems
2204 Camp David Mesquite.TX. 75149 214 285-3581
TASC The Applesof f Compiler.
It turns your Apple into
a power tool.
Step up to speed. TASC, the Applesoft Compilen
converts a standard Applesoft BASIC program
into super-fast machine code. By
increasing program execution speed
up to 20 times, Microsoft gives
you a power tool for Applesoft
BASIC programming.
Highest capacity available.
TASC will compile and run
larger programs than any
other Applesoft Compiler. As a
disk-based system, it doesn't
require the simultaneous pres-
ence of compiler and program
fn memory The memory you save
allows you to compile significantly
bigger programs.
Power without bulk. Code expansion of up to 100%
severely restricts other compilers. TASC's special
code compression schemes typically limit code
expansion to only 25%. You'll really appreciate that
with complex programs or programs that utilize
Apple's hi-res graphic pages.
More BASIC power. TASC's powerful new
commands increase Applesoft BASIC programming
capability. Chain with COMMON allows compiled
programs to share variables, so a main menu
'Applesoft IS a trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
supports several programs in a
single runtime environment.
TASC's True Integer Arithmetic
and Integer FOR... NEXT
capabilities maximize the execu-
tion speed of compiled programs.
TASC's near total compatibility
with Applesoft speeds compil-
ation of existing programs
with little or no modification.
What about mistakes? You
perfect your programs inter-
actively with Applesoft. If some-
thing does slip by TASC recovers
from errors discovered tn compilation
and traps all runtime errors. It even permits
graceful interruptions during compilation.
See for yourself. Ask for a demonstration of
TASC at your Microsoft dealer. Discover the software
package that turns your Apple into a power tool.
CONSUMERS PRODUCTS
A Division of Microsoft Inc,
10700 Northup Way • Belfevue. V^A 98004
March. 1982, Issue 22
COMPUTE!
Table of Contents
March, 1982 Vol. 4 No. 3
Features
'^'9
The Winter Of Our Content:
A Report On The January
Consumer EJectronics Show
David Thornburg, 26 ^
Twenty Questions Revisited
.......Elizabeth Deal, 38
Energy Workbook ....... David E. Pitts, 44
Two Short Programs of
CAI For Teaching BASIC
R. Hiatt, 56
Infinite Precision Multiply
...... .G. H. Watson, 62
More About Nunnbers
Edmund Ricchezza, 65
Word Hunt
Robert W. Baker, 68
Count The Hearts Christopher J. Flyna 78
Education And Recreation
Family: A Sinnulation In Genetics
Andy Gamble, 88
Large Alphabet For The VIC j^,, ^^^'
.......Doug Ferguson, 104 oj^ OTiM>
Concentration i^-^j
Charles Brannon, 106
Comment Your Catalog ^ ^' M^vtj '
Richard Cornelius, 110 vi^JL Vfe^
Start ight3
David R. Mizner, 112 ^/' h^'^P^YlC'y
Swirl And Scribble ^fe^^J^^ ^<::^
Matt Giwer, 115 .^-^T^^ ^^%n
WEBS Cfe^^'v^
....... Loran Gruman, 117 ^^'^^^-^ \j^^
Reviews
Votrox Type 'N Talk: TNT Charles Brannon, 118
Olympic's ES 100 KRO Typewriter/Printer
Richard Mansfield, 119
RPL: A FORTH Sequel? Jim Butterfield, 120
Ricochet
Richard Mansfield, 121
Atari Microsoft BASIC (Part I)
Jerry White, 122
Columns/Departments
The Editor's Notes Robert Lock 6
Ask The Readers
........ Robert Lock, Richard Mansfield, and Readers, 12
Computers And Society David ThornburgJ6
The Beginner's Page:
How Computers Remember
Richard Mansfield, 20
Basically Useful BASIC: Tabulation
......Paul Lilly, 30
COMPUTErs Listing Conventions 43
Learning With Computers:
Word Processing In The Classroom
Glenn Kieiman and Mary Humphrey, 96
Friends Of The Turtle David Thornburg, 100
Telecommunications: ^^imKt^—>^f
MODEM Applications i^V?SC>^===^^^m
Michael Day, 124
Machine Language:
Loops and Quality
Jim Buttertield, 128
Bill WiJkinson, 130
Insight: Atari
The Jour ^.
Disk Checkout For 2040, 4040, and 8050 Disks
Jim Buttertield, 139
Organizing Data Storage John Hudson, 141
Machine Language Sort Utility
Ronald and Lynn Marcuse, 144
Dynamic Renumber R. D. Young, 152
Disk Data Structures: An Interactive Tutorial
David Young, 156
Apple Addresses Bill Grimm, 163
More VIC Mops Jim Buttertield. 168
EPROM Reliability Michael Day, 176
Random Music Composition On The PET
Alfred J. Bruey, 182
Ghost Programming Aric Wilmunder, 190
BASIC 4.0 To Upgrade Conversion Kit
...Elizabeth Deal, 194
Screen Save Routine Joseph Trem, 201
A Superboord II Monitor (Part I) ...... Frank Cohen, 203
New Products 209
CAPUTEI Corrections And Amplifications ?22
Advertisers Index — ?24
Computer Guide To Articles And Programs By Page Number
Apple 6, 12, 16, 20. 26, 30. 38, 43, 44, 56, 62, 65, 68, 78, 96, 100, 110, 118, 119. 121, 124, 128, 141, 163, 176. 203
Atari 6, 12. 16, 20, 26, 30, 38, 43, 44. 56, 62. 65, 68, 78, 96. 100, 106, 115 118, 119, 121, 122, 124, 128, 130. 144, 156. 176, 190. 201 203
PET/CBM 6, 12, 16. 20, 26, 30, 38, 43, 44, 56, 62, 65, 68, 78, 88, 96. 100, 117. 118, 119. 120, 124. 128, 139, 152, 176. 182, 194, 203
VIC-20 6, 12, 16, 20, 26. 30, 38, 43, 44, 56. 62. 65 68, 78. 96, 100, 104, 112, 118. 119, 124, 128, 176, 203
Ottier Computers 6, 12, 16, 20, 26, 30. 38, 43, 44, 56, 62, 65, 68. 78, 96, 100. 118, 119. 124, 128, 176, 203
COMPUTE! The Journal for Progressive Computing (ISPS: 3:^250) is publislicci 12 times
ciirh win h\ Small S\su-in Sriv ii t-s. Inc.. I\C). Box .^>4(J(i (ii ecDsborn, XC 27■Ur^ ISA. I^lionc:
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notiu'stii S[il>srri[)ijniis: 1 li issiu-s, 520.00. St-rni Mil>st i ipiion ordiTs oi ( liiiti^r of address
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olturs. Kmnv toiitcms copviti^lH <": 19S2 b\ Small .Svsrem Services. Inc. All Rights reserved.
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COMPUTE
COMPUTE!
MarcM982. Issue 22
Robert C Lock
Publisher/Editor
COMPUTEI'5 New Format
As we indicated last issue, the format of the
magazine has been revised to allow us greater
flexibility in article placement. In the front
sections of the magazine you'll find general
interest articles, including apphcations pro-
grams and games that ha\ c been developed to
run on nimierous computers. More achanced
material, both applications and programming
support, will be foinid in they^j^^/7/r// section of
the magazine,
Each cokimn, article, program, etc. is
keyed by page number in the Fable of Contents
to relevant microcomputers.
On The Importance Of Feedback
On our direct mail response cards at the end
of this isstie. you'll find a special Editor's Feed-
back card, i ake a look at otir new Ibrmat for
the magazine, and please take a few minutes to
fill out and retinn the card.
We've tried to accomplish the changes as a
constructive enhancement, and rely on your
collective opinion as well. Let tis know what
voti tliink.
Two New Personal Computers
For Less Than $200.00
The Winter Consumer Electronics show
was impressive. Commodore was showing a
startling array of VIC-2() software. Atari intro-
duced some ui^w^ twists as well. For full details
on the show and the new computers, see David
Thornburg's article in this issue.
Home Applications
Being (Irmly convinced that the tnyth of the
utilit}' o( home computers is tiuly a myth, we\'e
been excited by the range of useful softwaix
you'\'e been sending in. With evervthing from
our continuing series oi Energy C^onservation
and Analysis programs by David Pitts, to Real
Estate Investment Analvsis and sophisticated
financial modeling, we've been proving by
example that home comptiters are being used
for education and applications as well as recre-
ation. Keep voiu' effoits cc»ming.
COMPUTE! Boolcs
Our Book Division is now off and rolling,
with the release (finally) of our first two titles,
COMPUTEI's First Book of ATARI ' and COM-
PUTES's First Book of PET /CBM We have
three more books schcd tiled for release in the
first and second quarters of 1982. Having
learned our lesson the first time around, these
won't be announced until scheduled at otrr
printers, but we're sure you1l find them equal-
ly tisef ul resources.
The West Coast Computer Fa ire
Once again we expect to see htnidreds of you
among the 30, 000 to 40,000 attendees at
the Sixth West Coast Computer Faire. Jim
Warren's annual extravaganza is a looked-for
meeting place for old and new friends. Stop bv
our booths, numbers 1543 and 1642, and say
hello.
An Important Message
To Our Retailers
As you ve all noticed, wc rccentlv moved
to a new billing system. By now, our
scheduling and updating problems have
been resolved. Vour uf:\\' invoices will be
showing a message "Payments received
after , are not inflected in
this invoice.'' Intei im shipments of back
issues or COMPUTE! Books will be billed
as shipped, and (dso rcllected on your
monthly statement-invoice.
HE GRAPHIC
DIFFERB^JO
BETWEEN ATARI COMPUTERS AND ALL OTHERS.
.^^
'3
37 mlllfon reasons why the ATARI
Home Computer is somethtng to see.
The display screen used with our computers '
is composed of 192 horizontal lines, each
containing 320 dots. Delivering color and
luminosity instructions to each dot for a
second requires 3 J million cycles ... a lot
of work for the normal 6502 processor
That's why the ATARI computer has
equipped its 6502 with its own electronic
assistant. It's called ANTIC, and it handles
all the display work, leaving the 6502 free
to handle the rest. What this means to you
is uncompromisingly spectacular display
capabilities without loss of computer
power needed to carry out the demands
of your program.
That's a quality you just don't find in
ordinary personal computers. And it's
one of the reasons some computer
experts say that ATARI computers are
so far ahead of their time.
There's more ...which is what
you d expect from ATARI.
Language, The ATARI Personal
Computer uses several program-
ming languages to give the user
maximum control of its extraordi-
narv capabilities. PILOT Microsoft
BASICf and ATARI BASIC are
understood and spoken by the
ATARI computer You'll also find
our Assembler Editor cartridge
indispensable for machine
language programming.
[Qfim
'im
»v
ATARI
Sound. An ATARI computer has four sound
generators, or voices, activated by a sepa-
rate microchip. This leaves the principal
microprocessor chips free to perform other
tasks. And you can take full advantage of
this capability which is designed
for easy programming,
Change. ATARI Home Computers have
been designed to make change and
expansion easy The ATARI computer has a
modular operating system* that can be easily
replaced as new technology develops. II you
need it, memory expansion requires no more
than inserting additional RAM modules*
And the ATARI ROM cartridge system also
makes it easy to change languages. In short,
your ATARI computer won t be obsoleted by
future developments . . . beause it already
incorporates the future.
Sharing. To learn more about the amaz-
ing capabilities of ATARI computers, visit
your local computer store for a demon-
stration. Or send for our Technical
User's Notes, intended for the serious
programmer They are only $27 and
_^.. contain a lot more information about
our computers' special capabilities
than most companies could tell.
See your ATARI dealer or send
S30 (S27 plus S3 postage and
handling), payable to ATARI, to
Technical User's Notes, c/o
,A.TARI Customer Service. 1340
Bordeaux Avenue, Sunnyvale.
CA 94086.
*ATARI BOO'" computer only.
©1981 Atari, Inc.
^^ A Warrver Communicat'on!; Compaf^y
COMPUTE]
March,1982.(ssue22
Staff Of COMPUTf!
Robert C. Lock, Publisher/Editor
Kathleen Marti nek, Managing Editor
Richard Mansfield, Assistant Editor
Alice S. Wolfe. Publisher's Assistant
Georgia Papadopoulos, Art Director/
Production Manager
Harry Blair, Advertising Sales Manager
Terrv Cash, Typesetting/Production
Assistant
Margret Jackson, Typesetting
De Potter, Production Assistant
Dai Rees, Production Assistant
Kate Taylor, Production Assistant
Charles Brannon, Editorial Assistant
Sonjo WhiteselL Dealer Coordinator
Bonnie Valentino, Accounting Coordinator
Fran Lyons, Circulation Coordinator
Associate Editors
Jim Butterfield, Toronto. Canada
Harvey Herman, Greensboro, NC
Contributing Editors
Marvin DeJong, Dept. of Mathematics
-Physics, The School of the Ozarks
?f. Lookout, MO 65726
David Thronburg, P.O. Box 1317,
Los Altos, CA 94022
Bill Wilkinson, Optimized Systems
Software, 10379-C Lonsdale, Ave.
Cupertino. CA 95014
Gene Zumchak, 1700 Niagara St,
Buffalo, NY 14207
Subscription Information
COMPUTE! Circulation Dept.
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Micron Distributing
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Toronto. Ontario M5V 2A5
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Advertising Sales
In BrtNsh Columbia,
Canada call 408-354-5553.
Elsewhere In Canada or outside
North America call 919-275-9809.
In Alaska or Hawaii cqW 408-354-5^3.
Phoeb# Thompson
and Associates
101 Church Street, Suite 13
Los Gatos, CA 95030
PHOEBE THOMPSON
Phoeb* Thompson
and Associates
P.O. Box 700-462
Redondo Beach, CA 90277
JOANN SULLIVAN
6B & Associates
P.O. Box 335
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GORDON BENSON
COMPUTEi
Home Office
625 Fulton Street
Greensboro. NC 27403
HARRY BLAIR
Address all advertising materials to: Alice S, Wolfe/Advertising Production Coordinator. COMPUTEi Magazine,
625 Fulton Street. Greensboro, NC 27^03 USA
Small System Services, Inc.
publishes:
COMPUTE!
COMPUTE! Books
Corporate office:
625 Fulton Street,
Greensboro, NC 27403 USA
Mailing address; COMPUTE!
Post Office Box 5406
Greensboro. NC 27403 USA
Telephone: 919-275-M09
Robert C. Lock President
W. Jerry Day, Vice-President.
Comptroller
Kathleen Marti nek Assistant To The
President
Ellen Day Accounting Manager
Corel Holmquist Lock Research
Assistant
Auttiors of manuscripts warrant thai all rrjaterials
submitted to COMPLfTi! ore original materials
with full ownership rights resident in said authors.
By submitting articles to COMPUTEI authors
ocknowledge that such materials, upon ac-
ceptance for publication, become the exclusive
property of Small System Services, Inc. No
portion of this mogozine may be reproduced in
any form without written permission from the
pubiisher. Entire contents copyright € 1982,
Smolf System Services, Inc. Rights to progroms
developed and submitfed by authors are
exptained in our author contract Unsolicited
materials not accepted for publicotion in
COMPUTE! will be retufned if outhor provides a
self -addressed, stamped envelope. Program
listings should be provided in printed form (new
ribbon) OS well as rrrachine readable form,
Arlides should be furnished as t/ped copy
(upper and lower cose, please) with double
spacing. Each page of your article should bear
the title of the article, dote and name of
the author. COMPUTE! assumes no liability for
errors in articles or advertisements. Opinions
expressed by authors ore not necessarily those
of COMPUTE!
PET is o trodemark of Commodore Business
Machines, inc.
Apple is a trodemork of Apple Computer
Company.
ATARI is a frademark of Atari, Inc.
Coming In The
April Issue
Of COMPUTE!:
Tracking Down
■Memory Bugs
Shooting Stars Game
User Defined Functions:
Defined for PET/CBM
Using Textpiot For
Animated Atari Games
A VIC-20 Terminal Program
Customizing Apple's
Copy Program
Professional Software Introduces
POWER
by Brad Templeton
II
POWER TO YOUR ^e®-^*
COMMODORE COMPUTER
POWER produces a dramatic improvement in the
ease of editing BASIC on Commodore's computers.
POWER is a programmer's utility package (in a 4K
ROM) that contains a series of new commands and
utilities which are added to the Screen Editor and the
BASIC Interpreter. Designed for the CBM BASIC
user, POWER contains special editing, programming,
and software debugging tools not found in any other
microcomputer BASIC. POWER is easy to use and is
sold complete with a full operator's manual written by
Jim Butterfield.
power's special keyboard 'instant action' features
and additional commands make up for, and go beyond
the limitations of CBM BASIC. The added features
include auto line numbering, tracing, single stepping
through programs, line renumbering, and definition
of keys as BASIC keywords. POWER even includes
TM POWER is a Registered Trademark of Professional Software, inc.
new "stick-on" keycap labels. The cursor movement
keys are enhanced by the addition of auto-repeat and
text searching functions are added to help ease pro-
gram modification. Cursor UP and cursor DOWN
produce previous and next lines. of source code.
COMPLETE BASIC program listings in memory can
be displayed on the screen and scrolled in either direc-
tion. POWER is a must for every serious CBM user.
Call us today, for the nante of the Professional
Software dealer nearest you.
Professional Software Inc.
166 Crescent Road
Need ham, MA 02194
Tel: (617) 444-5224 Telex #951579
$12.95
*
I
FIRST BOOK
PET/CBM
^J^'
Available Now
At Your Computer Retailer
$12,95
Only SI 2.95 plus S2.00 shipping and handling. *Direct orders in the US call TOLL FREE 800-345-81 )2
In Pennsylvania call 800-662-2444. MasterCard, VISA, check or money order payable in US dollars
accepted. Send to COMPUTE! Books, 515 Abbott Drive, Broomall, PA 19008 USA.
*Outside US add S4.00 airmail. S2.00 surface mail. NC residents add 4% sales tax.
AMI n ^ legislwed iradeirart; of Ai»i. Inc. PET ^ncl CBM iire Biidemarks of Comniodoie ftninm M,Khin«. tnt
12
COMPUTil
March, 1982Jssue 22
Ask The
Readers
Robert Lock Richard Mansfield,
And Readers
If you have any questions (or answers lo the ques-
tions printed below) please write to: Ask The
Readers, COMPUTE! Magazine, P.O. Box 5406,
Greensboro, NC 27403.
Answers
On page 10 ^/COMPUTE! #/9, a reader asked about,
and you commented on, COM as an Atari BASIC
keyword.
I vety recently bought an Atari and as yet have not
delved extensively into (he programming aspects of it since
most of the time it has Missile Command in the left slot,
but, in other computer systems I have used ivith either
interpreter or compiler BASIC, COM or COMA/OjV
defines common variables, either string or numeric, for
programs which are to be chained instead of POKEing
the information into protected memory by oiw program,
then PEEKing it out by a subsequent one. This is usually
accomplished under DOS control
A question that I have, and perhaps another reader
can answer, is how I could build an interface or two to
use the Radio Shack (Tandon 40 track) drives and Cen-
tronics 737 parallel printer I have for my TRS-80 Model
I with the Atari serial port. I realize this identifies me as a
"Hardware Nut, '* but for personal satisfaction, I would
rather build, than buy, an interface. William E. Allen
Our thanks to the others who sent in responses to
this question.
/ am writing in response to columfiist Zumchak's comments
in the 'Ask^The Reader^ section o/' COMPUTE! #/6.
The question of a next generation 6502 micropro-
cessor is certainly not a dead issue. However, this is a
market-driven decision. Synertek would readily undertake
the development and marketing of a sequel to the 6502 if
there were reasonable expectations that this would be
justified by adequate business in the new part.
As to the SYM board, the SYM-2 version is laid out
to accept the 6502, 6800, or 6809. There is also a plug-in
module for the SYM-l to adapt it to those processors.
These new products were introduced to widen the market
for the SY\M, not as a move away from the 6502.
Synertek is continuing to support the 6502, as we
have in the past. New peripheral products are being
designed to work with the 6502. We believe that the 6502
is one oj the best 8 -bit processors available. Although
many applications use I MHz parts, the 6502 is available
in versions that run with clocks of 2, 3, and 4 MHz,
Dr. Michael Smolin
Director, Strategic Planning
Synertek Inc.
In his excellent article Machine Language: What's
Your Sign? f COMPUTE! #/ 7), J mi Butterfield discusses
how the Overflow (V)flcig will be set if the addition or
subtraction of two signed numbers causes a ''sign switch,"
A rarely publicized fact is that a sign switch, or
overjlow, can only occur if you are adding two numbers
that have the same sign (both positive or both negative)
or subtracting tivo numbers that have opposite signs.
Moreover, because a sign switch indicates that the result
exceeds the legal limits of a signed number, -128 or
+ 127, V= I always constitutes an error condition...
One further point of interest is that CMP, unlike
SBC, does not affect the contents of the Accumulator.
This allows you to compare NI to some other number
(hi 3} immediately, withoiit another LD A Nl inst7iiction,
Leo J. Scanlon
For several years I have been dealing with the CRASH of
the INPUT statement on our 200 1 and 4016 COMMO-
DORE Computers wium the RETURN key is depressed
with no input! I have read of several fairly short routines
that overcome this problem and have developed my own
favorite, as have most users (Our students develop software
for the Elementary School - kids, and their teachers, will
crash programs),
Anyivay — this evening, quite by accident, I stumbled
upon a quick way to protect the RETURN key on INPUT!
A t least I hax fe n ei fer h ea rd of it. [ L i n e s 7 0 , 8 0 , 160,
1 70, and 180 will do.] If you type in the enclosed
program and RUN same, you ivill notice that the INPUT
at line 70 (numeric) and line 160 (string) are protected
under inputt return (and, of course RUN/STOP)!!
When you look at the listing, Tm sure your reaction
will be the same as mine laas when I looked at the listing
and said to myself and all within earshot, ''Whafs going
on here? I tried this years ago! It didn't work then, so why
is it WORKING now???.'^
The key lies in the length of the input prompt —
exactly 38 characters. This configuration puts the
INPUT question mark at the end of the input line and
the cursor all by itself on the left of the next line. Bingo —
RETURN = null. The conditional picks up the pieces
and we're in business,
John Taylor
To answer fohn Fry's question [in COMPUTE! #18]:
PATHFINDER
Never before released, a !
arcade-adventure game for
Atari , . , alone in a vast
transparent maze
Inhabited by radioactive
monsters and nuclear
waste, you must blast
the waste and free
the maze of
mutant monsters.
By Solitaire Group,
requires 24K Atari
with disk drive.
•■:nv
^^
MATCH RACER
Brand new for the Atari, this one
or t\vo player game tests your
driving skills on a race track
filled with treacherous
obstacles. See how far
you can get before
your luck and skill run I
out! By Solitaire
Group, requires
16K Atari w^th disk I
drive.
HOLLYWOOD
ANDROMEDA
Introducing a spectacular,
original arcade-adventure for j
the Atari ... a battle in inner j
space . . . you must invade j
o living organism and
destroy its tissues before ,
its antibodies destroy
you. By Solitaire
Group, requires
16K Atari with disk
i drive.
m i^LUTWAhr m:
1771 Tribute Rd.SL
^t^.T*^S^!f!!r!i[:
1981 Gebelli Softvyare, Inc. Atari is a registered tradennark of Atari, Inc.
14
COMPUTEI
March. 1962. Issue 22
sequential fata files: you have two problems.
Statement in line 40 is wrong. It should read 40
DISK CLOSE ,6 not 40 DISK CL0SI%6,A$.
Also, don't forget to run change program to shift
BASIC work space to allow for your I buffer (step 3 on
page 24 in my sy stern's manual).
OS I puts the buffers used for device 6 and 7 before
the BASIC program. Ij you don't run change to tell
BASICS to allow for these, it will start in this area for
program storage. So your first print #6, A starts writing
over your program and, thus, garbage on LIST,
Alex J. Kowalski, Jr.
/ am writing with a few odds and ends, corrections/
modifications to a couple of programs, and a question
that ''Ask the Readers'' may be able to answer.
To begin with, users of "Keyword"' as revised in
COMPUTE! #i 7 may have advised you by now that this
ve}j nice utdity crashes when used with Upgrade (3.0
BASIC) ROMs, I found that the folloioing line fixed the
problem:
215 POKE BASE + 8,46:POKE BASE + 12,230
While on the subject of "Keyword,'' it may be worth
mentioning to all that this and any program that alters
the interrupt vector must be turned oiT prior to initiating
tape 5^4^^^ or LOADs. I also found that "Keyword''
should be turned OFF prior to running a BASIC program
to avoid printing a collection of keywords ivhere graphics
or lower case should be printed. Perhaps someone can
explain this problem.
I am using an Original ROM PET with Upgrade
ROMs installed. The Upgrade ROM Monitor, available
all the time, is great. I have found at least one anomaly
with this Monitor, however: it refuses to accept program
names thai are more than 15 characters long. Perhaps
occasionally, an "End-of-Tape" header is recorded at the
end of a machine language program SAVE using the
Monitor. Are there any explanations for this out theref
Lastly, I finally got to tty the program "Basic Math
for Fun mid Profit'' from COMPUTE! #9. It's a great
program! I did make one significant change to it, however:
922 IFZ$(T) = CHR$( 13)THENZ$(T) = STR$(0):I = 9
923 PRINTZ$(T);**";
924 Y$ = Z$(9) + Z$(8) + Z$(7) + Z$(6) + Z$(5) + Z$(4) +
Z$(3) + Z$(2) + Z$(l ): W = VAL(Y$)
925 NEXT;GOT0357
(Changes at lines 922 and 925.)
R. D. Young
/ ivould like to share some lessons learned about the VIC
20. In obtaining a TV for use with the VIC 20 I learned
several items I thought would be of interest to all VIC 20
owners. Zenith TVs models L, A/, A^ can have a jump in
the picture because of the difference in the sync rate
between the VIC 20 and the TV^'i. This jump can be taken
out by your service man by having him connect the jumper
(sometimes called non standard vertical or cable standard
jumper) on the vertical output board. If your TV has a
crystal controlled tuner and there is no fine tuning, you
can adjust your modulator with the adjustment screw
closest to the input end so you can get color on both channels
3 and 4 on the TV.
If you are having wavy lines on your TV you could
be picking up RF interference signals on the tv ires from
the TV computer switch box. If your TV has cable input
capability, use of coaxial cable from the modulator to the
input for cable can eliminate this interference. If your
picture is not the right spot on the TV POKE I through
14 into 36864 luill move it right and left, and 0 through
125 into 36865 ivill move it up and down.
Want to use your "f keys? You can if you CET A$
and use the ASC(A$) to create a value 133 for f I to 140
forfS. This CHR$ value can then be used in the pro-
gram. Jim Turrentine
Questions
/ want to thank you and Dub Scrogginfor the fine game
program in the January 82 issue for the VIC 20. Instead
of using the keyboard, I made a change in ''ZAP!!'' to use
a joystick and it loorks great,
I have a problem with my recorder. I have to turn it
upside down to load a program. I have taken the back off,
but can t find anything loose. If I try a load it finds a
program then doesn't load and prints "out ofrnernory" or
loads a scrambled up program. Any ideas? Don Dudley
The school at ivh'ich I teach has just purchased the VIC
20. Software is scarce at the moment. Could you suggest
or indicate programs of an educational nature that I
might use in an elernentary school setting?
I'm really keen on getting a good start ivith the VIC
20 in my school. Michael Moher
Hallo there in USA!
Eve opened an Atari User Club here in West Cermany. I
would appreciate it if you could send me the addresses of
Atari Programmers, Here in Germany you can only buy
some games like Star Raiders and some more, but they are
few. My Club wants to make it possible for the members to
buy programs from the USA.
Also, could you send me the addresses of Atari User
Clubs there in the USA ?
I hope you can help me.
Knut Hernumn
Merscheider Strasse 130
5650 Solingen-Merscheid
Germany ©
COMPUTE! The Resource,
/VMRI OWNERS, UJ^TE
OPENED UP A V *-^ ^
WHOLE NEW ^^
WORLD ^*- '"^
At hSL we estab-
lished our reputa-
tion in quality ^
computer ^
games t>y pro-
clucitig some of
tlic finest strategy -
simulations lor the X-
Apple^*^ and TRS-BO.'"^ ,i
Well At;iri owners,
this is your lucky day.
Because we've Just ^
introduced our lirst *" ' /
game for the Atari-
800 computer: THE ''
SHATTERKD ALLIAHCE."' ,^
With it, wcVe opened , .
up lor you SSI's world
of fun and excitement
in a big way — by literally
creating an entire planet
called Osgorih to serve as your
personal playground I
OSGORTHI It is a wonder world of
fantasy and adventure populated with creatures as
varied as they are enchanted: dwarves, unicorns, Valkyries,
centaurs, Nrardmen and zorgs (whatever tliey are 0-. Just to
name a few. They are preassembled into different armies,
categorized into five classes of infantry and three of cavalry.
They are meticulously rated for armor, speed, strength, and
morale. Their weapons may be the bow, javelin, spears,
pikes, cavalry lance, swords, axes, clubs, and rocks. They can
even call on magic spells to enhance their speed, attacking
or defensive power, or courage.
THE SHATTERED ALLIANCE
^\^ir/ is ct niii^sUttul tt.itltinuirk ofALul Inc.
much more than a
sophisticated strat-
egy game. It is a rich
tale of magic, rivaliy
V among realms, and war
^ among exotic beings.
\ Best of all, these fantasy
^J^ M soldiers are yours to
command as you
roam Osgorth in
^ search of glory atid
^ conquest.
As an added bonus
for the Ancient- battles
enthusiasts, we have
included scenarios
such as Carthage vs.
Alexander the Qreat.
THE COMPUTER
PROGRAM isaveri
Uibtc wizard. With color
Mi-Res graphics, it paints a
beautiful Osgorth ian land-
L scape that is your battleground.
It keeps track of all details so you
I can concentrate solely on strategy
planning while its Hapidfire movement
system makes for smooth and fast action. It
even provides a powerful and intelligent computer
opponent for solitaire play.
All you need to play this game is a 48K Atari 800 with mini
floppy disc drive. For only $39.95, you can own this fantastic
piece of real estate. So hurry on down to your local game/
computer store and get THK SHATTERED ALLIAriCE^oday!
ToarderwiUiyourVrSAorMC, call toll free 800-22 7-1617, exL335
(800-772-3545, ext. 335 in California). To order by malt send your
check to Strategic Simiihttions Inc 465 Fairchlld Drive, Suite 108.
Mountain View, CA 94043. All our games carry a 14-
day money back guarfintec.
Also available for 48K Apple II witti ROM for $59,95,
-">i;nM. U «Un<i ii^C .V^ i^Jtr ut tmr di-iiunvliiiK »l.inJ,.ich .if t\,A\r
WE'RE LOOKING FOR A FEW GOOD DESIGNERS. We're always on the lookout for high-quality games
from independent designers. If you have game programs thatyou'd like SSI to publish, give usa call at (415) 964-1353 or write
to SSI, 465 fairchlld Drive, Suite 108, Mountain View, CA 94043.
Apple ts a regMered tmttemark ofAppfe Computer t*tc
msao is a FCQlstered lrmk:mark of the Taniiy Corponttkit
16
COMPUTij
March, 1982. Issue 22
Computers
And Society
David Q Thornburg
Innovision
Los AltoaCA 94022
Artists have always been among the first to explore
new technologies. Many times this exploration
begins before the technology leaves the laboratory.
For example, long before the laser found its way
into supermarket check stand scanners, it was
being used as an expressive medium by artists like
Robert Whitman who received major technical
assistance from Bell Laboratories and the optical
scientist Eric Rawson.
The collaboration between artist and technolo-
gist requires extraordinary sensiti\ ity on the part
of both people. Historically, this collaboration has
also required that the artist have access to a large
university or industrial research laboratory where
the needed technical resources could be found.
The innovative use of movie cameras in the
194()\s benefited as much from technological col-
laboration as does the use of computers by artists
today. Whenever a new technology offers an ex-
pressive medium to the artist, some technologists
are more than happy to lend their assistance when
needed. But one must wonder if the need for
collaboration aids or inhibits the How of creative
ideas. Some ardsts are happy to work with others,
and some are loners - preferring the solitude of an
isolated studio to the constant interchange of ideas
with co-workers.
One artist who has spent many years making
innovative use of technology is John Whitney.
Over the span of several decades, Whitney evolved
the idea that the dynamic visual media (such as
motion pictures, videodisks, and real-time com-
puter animation) open the door to the creation of
visual harmonies which are the counterparts of
musical harmonies. His book, Digital Harmony: On
the Complementarity of Music and Visual Art (Byte
Books, 1980) expresses this philosophy in great
detail. In it, Whitney traces his own development
as an artist involved with technology.
In the late I930's, he saw the modon picture
camera as a tool w hich would allow him to create
visual images which somehow^ 'looked" the way
music sounded. During his early experiments he
learned something very important. To suggest that
a motion picture camera can contribute to a new
visual art makes about as much sense as suggesting
that a tape recorder can contribute to the art of
music.
Music Info Visual Symmetries
In the computer, on the other hand, Whitney saw^ a
new medium - a medium of creative expression in
...we are on the threshold
of an era when isolated
artists will ... be able
to use the computer
with as much ease as...
pastels, oils, or clay.
which his quest for the dynamic display of visual
harmonic symmetries could be satisfied.
Thus began a period in which his images were
created first on a cathode ray tube and then cap-
tured on film for others to see. This work benefited
from collaboration with technologists. For example,
Larry Cuba assisted in the making of Whitney's
film Arabesque. (Cuba's software talents in ctjmputer
animation have probably been seen by many
COMPUTE! readers - he created the Death Star
animation sequence in Star Wars,)
Arabesque is occasionally shown on public tele-
vision, and is a film worth seeing. Each time I have
seen it I am once again impressed with its fluidity
of geometric form. Not surprisingly, W'hitney
devotes a chapter of his book to this film.
Books of this sort are inspiring to artists
and non-ardsts alike. It is excidng to see the art
w^hich springs out of centers of excellence, such as
universities.
But it is even more exciting to realize that we
are on the threshold of an era when isolated artists
will themselves be able to use the computer w^ith as
much ease and familiarity as they presently use
pastels, oils, or clay. W^hile the early phases of
computer-based art required a high level of techni-
cal and financial support, the implementaUon of
easy-to-use graphics environments on low-cost
computers (e.g., Atari PILOT on the Atari 400
or 800, TI LOGO on the 99/4A, and Apple Super-
PILOT or LOGO on the Apple II) places this
medium within the comprehension and budget of
many artists.
This adoption of the computer as a new
medium will not occur overnight, however. Most of
SOFTWARE FOR
ATARI'"'
400/800
MarJesoro
The lure of sunken treasure
has been an intriguing adventure
for centuries. Now you can em-
bark on your own expedition for
fame and fortune.
With your initial financing you
obtain necessary equipment and
boat to explore off the coral
reefs and around the shores of
an island to accumulate treasures,
some are worthless, others are
worth a small fortune.
Joystick Required
24k Tape $16.95
With Graphics
32k Disk $21.95
Maze of Death
As a Freelance Agent, you try to stop
the Cosmitron Device from exploding
and destroying the city. The sinis-
ter scientist has allowed the
^- device to become critical by
removing the radiation con-
trol cubes. Your assign-
ment is to find and replace
the control cubes before it
is too late. Five levels of
play in Real Time.
Joystick Required
16k Tape $12.95
All Color Graphics
24k Disk SI 7.95
*Atari is the Trademark of Atari, Inc.
SYNCRO INC.
SOFTWARE DIVISION
31332 Via Colinas, Suite 107
Westlake Village, Calif. 91361
(213) 889-9508
ORDER FROM YOUR FAVORITE DEALER OR YOU MAY ORDER DIRECT FROM SYNCRO, INC.
ADD $1.50 FOR SHIPPING AND HANDLING - CALIF. RESIDENTS ADD SALES TAX.
the serious artists I know have two concerns about
computers. First, for many, the cost of a $3,000
system is prohibitive. Second, there seems to be no
easy way for these people to bridge the software
barrier. Artists who really w^ant to use computers as
more than playthings know that, sooner or later,
they will have to become programmers. How sad it
is to see these people attending evening courses at
the local community college learning BASIC or
(Heaven forbid!) COBOL, in the hopes that by
learning how to write bubble sort routines, the
computer will become less mysterious.
Most intocluctory programming courses don't
satisfy any of these students' real needs. The fact
that at least some artists (Whitney, for example)
have been able to bridge this gap is heartening
news, but this is likely to be cold comfort to those
art/computer students who think a string variable
refers to the color of a length of twine.
Sooner or later, artists in great numbers wall
start using computers on their own. Whitney's
book shows us the promise of this tool and he
encourages others to follow^ their own path with
this technology.
All we need now are more practitioners. ©
THE
"^ ^BIG MATH
ATTACK™
Challenging new math program . , ,
Sharpen your skills by entering the correct answer
before the equation lands' on your city? Provides
hours of educational entertainmeni ^"^ '^W '
Features;
• Full color
• High resolution graphics
• Animation
• Sound
■ Four math Functions (+. . x. *r-)
• Two levels for each function
Recommended for grades 1-6. Available for the ATARI & APPLE I!,
ATARI 16K (cass.) . . , S20.00
ATARI 24K (disk) S25.00
Requires ATARI BASIC cartridge
APPLE II (disk) DOS 3.2 3.3 S25.00
Requires Applesoft Basic in ROH
Ask for it at your local computer store.
^.H.E.S.I.S.
P.O. Box 147
Garden City, M148 1 35
{313)595-4722
Please add:
51,50 shipping, handling
$1,50 cop.
WRITE FOR "free CATALOG
DEA^LER IhQaiRIES WELCOME
An
of area
quick th
Visa, MasterCard. Checks, COD
JINSAM
Data Manager selected by NASA, Kennedy Space Center
SAVE TIME! SAVE MONEY!
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lOO's of thousands of $
"Much more powerful than
you can imagine!"
Robert Baker
Kilobaud Microcomputing
JINSAM is an integrated system. It makes it
easy to use your information to its fullest No more
will hundreds of valuable hours be spent searching
or analyzing needed information nor re-entering
information for various reports.
JINSAM transforms your desk-top computer
into the "state of the art" data processing machine
with features and accessories found nowhere, even
at 10 times the price. NASA, Kennedy Space
Center selected JINSAM 8.0 and saved approxi-
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JINSAM is designed for you. It is forgiving. It
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Recovery ulilites are included even for catastrophes,
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JINSAM 1 .0 allows fast and easy file handling,
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sorts, .5 to 3 second recall.
JINSAM 4.0 for CBM 4000 series adds
JIN SORT, user accessible machine sort of 1000
records in 15 seconds; compaction/expansion of
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JINSAM 8.0 for CBM 8000 series has all 4.0
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JINSAM 8.2, NEW FOR '82 expands 8.0
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• CUSTOM DATA FILES
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• KEYED RANDOM ACCESS
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• WILD CARD SEARCH
JINSAM EXECUTIVE version (soon to be
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There are currently 7 more interfacing modules -
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MATHPACK - global calculator/editor +, -.
*, /. by another field or constant: null (remove
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DESCRIPTIVE STATPACK - Determine
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ADVANCED STATPACK - (You must also
acquire DESCRIPTIVE STATPACK) Generate
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GRESSION, with graphic representation and
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SIMPLE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE.
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JINSAM gives you FREEDOM OF CHOICE.
Start with JINSAM 1,0 and upgrade hardware
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JINSAM stands alone by placing "a lot of
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third generation in development. All JINSAM
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JINSAM is a Commodore approved product.
See your local dealer for a demonstration.
JINSAM U a trvdemu-k of JINT MICRO^SYSTEMS, Inc.
WordPro is a trademark of Profeisional Software, Inc.
ViiiCalc ifl a trademark of ProfessionaJ Software, Inc.
CBM ia a tJ^emark of Commodore Busineis Machines. Inc.
IBM is ■ trademark of International fiusinCKs Machines. Inc.
JINSAM Data Manager
.... Additional Information and nearest dealer
.... Newsletter Subscription ($5 US/S8 Woridwide)
.... JINSAM Demo Disk ($15, plus shipping&tax)
User's Guide ($40.00, plus shipping & tax)
Please send to:
Name
Position _
Company
Address _
City, Stale, Zip _
Phone ( )
Computer* Disk_
Application„__
JINI MICRO-SYSTEMS, Inc.
Box 27 4C • Kingsbridge Station
Riverdale, New Yoric 10463
(212)796-6200
Dealer Inquiry Welcome
20
COMPUTEI
March, 1962, Issue 22
The Beginner's Page:
How Computers
Remember
Richard Mansfield
Assistant Editor
Computers Fascinate us for many reasons. We have
only recently built this machine and it is last and
complex, but the same could be said of a jet airplane.
One reason for our fascination might be that, after
years of passively watching TV, we can Fuially take
control of what appears on the screen. Beyond
this, perhaps, is the fact that the computer is the
thing we\ e built which comes closest to being a
copy of our own mind.
Thet e are significant differences, though,
between the way we think and the way the computer
thinks. For complex, abstract thinking, a child can
easily outdo the finest computer available today.
On the other hand, the computer is far faster than
any human. For one thing, the computer was de-
signed to be efficient when dealing with numbers.
Ihe engineers realized from the start that the
computer would be much better off if it avoided
using oiu' "decimal" system.
Let's look into some reasons why thinking in
decimal is less effective than hinajy, the computer's
way. This will help us tinderstand how a machine
can "remember/'
A computer does tw^o major things: it solves
problems (computes) and it remembers. To add
2 + 2. the computer first remembers (stores) your
instructions which contain the problem. 10 X =
2 + 2. When you type RUN, it looks for the lowest
line ntmiber in its memory and solves whatever it
finds. Then it remembers the answer (elsewhere in
its RAM, its temporary memory cells). If there is
another line number (20 PRINT X) it will put the
number 4 on your screen, showing that it not only
computed the problem in line 10, but also remem-
bered the result.
How does It remember?
Let's try an experiment. Type: POKE 0,1 and
notice that nothing happens (at least nothing we
can see). In fact, the 'iowest" cell in your computer s
memory just changed. POKE is a way that you can
directly ctiange a memory cell. Each cell has its own
address, just as if each cell were a house in a city
with 65536 houses. (The addresses go from 0 to
65535.) So, when you POKE, you are replacing the
number in that cell with whatever number follow s
the comma in your POKE command. (If your
machine does not have the maximum memory,
some zones will not respond to POKE. Also, you
can't expect to POKE into the ROM memory be-
cause it never changes — its contents are carved in it
forever.)
Now type: ? PEEK (0) and notice that our "1"
is printed (? is short for PRINT). Ihe "1" is still in
the 0 address cell and it will stay there until you
POKE something else in, or the computer, in the
course of performing a task, needs to use that cell
to remember a number of its own. It will also
"forget*' if you turn off the power. But we still
don't yet know just hoiv this number is remembered
in that cell.
Why We Count By Tens
Another name (or a cell in yoiu' computer's memory
is byte. If you have 16K of free memory (a K is 1024
bytes, called a kilobyte) this means that you have 16
X 1024 cells for a total of 16384 cells for your use.
What are these cells? Each one is able to "remember"
numbers. How high can a cell count? A byte can
hold the numbers from 0 up to 255.
Nobody knows for sure, but it seems a good
guess that we humans count in groups of lO's
{decimal) becatise long ago, in caves, when the hun-
ters were asked how many bison they saw that
morning, the leader would likely hold up a certain
number of fingers in the air. On a good day, the
leader might say, "We saw many. My hands plus
Joe's hands and one hand more!" 7 he people
would nod and vaguely undeistaird the concept of
25 bison,
We tend to think that lO's are logical, even a
natural, way to count. Alter all, so many things
seem to fall into groups of tens: a dime, a quarter
(four hands plus one), a dollar, a $ 10 bill, etc.
Neverthele.ss, if lobsters ran the world, it is quite
possible that things would l:)e counted in fours. If
you're curious, the most "natural" numl:>er gt ouping
(found in shells, feathers, flowers and so foi th) is
called the Fibonacci series. The next nu!nl>er in
this series is equal to the sum of the two previous
ones: 0,1,1,2, 3,5,8 and so on.
So, since 1 0's are not natural except to creatures
with that many fhigers, there is no reason why a
computer should count by lO's. For something that
runs on electricity, the easiest way to count is by 2's
(called binan, meaning "can be counted using only
two symbols, the zero and one"). Fhe computer
finds binary counting very simple since this lets it
represent ninnbers by merely turning something
on (like a lightbulb) to stand for "1" or leaving it
off to mean '() '. It it had to deal with 3's, and 7's,
and the rest, it would n^iid to recognize and juggle
ten different symbols, 0 through 9, like we do. This
-> '^ "■~f5_
O High resolution graphics-
Life iiite motion.
O Instant replay on any shot.
O Superfine aiming.
O Pool room sound effects
O Choice of 4 popular games
m
See your local
computer dealer
or order directly
from IDSI.
Specify ATARI
or APPLE.
M!Esmi@
NOW YOU TOO
CAN PLAY POOL 1.5
ON YOUR ATARI
48K DISK SYSTEM.
ALSO AVAILABLE FOR
THE APPLE lf%8K
DISK SYSTEM.
K
ATARI is the registered trademark of ATARI Inc.
APPLE II Is the registered trademark of
APPLE Computer Inc.
POOL 1.5 is trademark of IDSI.
22
COMPUTEl
March, 1982. Issue 22
is what we mean when we say that the decimal
system has ten digits (0-9). The binary system has
only two digits, zero and one. By the way, digit also
means /mg^r.
In The City Of Bytes
POKE 1504, 2 would be;
In our computers, there are thousands of rows of
bytes lined up. Each of these bytes has an "address"
of its own which is just its position in the city of
bytes. POKE 5,1 puts the number one into the fifth
byte and POKE 8001,0 changes the 8001th byte to
zero. We can easily visualize bytes if we think of
each one as a house with an odd decoration on the
roof: a row of eight lightbulbs. Let's imagine that
we have just turned on our computer and all our
free bytes are "empty'' - we haven't yet typed in a
program or loaded anything into them from a tape
or disk.
If we fly over the city of bytes, we see only
darkness. Each byte contains nothing (zero) so all
eight of its bulbs are off. (On the horizon we can
see a glow, however, because the computer has
memory up there, ROM memorv, which is \ ery
active with its built-in programs.) But we are clown
in RAM (our free user-memory) and every hotise is
dark. Let's observe what happens to an individual
byte when different ninnbers are stored there; we
can randomly choose byte 1504.
Like all the rest, this byte is dark. Each bulb is off.
Observing this, we know that the byte Iiere is holding
a zero. If someone types in POKE 1504, 1 -suddenly
the rightmost lightbulb goes on and the byte holds
a one instead of a zero:
This rightmost bulb is the I's column (just as it
would be when counting by tens in our decimal
svstem.) But the next bulb is in the 2^s colunui, so
In this way - by checking which bulbs are
turned on and then adding them together - the
computer can look at a byte and know what number
is there. These lightbulbs are called bits which is
short iov binary digit. Each bit is in its own position
and has a value twice the value of the one just
before it:
128^5 64's 32's 16*s 8's 4's
The Columns
2's
Vs
Here is a program which will show you a byte
as it looks in binary. You then try to give the number
in decimal. It has been designed to run on Atari,
PET, or Apple, Don't type in anv line which has
REM in it uttless it's followed bv the name of vour
com
puter.
100
REM BINARY QUIZ
110
C1=20:C0=111: REM FOR ATARI ONLY
120
C1=88:C0=79: REM FOR APPLE ONLY
130
01=209: 00^215 :REM FOR COMMODORE ONLY
140
X=INT(256*RND(1)) : D = X: P = 128
150
PRINT CHR${125);: REM ATARI ONLY
160
PRINT CHR$(147);: REM COMMODORE ONLY
170
HOME: REM APPLE ONLY
180
FOR I = 1 TO 8
190
IF INT(D/P) = 1 THEN PRINT CHR${C1);
D = D-P: GOTO 210
200
PRINT CHR$ (C0) ;
210
P = P/2: NEXT I: PRINT
220
PRINT " WHAT IS THIS IN DECIMAL?"
230
INPUT Q: IF Q = X THEN PRINT
"CORRECT": GOTO 250
240
PRINT "SORRY, IT WAS";X
250
FOR T =^ 1 TO 1000: NEXT T
260
GOTO 14 0 ©
THE ULTIMATE RESIDENT PROGRAM MANIPULATION SYSTEM FOR PET™/CBM™ MICROCOMPUTERS
SYSRES" EXTENDED DOS SUPPORT COMMANDS
@ [type "N" keyboard)
These commands may be used
'♦.(type "B^' keyboard)
jnlerchangably, to perform
I (original keyboard)
the following dos support
> (for 'wedge" users)
func lions.
Disk
Printer
Tape
Directory
Modes
Command
Functfon
X
'
3
@
Display disk status/ send command
X
@N
Format (header) a new diskette
X
@l
Force initialize diskette
X
@V
Validate diskette (collect)
X
m
Duplicate diskette
X
X
4
m
Copy or concatenate disk file(s)*
X
@R
Rename file
X
X
3
@s
Scratch f lie (s)*
X
#$
List directory**
X
@U:
Reset di^ drive
X
X
X
X
6
@L
List disk file or BASIC program**
Note: So
me of the disk utility command set may also be used, if an appropriate direct access channel has been
opened.
* Stand if £
1 CO m m and wi th added options.
•• Added t
Jisk command.
i
SYSRES" EXTEN
DED EDITOR COMMANDS
Disk
Printer
Tape
Directory
Modes
Command
Function
X
X
4
/
Quick load from disk
X
X
4
t
Quick load from disk with auto run
X
X
2
4
APPEND
AUTO
Append from disk to end of current program
Auto tine number (allows header)
K
X
3
BLOAD
Load machine language (binary) file
X
X
3
BR UN
Load and execute machine language program
X
776
2
CHANGE
CLOSE
Change pattern to another pattern
Close one or all files
1
CMD
Set output to file (does not send " READY,")
4
DELETE
Delete a range of lines from program
X
1
DUMP
Dump all scalar variables to screen or file
X
X
2
EXEC
Execute a file as keyboard com mands
X
240
FIND
Find occurances of a pattern
X
X
X
3
7
1
1
1
GET
KEY
KEYS
KILL
KILL*
Read a sequential file into editor
Defme a key as a special function
Turn key functions on
Disable SYS RES'"
Disable SYSRES'" and unreserve memory
X
10
LIST
Improved BAStC LIST command
X
X
X
3
LOAD
Defaults to disk drive
X
X
2
MERGE
Merge from disk into cirrent program
X
1
1
MON
OLD
Break to current machine language monitor
Restore progr am a f ter " N E W " i
X
X
X
X
24
6
2
PUT
KifNUMBEK
RUN
Send program to disk as text file
Renumber all or part of program
Run current program, ignores screen garbage
X
X
X
3
SAVE
Defaults to disk drive, allows replace
X
X
1
SETD
Set disk device s, allows multiple drives
X
4
4
SETP
TRACE
Set printer channeL format mode, paging
Select 1 of 3 trace/step modes and speed
X
X
X
3
1
1
VERIFY
WHY
WHY?
Compare current program against disk/tape
Print position of last error
List line of break or error
X
X
X
1 1
*
Send output to primer
Display current version of SYSRES*"
JUST A FEW OF THE FEATURES OF SYSRES*"
* Fast up/down scrolling which wofksl
* Advanced repeat-key routinel
* Reniefine any or all keys as any keyword (full or
short form) or as iny string up to 255 characters
longi
* Auto line numbering which can feed a string of up
to 127 charactorsas welll
* Extended DOS support (requires DOS 2A or
greater}!
* Never enter another file name! All file commands
work from the directory!
* Supports multiple disk drives 1
♦List BASIC programs, sequential and relative files
without loading them into memory!
♦TRUE PROG RAIV1 MERGE (overlay). Supports
subroutine libraries!
* Load and run machine language programs with
parameter passingl
* Supports multiple printers!
* Automatic printer output with paging plus
formatted listings with full ASCII code conversion
including cursor control and special charactors for
non-CBM'* printers!
* Edit text files and assembler source code without
leaving BASIC!
* Renumber part of a program or even change the
order of lines!
•Over 700 FIND/CHANGE commands including
variable names ("AS" will not match "BA$"),
pattern matching with "wtld-cards", and even
commands to remove spaces and REM's!
* TlB-ee TRACE modes including trace variables!
* Does not affect BASIC program operation!
•One AUTO-BOOT DISKETTE works for ALL
PET™ or CBM™ computers (BASIC 2.0 or greater
with at least 16k of RAM.). SYSRES™ requires
NO ROM SPACE or extra boards, so you can take It
with you if you want to use another computer. It
may be put above the screen if you have RAM
there. It boots automatically without disturbing any
program in RAMI
* Diskette and Extensive Manual -only $75 (cdn)
Documented Source Code (YES!) - $1 50 (cdn)
Custom versions are available for unique systems!
Dealer enquiries are welcome.
MosterCard
CflNSOFT DflTfl INC.
M I C RCiCOMRUTER SER V I CES
PROGRRriMING * CONSULTING * DES HjH I HG * EVflLUflTING
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• Mupet allows as many
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• Word processors share
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Mupet works hard, now
priced from $750.00.
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• Protects against incorrect
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RS 232C and parariel
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• Programmable 16K RAM
controller, expandable to
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• Up to 16 computers may
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Integrate intra-office
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The only product available
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Commodore Computers up
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MUPET II a small price for
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26
COMPUTIl
March, 1982. Issue 22
The Winter
Of Our Content
A Report On The
January Consumer Electronics Show
David D, Thornburg
Innovision
LosAitoaCA
At a time when most of us are contemplating sugar
plums, planning New Year's parties, or replacing
shingles kicked loose by Santa's reincleeiv. a few
hardy souls are preparing for a major event — the
Winter (Consumer Electronics Show held each
January in Las \'egas.
In the area of personal computers^ this year's
show will be long remembered. r\)rmal announce-
nients by (lonnnodore, Panasonic, Astrovision,
Sharp, and Toshiba, more than justified leaving
the remains of otu' sudden 12" rainstorm for the
sutmy (if soniewliat cold) deseri of Nevada.
Here, then, are the highlights of some of the
more exciting products for 19S2. As voti read this,
remember that many ol the products displayed
were prototypes, and that they may inidergo some
modification before going to market.
For sheer impact, (ioinmodoie stole the show
with the announcement of two new color compti-
ters! Imagine a color computer with separate graph-
ics and sound chips, two memory- mapped graphics
modes, the traditional PET 40 column display,
three voice music and soimd eflecis, aivd cartridge
prograriunability, Sound interesting? (iot youi
checkbook ready? Hie price for the C^onunodore
Ultimax is $149.95. Yes, the decimal point is in the
right place. For less than two-hundred dollars, yoti
will be able to do wondrous things which previously
required nuich tnore expensive hardware.
What's the catch? WelL the Ultimax doesn't
have a full stroke keyboard; it uses the membrane
type instead. Also it doesn't have a lot of RAM.
However, yoti do get access to a 3()t) x 200 dot
graphics display (two color mode), or a 160 x 200
screen (four colors at a time otit of 16). Also (for
yoti Ataii and Fl users). Commodore gives you
access to up to 255 animated ''sprites" per screen
(tip to 8 per line). Each sprite (or player, for Atari
fans) resides in a 63 byte field and is composed of
24 X 2 1 dots.
The Ultimax uses the VIC peripherals (joy-
sticks, ca.ssette, etc.).
But what about those of us who want more
RAM? Well, (M>mmodf)ie has us in mind loo. 4 he
Conimodore-64 comes with 64 R of RAM, Using
the same chip set as the Ultimax, and equipped
with a full-stroke keyboard, this gem spoils a S595
price tag.
Both new computers tise the 65 10 processor (a
stretch 6502. I guess), the 6566 graphics controller.
a 6581 sound interface device, and a 6526 PI A.
Don't expect to see these chips at vour local pai ts
shop for awhile. Conmiodoi e plans to use everv
one they can make. While neither new computer
will be on the market immediately (about Jtme for
the Ultimax — so please dont Ijug your dealer yet!),
Conmiodt)re s marketing wizard. Kit Spencer,
boldly predit ted thai ('onmiodore would sell more
computers in 19<S2 than were sold by all manufac-
tiners in 1981.
VVliile the Ultimax (with its game-like price)
may lead the sales into the homes, both machines
will probabi) penetrate the school market as well.
The reason for this is that thev both have a serial
port capable of comnumicating with up to 30 other
computers. Jtist what the teachers ordered!
Commodore wasn't the onh booth sporting
ear-to-ear grins, Panasoivic iivtrodticed the 6802-
based JR- 100 - a .$199.95 compact computer which
comes with 16K of RAM and an 8K BASIC. 4 he
system can be expanded to 48K RAM. While this
monochrome computer has only a character-based
dis|)lay (32 characters by 24 lines), the user is free
to define his or her own character set. A color
version of this computer will be available for
$299.95 at some futiu e date. While I was impressed
by the overall physical layotu of this comptiter, one
asjject of the keyboard bothered me. The space bar
was located where the right SHH^ F kev should be.
Perhaps this will be changed by the time the product
gets to market. The J R- 1 00 was designed (and will
be built) by a different group than the one i espon-
DTL
BASIC
COMPILER
• Compatible with a(f existing
Basic interpreter commands
• Accepts extensions to Basic
implemented In RAM or ROM
• Provides demanding two pass
syntax and logic analysis
• Improved Performance based
on faster execution times
• Large Programs ( ! 6K + ) will
benefit from memory savings
* Security Key attaches to
either cassette port
A Basic COMPILER for your Commodore Microcomputer
by Drive Technology
DTL-BASIC Is a Basic compiler for Commodore
machines designed to convert existing progranns
to machine code and run them without modifi-
cation. Complied programs will run much
faster and operate in exactly the same way as
the un-compiled versions. Compiled code is
typically 20 to 50% smaller than source code.
For large programs this saving will more than
offset the 4K run-time library appended to each
compiled program, providing additional internal
memory space.
The compiler implements true integer arithmetic
as well as real arithmetic. Use of integers can
lead to significant speed Improvements. Special
compile time options make Identification and
conversion of real variables to Integers a simple
task.
A 'Compiler' security key, which plugs into
either cassette port, is supplied together with
the DTL-BASIC compiler. This key must be used
in order to compile a program or to run the
compiled version. In order to allow for the
distribution of compiled versions of user devel-
oped programs, a second type of key known as
a 'Run-Time' key is available in any required
quantities. Software developers csn obtain
private security key sets with unique serial
numbers providing comprehensive protection
of their products while allowing customers to
make backup copies of compiled programs.
DTL-BASIC is a disk based system requiring a
32K PET/CBM and comes complete with an in-
depth user manual and a Compiler Security
Key. Three versions of the compiler exist for
CBM 303Z CBM 4032, and CBM 8032 machines.
Please specify machine type and disk type (4040
or 8050) on which compiler Is to be supplied.
DTL BASIC WITH MANUAL AND
SECURITY KEY $350.00
RUN-TIME KEYS $50.00 EACH
FROM
CM3
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DISTRIBUTORS LTD.
365 Main St., Milton, Ontario L9T IP7
416 878-7277
THE COMPANY THAT BROUGHT YOU
MUPET • DOUBLE-MUPET • SPOOLER
THE MANAGER • I/O PRODUCTS
28
COMPUTE!
March. 1982Jssue 22
sible for the 6502-based hand held computer being
sold by Panasonic and Quasar. The JR- 100 will be
sold to the home market — primarily ihc hobbyist
and home sludy market al (h\sL A lull lineof peii-
pheraLs is |>lanned — modems, Iloppy disks, etc.
Astrovision demonstrated the Bally Arcade
with a plui(-iii expansion imit housing a Full-stroke
keyboard and running the language ZCiRASS.
This graphics language was developed (if memory
serves) by Tom Delanti at the University of Illinois
in Chicago. The goal is to allow artists and other
non-tecluiical types to create breathtaking real-time
animations without having to learn machine lan-
guage progrannning. The result is beautiful. Since
the Z8()-bascd Astrovision game machine has the
same multi-chip display controller used in Rally's
coin operated arcade games, high quality graphics
is possible. What makes it practical is the ease with
which flgmes draw n on a tablet can be saved as
procedines, located anywhere on the screen, and
can be magnified and rotated at will.
Astrovision seems intent on aggressively pur-
suing diis |)roject, btu it isn't clear how effectively
thev will be al>le to compete. As with the other
machines mentioned so far, don't expect to see the
ZGRASS machine next week.
For tliose w ho take their graphics seriously,
Toshiba was pleased to annoimce the TlOO com-
puter. When used with a high resolution color
monitor, the user has access to 8 colors on a 640 by
200 dot array. A multi-line liquid crystal display
was shown as an alternative. The jxickaging of this
CP/M machine reminded me of the NEC PC>8U0()
-very stvlish and business-like. Kquipped with a
Z80. :riK of ROM and B4K of RAM, this computer
should appeal to those w ho are interested in doing
some serious work.
Sharp had a sinprise of its own. Ihe original
PCM 200 liand-held computer (available from
Radio Shack for sometime) has been joined by an
8-bit brother: the PC- 1500. While this new machine
is mucli faster than its predecessor, the most amazing
feattne was the availabililv of a color graphic
printer. For a total price ol $550, Sharp users will
liave access to a computer with a pocket-sized
drtun plotter that lets you draw pictures with any
of four automatically selected pens (red, green,
blue, l:)lack). This is one product that has to be seen
to be believed -and even then you won't believe it.
1 he PCM 500 is available now. (Of course 1
ordered one!)
At long last, the Casio FX-9000 desktop com-
puter is on the market. This computer has a btiik-in
5" monochrome display with the al)ility to show
gra|>hics images with a 256x128 resolution. The
sleek styling is reminiscent of the Hewlett Packard
HP-85, but the price (under SI 800, fullv loaded) is
more in keeping with Casio's products. The FX-
9000 uses a Z80 compatible processor and gives the
user access to two types of RAM. Front piiuel acces-
sibility to RAM cailridges lets the user choose
between I6K dynamic RAM cartridges, and 4K
C:M0S cartridges. The 4K byte RAM module
coiuains its own battery, so that programs which
are saved on this module can be removed and
saved for instant reloading later.
Fexas Instruments developed and showed a
similar 4K RAM cartridge for the 99/4. Since 41
also showed a new Assembler/Editor system, the
ability to let users make tlieir own cartridges is
c|uite appealing. My, what a difference a year
makes.
11 also showed a nicely designed expansion
box which does much to reduce the clutter asso-
ciated with fully loaded systems.
.Atari's booth was almost impossible to enter. It
was as if everyone who attended the show decided
to check them out at the same time. The official
authorized Atari Pac Man program was introdticed.
I he action is a little dilTereut from the previous
version done lor the Atari computer (Jawbieaker)
by Onl.ine Systems. Cx>m|)ared to the Pac Man
games also sliow n by Magna vox. Astrovision, 1 exas
Instnunents, and others. Atari did a very nice job
at .software development. C^oleco's hand-held ver-
sion o( the game was not as exciting, but tlien it
doesn't use a color displav screen either.
While my empliasis has been on hardwaie, it
should be noted that sof tw are was on display as
well. Automated Sinuilalions displayed some of
their newer programs for the Apple and Atari
com|>uters. While they are known primarilv lor
their advcntine games. Automated Sinmlations
has developed a line of educational games (stich as
Jabbertalky) which are terrific.
I he fact that a few dedicated people are willing
to make the effort to generate educational games
wliich teach as well as entertain should not go
unrewarded. These people are doing an excellent
jol) and are to be congratulated.
Both Acdvision and IMACtlC' showed car-
tridges for the .Atari \ ideo game which demon-
strated exceptionally high qiiality graphics. Not
sin prisinglv, these booths were well attended
as well.
So much to see, and too little time! 1 was so
busv getting all this inlonnation for you dear
readers that 1 barely got u> examine the solar-
rechargeable flashlights, iniderwear with built-in
lotidspeakers, and ball jxoint [jens with built-in
clocks and music synthesizers.
Btit that is why there are two shows a year. So
until the next CT.S this June in Chicago. Til Just
Itave to be content with what 1 saw . O
supergraphics for your cbi 8032
5 Ifraie 0.0 to bZ^.W
10 open 4|4:irecalrcirf logo'J.l
20 lr=2.!;z=50a-7:pi=3J4lS9;a4:b=4
30 for th=0 to 2tpi step 2lpi/I80.
t 128,000 accessible points (MO t 200}
t lix cbi text itith higb-res graphics
t supports hard copy to epson ix-82
coiiands in roi include;
40 r
50 I
iO y
z»sin(thU)
280Utrtcoslinhl
120+rt5in(blth>
70 if thOO then 100
|0 liove i.y
90 goto 110
100 ]draif i.
110 next th
120 ihardl4
130 close 4: eirtf
y
dot i,y
cdot i,y
test i,y,a
fove xj
draif ]r,y
line xl,yl to i!2,y2
dine i(l,yl to )c2,y2
dline rl,yl to x2,y2
fraiE xl,yl to x2,y2
cfraie xl.yl to x2,y2
fill xlSyl to x2;y2
clear xl^yl to x2,y2
displ x,y,af - for user
denned shapes
qsay 'filenaie'iB
recall 'filenaie',8
^^'y.>:^*T'^"W'g^jn;,'^ ' j"'^' .iJiL iiw^iiJBw'»i>" ■■wi' ^
Qt commodore
CBM
Model 803S
computer
SUPERGRAPHlCS
128.000 ACCESSIBLE POINTS
Features
* 128,000 accessible points arranged 1 n 200 x 640 grid
* 16K static ram supplies nnemory mapping of pixels on separate board
* supported through extended Basic commands supplied In ROM
* uses no memory from the existing system
* mix standard CBM text and low-res graphics with hi -res displays
* easy to design and display user defined shapes
normal or Inverted display mode for partial or total screen
switch graphic display on or off - continue output in passive mode
save graphic Images on a disk file
recall Images from disk with option to mix with existing display
supports hardcopy to any hl-res Epson printer
* easy to follow installation Instruction Included
avD
CANADIAN MICRO
DISTRIBUTORS LTD.
365 Main St., Milton, Ontario L9T 1P7
416 878-7277
DISTRIBUTORS OF:
MUPET • DOUBLE-MUPET • SPOOLER
THE MANAGER • t/0 PRODUCTS
30
COMPUTil
March, 1982Jssue 22
Basically Useful BASIC
Tabulation
Paul Lilly
Pelham. AL
If you have ever written a program that output a
wide range of numbers, you probably noticed the
numbers were left justified (first digit of number
printed at next print location regardless of the size
of the number). Additionally, if you wanted to
print a number such as $9.20, it would be printed
as 9,2, omitting the trailing zero.
So what do you do if you want to write a nice
clean program that would balance your checkbook,
list expenses, or otherwise output a series of
numbers, right justified, in a nice straight column?
Answer: use a short subroutine to measure, add
traiUng zeros if needed, and right justify the
number when it is printed.
The Subroutine
The key to the subroutine is to convert the number
to a string using the STR$ command. After the
number is a string, we can add or subtract to its
length, adjust it to our desired format, and control
where it is printed by using the TAB and LEN
commands together.
Program 1 is an example of such a subroutine.
The instructions are written starting on Hne 5000
so it could be inserted in most programs without
interfering with the existing instructions. We also
have created two variables and one string that
should be reserved from the rest of the program.
RJ - the print position for the rightmost digit
in the number we want to print.
N ~ the number we want to format and print,
N$ - the ASCII string of N.
The subroutine can be entered at four different
locations, depending on our needs.
1. If we want our number formatted with two
digits to the right of the decimal point (as
when dealing with dollars and cents figures),
we can call the subroutine at 5010. Prior to
calling the subroutine we must set N to the
number we want to print, and RJ to the print
location where we want the rightmost located.
2- If we call this subroutine several times
throughout our program, and our print loca-
tions vary, we can call subroutine 5000, Line
5000 will set RJ to seven positions past our last
print location. This will reduce the pro-
gramming steps needed in our main program.
With seven positions (past last print position)
we can print numbers up to 9999.99. For larger
numbers, line 5000 can be changed accordingly.
3. If we do not want any decimals in our
number, we can call the subrouUne at 5090.
Here again, N must be set to the number we
want printed, and RJ to the print location
of our rightmost digit, prior to calling the
subroutine.
4* And, finally, if we want to print a non-
decimal number, and would like to save pro-
gramming steps, ive can enter the subroudne at
5085 and let the subroutine figure RJ for us.
The Method
Suppose we enter at line 5000 with N set to the
number we would like printed. Line 5000 will set
RJ to six print positions past our current (last
printed) print position. Line 5010 will strip away
any more than two digits right of the decimal point
(it is still possible at this point to have only one or
no digits right of the decimal). Let's look at lines
5040 and 5050. These statements look for the
decimal (".**) to determine if N$ has a decimal
point, and how many digits (one or two) are to the
right of it. Line 504() finds the decimal point one
position back from the rightmost character, meaning
there is only one digit to the right of the decimal
point. Therefore, the statement adds the necessary
trailing zero, then jumps ahead to 5070.
Line 5050 finds the decimal point two posidons
back from the rightmost character, meaning there
are already two digits to the right of the decimal
point. In this case, no modification is needed to
N$, so the statement simply jumps ahead to 5070.
Now the only possible configuration left for N$ is
for it to have no decimal in it. In this case line 5060
tacks on the required ".00'\ to maintain the stan-
dard format. Now let's go back to 5030. If N equaled
0-9, the LENth of X$ would be only two and would
bomb the program at 5050. So, since any string
with less than a lenth of three can't have a decimal
point in it anyway, 5030 will catch it and route it
around 5040 and 5050. (By the way, the STR$
command (at least in my machine) puts a leading
space in front of the ASCII representation of
the number, thus the number 1 has a string LENth
of two.)
That brings us to line 5070, which strips the
leading space so it doesn't interfere with our print
position calculations. Finally on line 5075 we TAB
the difference between RJ and LEN(N$), and print
our number. Line 5085 is where we would enter if
we wanted to print integers. Line 5090 would strip
the number to an integer, then change it to a string.
Line 5095 would jump back to where we remove
LET THE
MANAGER
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Gathering test data
Budgeting
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The easy to use Database System suited
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m
W&f
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
33
the leading space and print the number.
Considerations
Line 5075 uses the semicolon after printing N$ to
supress the LF/CR. This is because you may want
to print several numbers on one Une. Once you
have printed the last number on a Hnc, have the
main program execute a PRINT command so you
will get your carriage retinn. If" you only want to
print one number per line and no further printing
will be done after the number, you may remove the
semicolon from line 5075.
Also, he careful not to set RJ to a number
smaller than N$ would be after the modifications
were made to it, otlierwise you will not space prop-
erly with the TAB command on line 5075 and,
possibly, generate an error that will bomb your
prograin.
Program 2 will show a comparison between
two different interest rates, of 15 different loan
amounts. 1 he user is asked to enter two rates,
principal for first comparison, increment of princi-
pal for succeeding comparisons, and the term oi
the loan in months. The program will output the
results neatly.
Figure 1.
Sample Run #1
INITIAL
PRINCIPAL
? 50000
INCREMENT PRINCIPAL BY
? 2000
INTEF<ES1
• RATE 1
? 10
INTEREST RATE 2
? i4
TERM OF
LOAN IN
MONTHS
? 360
FOR
360 MONTHS
LOAN
10 %
14 %
50000
438.79
592,44
52000
456.34
616.13
54000
473.89
639.83
56000
491.44
663.53
58000
508.99
687.23
60000
526. 54
710.92
62000
544.09
734,62
64000
561.65
758,32
66000
579.20
782,02
68000
596.75
805.71
70000
614.30
829,41
72000
631,85
653,11
74000
649.40
676, 80
76000
666,95
900, 50
78000
664.51
924.20
Program I. Microsoft Version (Apple, PET, etc.)
5000 RJ=P0S(RJ)+7
5010 N=INT(N*100+.5)/100
5020 N*=STR*<N)
5030 I FLEN < N» )< 3GDT05060
5040 IFMID*<N*,LEN<N*)-1»1)=". "THENN*=N*+"0"
G0T05O70
5050 IFMID*<N*,LEN(N«)-2,1)=". "G0T05070
5060 N»=N*+",00"
5070 N*=RIGHT*(N«.LEN<N$)-i)
507 5 PRINTTAB(RJ-LEN(N*) )JN$;
5080 RETURN
5085 RJ=P0S<RJ>+6
5090 N«=STR*(INT<N))
5095 GOT 050 70
I2;"%'
Program 2. Microsoft Version
100 PRINT* PRINT" INITIAL PRINCIPAL" ! INPUTLA
110 PRINT; PRINT" INCREMENT PRINCIPAL BY"{INPUTLI
120 PRINTS PRINT" INTEREST RATE i"*INPUTIl
125 IFI1<10RI1>100G0T0120
130 PRINT; PRINT" INTEREST RATE 2";INPUTI2
135 IFI2<10RI2>100G0T0130
140 PRINT; PRINT"TERM OF LOAN IN MONTHS" ; INPUTNM
150 PRINT; PRINT; PRINT; PRINT; PRINT
160 PR I NT " FOR " i NM ; " MONTHS "
170 PRINT»PRINT"LOAN "illi"%
PRINT
180 FaRJ=LAT0LA+(14*LI)STEPLI
190 13=11/1200; 14=12/1200
200 P1=J»<I3/(1-<1/(1+I3)*NM)))
210 Pl=INT(Pl»100+.5)/100
220 P2=J»(I4/<1-<1/<1+I4)*NM) ))
230 P2=INT(P2»100+. 5)/i00
240 N=!J;G0SUB5085
250 PRINTTAB(8) J ;N=P1:G0SUB5000
260 PRINTTAB(16); !N=P2;G0SUB5000
270 PRINT; NEXTJ
280 END
34
COMPUTEI
March. 1982. Issue 22
Program 3. Atari Version
5090 RJ=PEEI=::<85:h7
saiy H=iHT( H-;aes+0 . 5 '^^nm
5y2M GOSUB 5iEi0-HJ=STRI(N':'
5635 IF LEN(Nf-><3 THEN 596m
5040 Ir Nf<LEH(K:l>-l..LEN<HJ)-ri=" " THEH
mi LEr-K m H 1 ')="2" -■ GOTO 597?
5950 IF N*.; IBK m ')-2 > LEH( W ::-2 )=" . " THEH
5070
5060 1*: LEM :; N* >-i- i >= " . % -<
5978 POKE 35.R.J-L£W:H*>:? N$;
59t"9 RETURN
5035 GOSUB 5190 ■ R J=PEEHj-: 35 '■+£.
?5 GOTO 5979
5119 RETURN
Program 4. Atari Version
100 PRINT ^PRif-rr "Initial pPiMniPA! ''-i^p
UT LA
DO.
C-l
119 PRIh'T :pRnTT '=nCRE-EWT PpTfJr^-^6i b'-'
" = rrRiT LI
120 PRINT : PRINT "iNiTEREST RftTi^ i":Tf.JP!!T
11
125 IF IKl OR irnns j^^: ^-x-
130 PRINT ^ PRINT "INTEREST RftTP v^^:rr.PiiT
12
135 IF I2<1 OR l2''-lm THEN ^3?;
149 PRINT ^ PRINT "TERfi OF LOAN IN rTif.'THs
" ■■ INPUT m
150 PRINT :PRINT SPRINT ^PF'INT ^PR'^T
1S0 PRINT " FOR ";rri;" mNTHs"
170 PRINT ^PRINIT "LfiAN ":Ti7"*/ '•;
12.; "•-:'- PRIh^
180 FOR .J=LR TO LA+-:: 14*LI :' sTEP LI
199 13=11/1209^ 14=12/1209
209 P1=J*< I3/( i-< l/( 1+I3>4r > ;0
210 rl=INKPiJfl0y+9.5>.af:ri
22-0 P2=.J t( 1 4/< 1 '(. 1 -•■( 1+14 ').-.Ni1 y > )
239 P2=INT<P2S199+9.5)-'l?9
240 h^.J : GOSUB 5085
259 FIjKE 85.= 8:H=5^1:GD9yB 5999
269 POKE H5- 16: W=P2 :":«!?: =i;fir^
278 PRINT :r€WT"j
230 END
ft§ time \bur Computer
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I
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MX-70 $ 459
INTERFACE CARDS
8141 {RS'232) $ 75
8150 (2K Buffered BS-232) $ 150
8t61 (fEEE 488) $ 55
8131 (Apple Card) , $ 85
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8220 (TRS-eO Cable) , $ 35
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4032 (32K RAM 40 Basic-40 Clm.) $1295
8032 (32K RAM 4.0 Basfc-80 Clm.) $1495
8050 Dual Disk (1 Meg Storage) . , , $1795
4040 Dual Disk (343K Storage) $12^
8010 IEEE Modem ! . . $ 280
C2N Cassette Drive .,,.... _ " , . $ 75
CBM - IEEE Interface Cable , . $ 40
IEEE - IEEE Interface Cable ..!]!!!!!!!..$ 50
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MasterCard and VISA Accepted
38
COMPUTE!
March, 1982- Issue 22
IWenfy
Questions
Revisited
Elizabeth Deal
Malvern. PA
Editor^ Note: ht ihe September^ /9*S7 Comfmlers And
Sorirfy rolumu. David Thornlmrir jmwenied a fascifiafitifr
program called Txventy Qiiesiions. Both versions (Micro-
soft BASIC and Atari BASIC) are repeated at the end
of this (irtich\ Here. !jz Deal, a longtime contributor
to COMPUTE!, presents au auediied transcript of her
young son and a friend exploring the intrigues ofTiventy
Questions. — RCL
I n COMPUTE! #16, pgs. 1 2 and 1 6, there appeared
a program called "Twenty Questions." Robert
Lock asked for readers' response to the program. I
think the reactions of two ten-year old boys might
amuse you.
They liked the game, w^ent tlnough many
rounds, obviously had some goal in mind, kept
changing the rules and conclusions, and gave up
feeUng somew hat cheated at the end.
They religiously took turns between the typing
and thinking tasks every few^ minutes, supple-
menting their typing with some loud thinking. I
began recording several minutes into the game
and noted words present on the screen. 71ie kids'
conversation is preceded by P and R to identify
who is saying what. What tliey typed on the screen
and what PET answered is in capital letters (shown
on one line). Draw^ your own conclusions from a
sample of two people.
RIGHT? NO
WRONG? NO
R: It's supposed to be an object
1
Ok
BIKE? YES
Is it an animal?
ANIMAL? NO
VEHICLE? YES
P: Is it a vehicle?
R: Yeah, trv it, that's what it was before
IS it A PERSON? NO
P: Is it an object? o-b-J-e...
R
R: I know how to spell it
IS IT AN OBJECT? NO
P: If it's not an object it's not anything...
R: I know
IS IT A NAME?
P: Name not an object, erase it
ISITA VEHICLE? YES
R: That's w^hat we should have tried before...
again?
P: Try vehicle again, it's a lucky question
R: What if it's not?
IS IT A VEHICLE? YES
R: I bet it's always vehicle, let's try this
VEHICLE? YES
R: It's going to be always vehicle
P: Let's trv vegetable
VEGETABLE? YES
R: I think if it begins with V is right.
Trv viking v-i-k-i-n-g
IS IT VIKING? NO
P: Let's see what happens if we go for all
twenty... try one word and question mark
on it
PAPER? NO
INVENTION? NO
IS IT AMPLIFIER? NO
GLUESTICK?NO
BIG BRICK? NO
HORSE? YES
P: aha...
R: I like horses, tliev are my favorite animal
CAT? NO
DOG? NO
ANIMAL? NO
P: Put shark
R: No can't be anything that's animal. Ell try
tape, we haven't tried that vet
TAPE? YES
P: Try table
' TABLE? YES
R: First guess again. This is good!
P: No it is not. ..it's like trying to eat a live pig
without fork and a knife
DOG? NO
P: Do animal instead of certain word
ANIMAL? NO
TAPE? YES
P: Tape again, don't do it again, try t words
FREE? YES
Let's try c's
No cat didn't work... try h
HOUSE? YES
SNAK? NO
HOUSE? YES
I told you to put house before...
Well, I can do my own words... from my
mind...
P:
R:
R:
P:
^y/«fcv>N.
v// L
^t^mn^
escort i^ressels
unknown to th^
complieted w
Markjpa. Der
ifnicfloiirol
-| a vied Unit
iuiied worl etic
legs: norine's
Elter-histoity-ai^
In the 1930"s dramas were
slowly unfolding {n capital cities
throughout the world. From dimly
lit hotel rooms to highiy
sophisticated intelligence
;.Headquarters, men and women
'were playing a game of cat and
mouse for scraps of information
essentia! to the security of their
country. CLOAK & DAGGER pits
you against computer, or other
players, as head of an
Intelligence Agency trying
desperately to stay one step
ahead of its rivals. Moving
7\ agents from capital to capital,
ferreting information, and offering ,
bribes are fundamenta! parts
HI v\ %ocC!s. ^^ ®^^^ player's turn . . .
m\ V.^7iSJ^V and your survival!
delecrt?
.rJ^hreijwll]
FiiTHOHS4(J:
mcKsiJ^e cilr att ticks. But
Allies 13 a Nazi siii>ei! sub
ahead I of schedule: j The
I^uluer has demanded total
^nemY^mSercnlanTsliipiijihg
r continiied ^ucc^ss of the
1. Will ypu, cks oi^e of the
remaining dee skippers,
^qye ttoi > Thikd K4icfa Uo^
been
drven
-AOied
not-b© 4 Isa
CLOAK & DAGGER; $39.95 ppd.
Foreign, FPOandAPO add 1 0% for
shipping. Please specify Apple or
Atari when ordering.
*S>V'
o 1 962, Hot iron Simulalions, Inc.
'Apple II, DOS 3.3 and Alari 600 are regisierea iraaemams, fespecttvety. o1 Apple Uompuler. Inc. and Alari. Inc. "Dysan is a legisiered iractemark of Dysan Cofpwalion.
40
COMPUTE!
March, 1982, Issue 22
R: Try gas
P: Gas isn't an object.. .it's a thing... well, it's an
object in a way
R: We have to spell 'em right
ROCKET? NO
R: Try shuttle
P: No, it's a name
PIG? NO
R: Gan't be an animal?!
P: I have to dcvLsc something in my head...
(total silence sexeral seconds, followed by
STOP key somebody forgot to turn ofO
LIST
P: OK. looking for the words...
R: Don't they have...
P: ...don't worry, we'll find the words.. .(reached
end of listing). ..all they have is that?!! Not
fair! No words. Only goes to 410. Where
did it gel the words? Has to have memory
where to get the word.s...
R: Let's do something else.
My PET will think when this conversation occurs:
ME: ISn AN ANIMAL?
PET: NOPE
ME: IS IT A HORSE?
PET: I TOLD YOU IN PREVIOUS QUES-
TION IT'S NOT AN ANIMAL, STUPID
Program 1: Microsoft Version
100 REM iTHENTY GUESHONS
110 PRiMT aw(H7);"w.cat to the g«c
115 PRIMT"QF TWENH QUESHONS. BY
120 PfiDJT "ASKING QUESHONS HHICH HAVE
130 PRINT "YES OR NO AN9CRS, TRY TO
HO PRINT "OESS TIC OBJECT HHICH WG
150 PRWT "KEN SE1£CTED."
155 PRINT
160 PRINT "BE SURE TO 00 EACH GUESHON MITH A
170 PRINT "QUESnON Wm,"
180 PRINT
190 PRINT
195 B*="/£IOUY"
200 C=0
210 REHlROUrD
220 C=C+1
230 RE« lOESnON
210 PRINT "ENTER QUESHONS »";C
250 BPUT A*
261) IF RIGKr«(A$,l)="?" THEN 290
270 PRINT "imi ISN'T A QUESHON.
275 PRINT "PLEASE ASK A QUESHON."
280 GOTO 230
290 yes=o:no=i
300 FOR 1=1 TO i
310 W NII}i(A»,i£N(A$)-l,l)=HID$(B$tI,l) TICN YES=1:ND=I
320 JtXTI
330 FOR PAUSE=1 TO 5eiRM)(l):»EXT PAUSE
310 IF YES THEN PRINT "YES"
350 IF NO THEN PRINT "NO"
360 PRINT
370 IF C<20 THEN 210
380 PRINT "EW OF TICNTY OlESnONS."
390 PRINT "PRESS RETURN TO ST^T AGAIN."
m GEJ MIW A$="" THEN 400
IIORW
120 END
READY.
Program 2: Atari Version
100 REfl :^20 GlESTIOWS
105 DIM A*:48:'.B$(6)
119 PRINT "}l-ELCOME TO THE GATIE OF T1€HT
Y"
120 PRINT "QUESTIOiS. B'l' ASKING QLESTIO
NS l-JHICH"
130 F-RINT "mj£ YES iJR MD Af^WERS.. TFrr T
0 GUESS"
140 PRIffT "THE CEJECT WHICH HAS BEEN ;5EL
ECTED."
150 PRINT
168 F-RINT "BE :5UF:E TO BCi EACH QIJESTim
WITH A"
170 PRINT "tJUESTION MARK,"
188 PRINT
190 PRINT
195 B$="AEIOUY"
200 C=8
210 REt1 GROUND
220 C=C+1
230 m^ :*(3UE'3TIOM
240 PRINT "ENTER QUESTION #"jC
250 IH^UT A$
260 IF A$<:LE^K A* )>="?" THEN 290
270 PRINT "THAT ISH'T A QUESTION. FtEAS
E ASK A QIJESTIiJN."
280 GOTO 230
296 YES=0 = Nt>l
300 FOR: 1=1 TO 6
310 IF A$( LEN( A* >-l . LEN-:: At- )-l >=BP:. I .. I ) T
m\ '•i'ES=l:l«=0
320 h£XT I
330 FOR PAU:5E=1 TO 50*FWli< y ) = hCMT F-ttUSE
348 IF YES THEN PRINT "YES"
350 IF m THEN PRINT "MJ"
360 F-RINT
370 IF C<2e THEN 216
386 F-RINT "Bli Lf TiCNTY iXiESTIONS. "
390 F-RINT "PRESS RETURN TO START AGAIN."
409 l\P\JJ A$
410 RUN
420 £m
QUALITY AND VALUE.
1982 will find more OEM's, businesses, dealers and personal computer
users turning to MICROTEK than ever before.
TekWriter-t
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Matrix Printer
(Formerly BYTEWRITER-1)
The Tek write r-l printer is, dollar for
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replacement cost ore oil identical.*
But the biggest difference is the
price. The Tekwriter-1 is about
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Our extensive testing has proved
that the Tekwriter-1 interfaces
problem-free to most poraffel
Centronics ondseriaf (RS-232)
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TheTefcwriter-1 is tough to beat for
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'Dato Source: Epson MX-80 Operolion Manual
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manufactured to run extremefy
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Tel<wrtter-2 is especially weff suited
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expansion capability to 25K. This
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Porollel interface (Centronics
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16K Apple AAemory Board
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4116 RAM (200NS) Compatible
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fnterfoces with most computers and
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Switch sefectabfeporalfef orseriaf
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Data buffer 2K standard —
expondabfe to 62K.
Seriaf f/O BAUD rates switch
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Atari Parollel or Serial
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Pre-tested. Centronics or (RS-232)
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APPLE PARALLEL
INTERFACE CARD
Quantity and OEM discounts available.
Continuing our quest for excellence.
lRS-80 is a Irodemork of Radio Shock, Inc.
Apple n is o trademark of Apple Computer, Inc.
Atori 400^00 ore trodemarks of Atari, Inc.
Microsoft ISO Irodemork of Microsofi Consumer
Products, Inc
Z-80 is a trodemark of Zilog, Inc.
Visicolc is a trodemark of Personal Software, Inc.
MICROTEK
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SOFTWARE FOR YOUR 16K TRS-80 COLOR
MODEL I, ill, ATARI 400/800, APPLE II
Do you kiMiw all the mnovativr
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vtxjr pn>fiTammin(i tasks easier ,ind
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Difficult programs are bulk
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A mtut for tvcrf owner of a.
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formed on all the latest prixlu(.ts.
Ouf next isiue will include:
L STOCK MARKET ANALYSIS
2. Word Search Puiiles
V Minefield with graphics
A. Micro-Spell Game Quir
PLUS TU^O SPECIAL TEACHING PROGRAMS
A. Generating Maies
B. Understanding Binary Trees
(Back issues are available)
You have already missed Content ration, Checkers,
Poker, Football, Algebra and Geometrv tests.
Schedule 104C, Mailing List, and Home Budget
Analysis. The price per subscription to TRC,
APPLETREE, or MAG ATARI is S50 per year. $30
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Don't mil* anymore iisue*!
Out complete home fmancial packa^ with .hetk maintenimce income net worth s,.,i
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THE PROGRAMMER'S INSTlTUit
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P.O. Box im Depi. C
Chapel Hill. N.C 27514
1919)43^-2198
MC &t Visa Wekome
address
city /St .
GPrSTarrmc?fp;;^am G Ye.r Su^^.p.K>n U I. Year G Boch LJTr>al Issue
(g) GimpJiterMcxkl. L I Cassette G Diskette
TRC and the pri^ammers prtigram are trademarks of F"/^];^^'^";*;:^ _. , ,
*All software available on cassette or diskette for the TRS-aOM«iel H^' /^f " f^^^^j; f ^P^^"
11 O^ cassette for the Model I, Color Ext. Basic. (For diskette add Si per month.)
A
ATARI
400 16K . ^ - "- #319.00
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800 leK ^-- 649.00
410 RECORDER 89.00
810 DISK DRIVE ^ -^ 446.00
850 INTERFACE - 174.00
830 MODEM 139.00
825 PRINTER 575.00
484 COMMUNICATOR S99.00
rrr Cordless phone 199,95
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CALL TOLL-FREE 800-227-2520
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March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPUTE!
43
COMPUTEI's Listing Conventions
Many of the programs which are listed in COMPUfEi use
special keys (cursor control keys, color keys, etc.) To make it
easy to tell exactly what should be typed in when copying a
program into the computer, we have established tiie following
listing conventions.
For The Atari
All the editing and cursor ct)nlrol characters are spelled out
and surrounded by brackets in the program listings: I CLEAR)
for "clear screen." Other characters, such as CTRL-T (the
"bair' character) will be listed as the ''normal" character, but it
will be within brackets: ( Tl. A scries of identical control
characters will be indicated by a number within the brackets:
{3DOWN} means type ESC CURSOR-DOWN three limes;
{ 12 Rl would mean type C TRL-R twelve times. Renieml3er to
press the ESC (escape) ke) before each cursor control key. If
you should see { ESCl itself in a program listing, you would
press ESC luua\
Two of the control characters, { =} and { -} , should be
shifted. Any reverse field lexi will l)e enclosed within vertical
lines. (In other words, any time you see a vertical line within a
program listing in COMPUTE!, press the Atari logo key [Jk],)
Atari Conventions
{CLEAR}= SHIFT-< (Clear Screen)
QPy- CTRL-fflinus (Cursor- Up)
CD0l*O= CTRL-e^iuals (Cur^r Doi*n>
{L£FT>= CTRL-Plie (Ctr&^r left)
CRIGHT}= CTRL-asterisk (Cursor- risht)
{BACK S}= BACK S (Bade space)
{DEL£TD= CTRL-DELETE (Delete dvaracter)
{EEL LIfrE>= SHIFT-DELETE (Delete Line)
{INSERT}= CTRL-I^^SERT (Insert character)
(IMS LIHE>= SHIFT'IMSERT (Ins^t line)
{ESC>= ESC (ESCape key pressed buice)
aAB>= TAB (Tab key)
(CLR TAe>= CTl^-TAB (Clear tab sett ire)
{SET TAE'>= 3HIFT-T(* (Set tab stop)
{BELL}^ CTRL-2 (Rins btJEzer)
For PET/CBM/VIC
Generally, any PE I7C:BM/V1C: program listings will contain
bracketed words which spell oul any special characters:
(DOWN) \\oiM mean to press t lie cursor-down key;
{3DOWN} would mean to press tlie cursor-down key three
times.
To indicate that a key should be shifted (hold down the
SHIFT key while pressing the otiier key), the key would he
underlined in our listing. For example, S would mean to type
the S key while holding the shifi key. This would result in the
"heart" graphics symbol appearing on your screen.
Sometimes in a program lisring, especially within tj noted
text when a line runs over into the next line, it is difficult U)
tell vv here the (Vrst line ends. How many times sliould you type
the SPACTl bai ? In our convention, when a line breaks in this
way, the ~ symbol shows exactly where it broke. For example:
100 PRINT "TO START THE GAME "
YOU MAY HIT ANY OF THE KEYS
ON YOUR KEYBOARD."
shows that the program^ author intended for you to lyjx- two
spaces after the word G/IA/A.
Apple, OS I, etc. Although the programs are general in nature,
you may need to make a lew changes for them to run correctly
on your Apple. Microsoft BASIC programs written for the
PET/CBM sometimes contain special cursor control characters.
The following table shows equivalent Apple words. Notice
that these Apple commands are outside quotations (and even
separate from a PRINT statement). PRlNT'[RVS]YOU
WON" becomes INVERSE: PRINT'TOU WON":NORMAL
[CLEAR[ (Clear Screen) HOME
[HOME] (Home cursor) VTAB 0:HTAB 0
[DOWN] (CuLsordown)
POKE 37,PEEK(37) + (PEEK(37)<23)
[UP] (Cursor up)
POKE 37.PEEK(37)-(PEEK(37)>0))
[LEFT] (Cursor left) PRINT CHR$(8);
[RIGHT] (Cursor right)
POKE36,PEEK(36) + (PEEK(36)>(PEEK(H2)
+ PEEK(33)))
[RVS] (Inveise video on. Turns off automatically after a
carriage return. To he safe, turn off inverse video after
the print statement with NORMAL unless the PRINT
statement ends with a semicolon.)
INVERSE
[OFF] (Inverse video of Q NORMAL
Shifted characters can represent either graphics characters
or uppercase letters. If within text, just use the non-shifted
character, otherwise substitute a space. Some "generalized"
programs contain a POKE such as POKE 594(i8, 14. Omit
these fr{)m the program when typing it in. One fmal note: you
will probably want to insert a question mark or colon within an
INPUT prompt. PE T/C^BM and many other B ASICs automat-
ically print a question mark:
INPUT **WHAT IS YOUR NAME"jN$
becomes
INPUT "WHAT IS YOUR NAME?";N$
Aif Comfnodore Machines
F^r The Apple
Programs listed as 'Microsoft" are written for the PET/CBM,
Clear Screen [CLEAR}
Home Cursor [ HOME}
Cursor Up [up}
Cursor Down [ DOWN }
Cursor Right {RIGHT}
VIG Conventions
Set Color To B lack ( B LK }
Set Color To White {WHT}
Set Color To Red [RED}
Set Color To Cyan { CYN }
Set Color To Purple [ PUR }
Set Color To Green {GRN}
Set Color To Blue [BLU}
Set Color To Yellow { YEL}
Function One { F 1 }
8032/Fot 40 Conventions
Set Window Top [SET TOP}
Set Window Bottom [SET B 0 T }
Scroll Up [SCR UP}
Scroll Down { SCR DOWN}
Insert Line
Delete Line
Cursor Left [LEFT)
Insert Character [ I N ST }
Delete Character [DEL}
Reverse Field On [RVS J
Reverse Field Off [ OFF }
Function Two
IF2}
Function Three
{F3I
Function Four
[F4}
Function Five
{F5}
Function Six
[F6}
Function Seven
[F7}
Function Eight
{F8}
Any Non-implemented
Function
[NIM}
[INST LINE} Escape Key
[DEL LINE}
Erase To Beginning [ ERAS E B EG }
Erase To End [ERASE END}
Toggle Tab [TGL TAB]
Tab [ TAB }
{ESC} ^
44
COMPUTE!
March, 1982, Issue 22
Energy Workbook
David E Pitts
Houston, TX
If your heating or cooling costs have increased by
30% or more last year like mine, then you are
probably considering installing some energy saving
measures such as: storm windows, a clock thermo-
stat, more insulation, caulking, or weatherslripping.
Since everyone's home is different and there is a
wide diversity of climadc conditions in the United
Stales, it is difficult to determine which of the
many choices is the best investment. The program
described here utilizes the characterisUcs of the
house together with the estimated climate to deter-
mine a projected savings for the homeowner for a
wide variety of energy improvements at locations
within the contiguous 4<S states. The homeowner
may utilize this savings, together with the projected
cost and the economic outlook, to determine if the
payout period meets his criteria for a successful
investment.
The energy workbot>k program allows for a
wide xarietv of fuels for both heating and cooling:
oil, natural gas. electricity, wood, liquid petroleum,
gas, and coal. The savings due to installing storm
windows, changing thermostat settings, caulking
and weatherstripping, or adding ceiling or floor
insulation are calculated for the homeowner. The
required inputs are shown in Table 1. Repetitive
calculations involving future energy cost can easily
be made using the |)n)gram, thus improving the
homeowner's estimate of the accrued energy savings.
The program was wiitten in Microsoft BASIC
on an OSl 4PM F using simple I/O so that the pro-
gram could be easily converted to other systems
such as PET, Apple, and TRS-80. Atari owners will
have to modify the program by adding PRINTs to
the prompted INPUT statements, adding dimension
statements for each string variable and changing
the string concatenation and splitting as per page
39 of tfieir user's guide. [Atari owfurs: wake the
fhaiigf's in the lijtes indicated in Program 2. — Ed]
T!ie program is based on an algorithm from the
Federal Energv Administration (Reference 1)
which divides the 48 contiguous states into climatic
regions for cooling and heating for average housing,
fuel, and climatic conditions. If the user\s situation
is unusual in terms of home construction, altitude,
etc. additional advice from government offices or
utility companies may be advisable.
String variables are used to read the table of
states, cities, and healing (Hi) and cooling (C) factors.
C^onnnas are used for delimiters separating the
states from the cities and their factors. Because of
this, cities comprised of two or more words have
had the interior blanks removed. Statements 20-45
decode the city and factors from the string B$(I).
The heating zone and the cooling zone each range
from zero to live, with five l^eing the most severe
winter climate and zero being the most severe
summer climate. The heating and cooling zones
are used to calculate a heating factor and a cooling
factor. The fuel factors FH(Ij and FC(I) are read
from the data statements for the fuel chosen by the
user and a heating index (HI) or cooling index {iX)
is calculated by the product of the heating (or
cooling) factor times the fuel factor times the price
per fuel unit.
The fuel index (FI) is calculated by the sum of
the heating index and cooling index, f he annual
heating fuel cost is taken from the total energy cost
for the headng season times .85 to account for use
of other uses of fuel (e.g. hot water heating). The
annual cooling cost is calculated (rom total cooling
season fuel cost times .6 to account for other use
such as lighting. These ratios can be checked by
determining average offseason to average in season
usage. The appropriate ratios should be used in
statements 175 and 200. The ratios in my home
were .56 and .88 for cooling and heating respec-
tively, quite close to the Energy Administradon's
estimate.
Annual heating saving due to changing the
thermostat setting is calculated from the product
of the number of degrees turned down times the
annual heating cost (HS) umes a savings factor (Y)
calculated in lines 240-247. Additional savings due
to setting back the nightime temperature are calcu-
lated using a sinrilar procedure, but with an added
factor .3 (due to the reduced time the set back
temperature is in effect). Cooling seasons savings
are calculated from the annual cooling cost times
.02 times the number of degrees the thermostat is
turned up. The animal savings (i om caulking and
weatherstrip|)ing is calculated from a draft factor
times the total floor area times the fuel index. The
draft factor is the sum of the factors for windows,
for fast deuelopment of fast, tight programs
Step beyond FORTH, to
RPL
High speed, low memory requirements,
and user^riendly development tools
are no longer mutually exclusive.
Reverse Polish Language, a FORTH-
like language now available for the
PET and CBM computers, is faster
than FORTH, easier to debug than
BASIC, and more space-efficient than
any other language known, including
assembly language. Here's what
Loren Wright, MICRO magazine s
PET Vet, says about it:
"RPL is generally faster
and more conservative of
memory than FORTH . . .
RPL will serve well the
need for a language that
is faster than BASIC yet
easier to program than
assembly language. The
package is well-thought-
out and well-documented/'
RPL uses the ordinary Commodore
BASIC screen editor for program entry
and editing. And the full power of
BASIC, in both immediate and pro-
gram modes, remains available to the
user throughout a development
session. The RPL Compiler and Sym-
bolic Debugger reside in the top 8K
of memory, ready to be invoked at
any time, directly from BASIC, via
the commands "compile" and *'debug'\
RPL source code is saved to disk or
cassette just like BASIC source, and
is compiled memory-to-memory for
quick compilation turnaround and
instant source accessibility. RPL sup-
ports separate compilation of program
modules through the use of the com-
piler's "global symbol" features,
which also permit the development
of true ''subroutine libraries".
The language itself is concise and
straightforward, making it much easier
to learn and master than most other
computer languages. A total of only
47 special keywords and symbols
provide the following capabilities:
• Nestable, multi-line IF . . . THEN . . .
ELSE constructs.
• Nestable FOR . . . NEXT loops.
• Named subroutines and functions
of arbitrary length.
• Compile-time constants and code
ORGability.
• Full 16-bit integer arithmetic and
logical manipulations.
• Built-in character-string handling.
• Stack-management directives
including n-index, n-rotate.
• GET, INPUT, and PRINT operators
• Forward and backward symbolic
references, including GOTO.
• Easy access to machine language.
• Predefined arrays with numeric
and/or string contents.
• Local and global symbols.
. . . and much more. The 60-page RPL
manual is clear and well-organized,
making the language easy to learn and
easy to use: Loren Wright says
that ^*the documentation is about
the best I have ever seen."
The Samurai RPL Symbolic Debugger
is a screen-oriented, object-level
debug facility using a soft-key-driven
command syntax for ultra-ease of use.
Features included are:
• Full visibility into both stacks at
all times.
• Single-stepping, with source-level
next-step display.
• Breakpointing in both auto*singie-
step and "go" modes,
• Address specification using ex-
pressions with symbols.
• Stack-edit capability on both stacks.
• Debugger video usage is trans-
parent to target program.
• Extra run-time error-checking
during debugging only.
. . . and, of course, much more. Here's
what Robert Baker, author of the
PET-pourri column in Kilobaud Micro-
computing, says about it:
**RPL offers an unbeatable
combination of speed,
memory space efficiency,
and ease of use. It is well-
designed, well-imple-
mented, and well-docu-
mented, and it deserves
the serious consideration
of every PET/CBM pro-
grammer. The Samurai RPL
Symbolic Debugger, in
particular^ must be seen to
be believed/^
The compiler includes a special
option making it very easy for
you to create "execute-only" object
modules from which all develop-
ment-utility software and memory
allocations have been excluded. The
price you pay for the compiler also
includes an unlimited license to resell
the RPL "run-time library" {not the
compiler) in conjunction with "execute-
only" application object modules of
your own.
The Samurai RPL Compiler is now
available at the special introductory
price of $49,95, which includes the
manual in a nice 3-ring binder and
First Class postage within the con-
tinental U.S. Media supplied is of top
quality, and is not copy-protected
(this permits you to make backups
for yourself without hassles). Com-
piler and debugger together are
$80.91, complete. Manuals are
available separately at $10.00 and
$4,00, respectively, and will be credited
toward software purchase. Please
specify machine type, memory size,
ROM version^ and media type
(cassette, 4040, or 8050 diskette)
when ordering.
Order anytime, day or night,
7 days a week
Outside Florida:
800-327-8965
(ask for ext. 2)
Within Florida: 305-782-9985
VISA and Master Charge accepted
All orders shipped within 2 days of receipt
(For technical inquiries, please phone
305-782-9985)
For more information, or to order by
check or money order, piease write:
SAMURAI SOFTWARE
P.O. Box 2902
Pompano Beach, FL 33062
^
{d
Z
DYNACOMP
*.
Quality software/or"^:
ATARI
PET/CBM
APPLE II Plus
OSBORNE-1
ALTAIR****
TRS-80 (Level II)**
NORTH STAR***
CP/M Disks/Diskettes
(see Avaitability box)
CARD GAMES
iACCAHAT (Atvt (»l» M«: lll.W (r^m^miM Otktat
Thrt n thf |urop«ti, tMd (MFW *lmk a ihr It^omu of iJvt Moot* Cirlo *rt m. ItMtmt jouf^tf »i ihf Mm"! [»b«t -ithOtT
lo ^t-Hi ijrfl iAd GeUTiAf tr So your nfhi U*m Jt»d pl»j EaCCaSaT ii )ro«f kiwe an tbt Aun. CtmuEtit ftjll >hi*h ftwiu-
r GIN HUMMY cx:Min|. Tht eemptwrr pli!'i, ciBr{KtofuDy *«U, tw) th*
GTN RL'NMl I Apfilr dbIt^
TTut m tttt bat Aucro ump^i^r usptcnMa
HIRES tripn^ iJ^r HjpCTb. Wh*s fh< cm be ua:?
P OKER P ARTlr' ( A^alabk fof •! compatm I Prta- llT.M CaMtl* /HI ,f3 DWfH.
POKER PARTY n t dr** poicf H(rw!«5Bfi t««J qa ihe book. POKER, by Oi-ikt Jicc*j. Thu ii ihe mow wfnprrtoiiDvr
Ttrnoi) i*(uUNr Tot m»crOrt»(npu!m Th« pit-iy conum sf ywfxif *Bd hj oihtr (computtfli pUjff* E»cN af ihrw plijm
{j(Hi -lU |« TCI Hnjn ih*m) tui t dkffcfMil pefwoilily in lh« form of m ^tnrifij prejxp.utr [o bJuff of feU uJWlff pmmft
Prifli** *Hh POtCeit PARTV twfwe r>uii lo mi« MpmMvt (mk lormfn! Appk (»ti*ii;t lAd dri^rtt* trfnom rtquitr ■
n K (or W»*r} Appk W
CO tiStI 4A«tllsi^k for lU rBOpaltn) Prtn: tt4.W CMMii*''t1I.W [Nti*4ir
0*3 F1£M u * cliMie ihiWjoi'i CAfil (x™*. The opponent h « fndidly Wflspuur •iih u«f >flp«t* (tut iftf urapk *[u*«ih fm
irtiiJ (hildm to Miily eniittf The Appk jad Al»n vmioat fmptoy hith rHDlwlior. inptuci far tht dupLiy of Hindi. A rami
For child rra!
THOUGHT PROVOKERS
M AN ACiJ^rNt SlMULATOn ( Auri. Nortb Stmt, OSBORNK mHl CP/M inUj> Pri«i 11»,» tp-rtu
Hvii pfO|f *m H boih in ri«tten[ KMhifll lool ii ■•til »l 1 H.muiitinj iiiltUeclud (wn* fl*Mii upon iimilir (ifnti pUyfJ.i1
trtJuttt buiums ictiooll, «t.cll pi*ff or Ittm eoniJ-oli ■ {ompall) nhich mwufiftnjrerv ihri* prodUfU, tJ*h pliycr llltmpli
lo dlprf (orm hn tompttilori by i*tlirj KJisni pncrs. pte-Jttnion ioluinti, ni«teun< ind dfnta cspcndilutfj «e The mciil
tuccturul firm II [ht onf with the hiftidl HOfik price i>hm the s!mul*!»n fudi-
F LIGHT SIMULATOR (A^rtiltbk for ill cOdSpmtrt) Tf^i *17.9S Cm««« /»!.»* Dbkttu
A rMliKk md KiFRiiv* mjihrtiiiciJ siinukiion of uttoH. flijhi »ji<l Undifli, Tin; pfotJ-iin uiiEim tcrwlyiiiniLi Fnatiwnt
ind ih* cltaridcritdo of i tmI irfoil. You «ti prictrcf in*[funwtH ipprqachei and lu^iftii^n uimf ridi»U 4iHi compiu
)it«dinti, The mor* ■Jtuictd flyti (
doo rtpt employ |.riph)Ct,
m iJm perfSHTi Soopi, hilf-roilj ind limilif iHObttJC ininrurcTi. Althoufh lhli prnijun
y ttWbctnt Sei I he loMwuf review in tOMPLiTRONICS Rum m I4K At*n
V ALDK3t ( Aviltahfe lot iU t ooipu«mJ Pricti lii.M *:tmti%t/i^fM Dttkit,
V AlDO II » eempulfT limuUtion of i*j>enifili« Mni*tian m ih* Pfwi« Wjllum Stjuftd/Viidti Nirrowi ffgion of Abiki
Incladcii m ihit ufntiUiwn ii i ttiJiilic Md etimiitt U* * IW eJoBcni imp. jwnioni of wheh miy b« Hfwtd utwi ih*
thip'i ilphifviirorrtc ridif dupiij Iht motion of ibf ttwp it«lf a iminitly modtUtd matheimLciUy. Th« umuUtuin iho
coquini ■ model fo* (he UdiiJ piiierfii in the rtjwr, li well tifflbflr [nffic {ciuijDint uaUn tni driftmt i«bHti) Chwi
yoiif CiSurit froCT I he CuiT of AlaiHt to Vikla Hifborr Set ihe *oft»«ie fe*i*i»i in iO Soft* ire Ctisique ind Pffioeul Com-
in mctmitixt Mi|h Ihe of fkiiJ rulci
BACKGA^fMO^ a.O (Atari, Non* Star, OSBORNE »«l CF/M oalr) Prte*: iUM C«Kfl*/Hi « DCirtu
Din Pfoirim iriEi your iMCkiKtinofi lUJi and *i]I tlw impeovr youf t«»vt- A humlii ctn Mm pew uimil ■ compulM OS
iliifiti inuther hirnun. The tomp-jiieT ctn e*m pby i|unii iiMlf , EJthcr the humifi of tht computer rui deutk of ttrmiie
du-troUi BMjdpoiiiKMitcifl t»e crnied or t*vfd fpi ifpiliy BACKGAMMON 7.0pli>: " " "- "" ' ' '
of hiikM"*'^'* t"*! "1 IiJ'e ID pTCTidt (ISMT fucmitini («n*flj of b*ck|,immDn JiJlj
CHESS MASTER C North Sl»r ud TRS-» wUj > Ptirt: 1».W Cmmtu'iliM mtkMU
Tlui t™p4*M *,e»d very pwff ful pretriw prondei fi%« IcvtL of p)jy It mtiudo uiiSmt. en p«i«ii cip*uTei iivd ih* p*omo-
[jofi of p**ni AddilKjndJy. iti* Iwifd mtj be pfenct befprt rbe (un oj pky, pemituni tht tMSuhinon of "booli" pi#y»- To
mttwiwe eiKiition spttd. iht piofiim u wniien in nwcmhly Imi^uMtt (by SOFT* AkE SPECIALISTS of CiifoimO. Full
iriphici tit emptoycsJ in the TaS-» veruon. uid t^ts »idihi of iJphinimieric djipt»> *je provided to »c«>min«liie North
Sl*f iil«Tl. >r reric* jr (rtsCompJ.linj
SLTEl SUB CHASE t AUri (Mi»y I ^*«- *" « C—me/IU .» DWftie
StrPEIt SUB CHASE iimiiUln * Itlich »nd daUroy ffliliioo Sft ytsjr courte ilkd keep *n eye on ih* itmtl ItvUnv ii ydu
Hufl fCf Ihe hKWrn tutmanjie. Sel Ihe depth chir^ e«;^0*km derth and «Mth them wni. lo-arda ihc lub T>i» h an addictive
t*mt *tutrh lake* ad^intJtt of ihe Aunt Iftphici ind HJund SiPibtUJifi One Of [mo piiffTl Jqjrititkdl fe<;jUPi
FORFJiT Rtt£ ! t Atart M«H Prk*: 1 1 J . W C—ru, 'iTt.M INtktlit
Ltioi eictikiii (fiphjci and lOund tffecu, I hit wmulaM* pua ysxi ir lie maidlr of a foftii firt Vout jotm lo dtrwi oprra-
iKiHi 10 pw4 o^ti the fire -hik (oenpcBiitint fo* chufH ib *uul. -caiJKf and KTTain Se* pfowcuPi t*lMH( urikMuTet uo
rrult iR lunlifn pewhiei LJe-lik* *an*bk> »re pTmrded le jntkt FOREST FfRET >trv Hf»pe«cful aftd efcalleniiem No two
|,UM1 ha>e Iht lanae lefltfiji afld ihfTt are J levdi of dlfridthy
BLACK HOLE <A]>ptt<wlT» Prie.= *u.«C.-**/11I.t5Pi*.^
Ths It *n eiEUmi inphical uaiBlili™ of iIm ptobkmi involved ai etoid? obiemaj a black hot »ili a space pr«*c. Th* ob-
,tct n !o enter and fTiiiuUli:, for a JSMiHlbed tPW, as otba fteie to 1 WHiJl h!«k bek. ThH B to be .chiei^d arithoul totmng
» -MM Iht aaoniity th»i the udai Jiitt* destroy* ibe probe. Ccmtiaj of the cr»fi is Tt»l!»iical!y nmuiaud iwmi wde jets fw
Tout^fi and mara ihfuMen fof i«*k«iioa. Tha jwo*j«n empttyi Hi-R« f raphia and a eduaiWRil •* Piil ai eh*fl*ntm|
SPACE EV- ACi;A-nON; iAwlr. Atari aH TFS4« mIt) M«= »» W C— n./llt.tS DM.«.
Caa TOu totoBUC the |»Jlaay ud t**aM* the Eanh befoM the »wi eipted«T Y(wr fotpputer b<co<nei iht ihtp't >.-{»iipuut ii
y<»ii npkHe ih« lAovtnc to relocale oilliMi of peopk Tbn nanlaiion u pwtisulatlj initttHifK t» n eccrbtnei oajij of tht
titduit tkmWHi of ctawc w*» «*««* -i*ft «* myim> chan*«*t of ADVENTURE
MONARCH (AUH amh) »^- *" « C«.e«»i iW** Diafctti*
MONARCH u a flKltutwi *toi»iii^ imulaitOR rtquinot you [O iUfvftt Ms t-yial trtm at yo«i B*tion-i kadn You fltitf
miac the IrtOufll of «re«te devOH^ to mduftml and ajinftlhwitl: *ie. bo» tuveh food (o diitnbuie » ibt pOplOace and ho*
Wuch ihwild be ipent Ofl poUiilior co<:tr«l. Ydu ~ilS Ftfid lh*t ail deKfltoe* in*ohe a cOmprWIUW and thilK it not eaiy to nukt
tverypne hipp; . Rrtlf m t6K Atin.
CHOMPELO fAl.fi oilrl 'rttK IU.t3C«a./f >S.»S DUeiie
CHOMfHLO n rtaJlk t»o ch*llcrrn» »*n»4 in oeie Om ii unikr lo NlM: you osuii feitt orfpifi of ■ cookie, but aioid tak-
>t4 at pijiMJMd poflHM. The ot^eT itmt A Ihe p<?p«lai board fMBK REVERSl. It fallr ui«i l^e Ataxt'i pripAKT capibJity.
•fld Bt hard to beal Th^i P*cka(r wiU run 00 ■ I6K iTiXtfts
STACK. LANES (A»*I*fc* to* il camptuni ?**«; !•• ♦J Ca-rt*/Sl4,f5 DMena
SPAft LANES If a janpk but enifluii te*:t irampottajion |*p-e *h»fb in*o]i.ei up to four pUteri [uwluduti (httomputef I
Tt» ob/etl H lO (om *Bd cipand ip#e« (riinporti t*M« fomp*a« ib * cOeB F«f li*t toinj pnmeri t . TlM (0*1 » lo imiii WOft e*i
»(5ftri th*n your opponcfit The econonncn iniliJdt nock purehlitl afuj «orEp*jiv mcfitfl. W*t(h your •rt!lh |to»'
AVAILABILITY
DYSACOMJ" lofmafe n uipplwd *iih tompkie ioewnentatioii ^ontamiisi ckaj ctpbnaiiMii afid tiimpici L!nl«i other* h*
ipeeifitij. au propamt •!« njR -nhia ItK protram ftmnofy vp«e lATARI lequtfei :<»;}, Enept •hcti noted, protfimi are i^aiJ
tbNr M ATARI, PtT. TKS-*OfLtvtI tl) uid Apple (Appkiofticatietit and drtktitt ai ocll ai North Stv iiniledentjtT (double
demtty eompaiiblei dukAte AddetioaaUj, mo« pfotrtrai tan be obumed on itiDdird J)SM )T«0 lunik d«viity ^douWe dem-ly
tompnrible formal \ I" CPVI floppy flilki for lyitetni funfsmi UflOei MBASIC ((Of etampk. Alton. XtfOt JIO and nuni. othttl)
*'»'■ CP'M dnktllet irt available fCf ihe North Staf iPd t>iboniccomputtr lM.ttm*.
■^ TAftL PE'T CBM, SOUTH STASt. CF .W, !BM. OSBO/iSE •iiH XEftOX art rtf^ifrrd iradtKH^ti itnd ar Hadf mjrii
»'£j(rt)w oftfrr noird, aH THS90 \todtf ! w/Jwflre a avaJciiif on^ casseiie fotify/ M tkf TKS-^O Sfoilrl ttl Ltttplf>ns
tAl.DE2. CXfBBACB, CtlAHX, CHESiMA!tT£R. TF5-B0 dattiett arr not mppiftd »r/* ttttter D€M of RASiC.
"fi^ mull .Stfttit Siat liiiitHista lyilttia DfSACOXfP prt^nliy dots f\
'*'l-j' AllMf intfmi tujttnt if iff cto/l RASH
I iUppori iht nr>- Voff^ Sl^r A^iVtaff
DYNACOMP OFFERS THE FOLLOWING
• Widest variety
• Guaranteed quality
m Fastest delivery
• Friendly customer service
• Free catalog
• 24 hour order phone
AND MORE.
ST ARTREK J.l f A *«JtaW* f ot iM nopittn) Prtt*; HI -fS Caartk 115.M Wifcene
Thii rt iht cliuK Staftf ek umuUriofi. b«i »rth iMifat iie» feature*. Fc» ei*mpk. ihe Klmjofu tw» thoot it the Etsierpfii*
*Fthogi •iniiiii >hik alw aiiMkioj iiufta^iei en otiwf nMdrnnii The Klintoni aj*o atuck •ub both tiihi ind heavy fritiiett
tmi mmt »hm **« at' The uiuaiion i* t*t%»t when the Enter pnse A t>eve«td by th«e heny cniueti lad a iuft4ie 5 0 5 u
fK*i*edl Tim Klioioni |e1 even' See tlVe wftsaie rrvie-i m A N A I O fj . » 5aft*af» Cdlliue *fld Oamt Mtftliandivi«»
LtL* MFA rROM MARS (Atari amij)
UefflW ytwrvelf The ItltW i*iefl from Mart iieOttI
intnuleil ifit^wi lafCtde) |im« mhKh ciCtitet m
met 4 It.t) Caaatne ' lU.t) mtk**n
tn yon If ton dm'l ttt tbem run fhii ii a hi.;*iicui hifb rnolutio^
h of Lhi Atatl'i powtf . R«qilirei oat jo^iek
Prk*: ilt.M CmmOM.iuM DbkeiW
it laio a tusk ni l(ie Kften %aand vunple'' Not whtq tht
T T«uf tkill itaaw others m ihti habit- fonnuK aciiOtt
SPACE TILT 4 Aiw«c ud Alwl PRf})
Use tfte (aiTW p«4dkt id till the piine of the TV Krten to "foi"
beta leu mulkr and ifT>«lkir A built<n treief aUo** you to mt
tafTK
ESCAPE FROM VO LA STI CM ( AtaH mIt I PiV.; tUM Ca«ek^ i*.M CMrtte
B'lai tht a<Uon and etJrteiT*ni of *a ucAde into youl homt with tSCAJ'E FROM VOLANTIUM' To eicape yM murt
maneuvff your spaie ihip ajoufwJ obwacici and li*ef btm ihe dra|on r*ith«<ji temi ttttnl If ht n kitkd wnb a direct litat
{no4jiutak(lop(«flofri. adoof npedttoihtovUidt Hosever. the doc* doe» flot itay open ifiderimwlf IfyoufadtoeKaiK
Ki tmn, Hk doof iloi*T ufvitnfm diaton appeui Sumeiifflei y<y* t*a uaaib tbnMi*b the door by rtpe*:ediT chippini away u
III, Othv tiMi It It unptTvifiui At the htihct ketelt of pUy mart otnucki and drafoni aptwir, «4di£| tj the euttefnent Uiet
bwb retoUtton iraphici and uxmd Rum m )AK
ALPHA FIGHTER ( Atari oaty > Pnte: H JW c— n./»l7.M Dtabme
T*o excellent if*[*»;i *nd action pro(riffli ifl omI' ALPHA FiriHt^R tfljutret yovt to de*iioy the ilien iiafthipt p«uini
thfooih yowr levior of tht »i:a*y, ALPHA BASE n w the pa.th of an tlten UFO invauon, lei five LFO-jftl by ind ihe fame
endt. Boih |am<i renuuc ihe joyifick md t« profjettivtly mort dif ricull the bi*hef you tcore! AI.FHA FtGH TER wiQ run
on l«K vystfiju
THE RLNGS OF THE EMPIRE (Al«* tmif) P**«- *W « c.-e«a/l»,»5 DMeo*
Tht tmpirt hu devek>pnl a new haltk itiiKin prmeciad: by foutint nntt of entriy. Each time you btati ihro^ith the nngt and
destroy the ttation, th* empue doTJopt a new ttaiion with rnwt pfotttuvt rirtfi Thu tifntnt lame Tunt on HK tytiemt,
emptoyi eiteniive ira^bici and voond and (in be played by one ot iwo pkjm
l^^^Rl;DER alert (Atari d«It) Pirt«: lU.fS Ca.wit»/11*,l5 D*akf«f
Thti It a fill paced iraptixi f amt *hich pUcti you in th* (Tndd.1* of the "theadiitt" h**!n( |UU iiokn m pbRs T he droidi
have been 4kttedard«redirictedto deuf oy y«j tl idl coti* Tcni mutt fin4 and tnler your ship to eieaipre w iih ihe pUnt I iv t
kvtb of difrWulty lie ffovided INTRL'DF.R ALEST fniu^ei a {0*na:k and will run on !«K tyKemt
MIDWAY (Atari ofllr)
MIDWAY 11 an eicitint txtentioR of the^vneof aattlcthip. ti tn«
cin be another human or Ifie compulrr. Color (taphici and tound
rr1«: iUM CaMrtle/11*.K DUttK
1 thechiiOeniei of ttraiejy and dance. Your opponent
iit boiri included, Rur^ m l&k
TRIPLE BLOCKADE 1 Atari oahr) prtw: 1I4,« Ci»eBe/tll.M DUeiu
TRIPLF BLOCKADE it a two (otbree pltjer iraphict ajid sound «tion imp* It it haved ofi tHe elanw viJto u^*6t (un*
which miljioni have tnjoyed Lliintihe Atari joytucks, iheab>eci it todif«( yo«f blosiidmi line aroufid Ihe wreen * rt hogt
runnmi ihId your oppuneni|i> Althouth the concept U iimpk, the combined |raphi:] and tmttii eTFevi beid to "hi|h
G AMiii PACK I ( AymlUbk for rJI crunpulffil Prke: I>B,« Ciaaettt/lU.M Diikeite
(iAMLS i'MH I wntimi the ctjitic .ompuiet itmet of BLACK JACK, LUNAR LANDF.R. CKAl^. HORSERACE.
SWJTCH md more Ihet* (amet have been combined into one Ear»e prof run for ease in loadmj They ars indrnduiLly ac-
cessed hy a eonveniefit meni). Thu cotleition it worth (he pfict luit for the r)V^*tOMP vtftion of BlACTtJACk.
GAMES PACK H (AviUibk for fil conptafrnj JMea: Slfl.M Cai«tte/lU,t9 Diaiejt*
GAMES PACK II wlddci the |itfl« CRAZY EIGHTS, JOTTO, ACtY-DUCEY. LIFE. WUMFLS and Olhets, At with
GAMES PACK t, ill the lainet are loaded »i one projrini and art calleJ (torn • mtnu. You will lurlkutarly efljoy
nYNAtOMf'i Yemen of CRA/V Ht'H TS
Why pay iT.H at more per prrvrain when you can buy a DVN^CTIMP coikction for juil SID 9$?
MOON PROBE (Atart ud Nortb Star amifi f ****'■ m »« C*«e(i»/ti J-M t>fakttie
Thit II ineitremely challenumf "luiw iin^ler" pra(fam, Theuter inuii drop from orbit lo land ai i prrdncrmmediartet on
the mooft'i lurfate. Yon conlrol the thrust and ctientition of youi craft plut direirt Iht rati of detceni and appicnh *n|le
Kunt in Xfi% Aun.
SPACETRAP ( Atafl *plr , 16K) Price; wn c«a.itt/Ilt.M Dtofceti.
Th» laUtlK "ihoet'em up" arcade ^afiw ptacet you near a blick Hole, You control yo«f spacecraft ui:n» the lojttick and at-
lempt to !>Lait at many ol the alien thipi at pottjble before the black hole clotct about you,
C HIRP I NV A D ERS < P ET/CBM *bJj ► P^e.. f K.M Ciaatlte. SI ».W DWeite
CHIRP IS VADER5 II an addidi^e fame utio* •eiKm (raphes A htdctitvsn spac^e »i«wn mutt be reichni before ihe Chirpt
confl\ifT (he Eafth, Stationary cuiiiacki. movinf meieors, and ihe *rt*ekin| Chirpt ttiutt aQ be avoided for a tuccewfut
journey Good tyck.
ADVENTURE
CSANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE (Nwth Star iwl CP/M <mI>) PrkrilW.WDlattifc
Ai la*i! A cofflprtbcniive Ad«miUTt fiftw for Nonh Star and CP/M tytstmi CRANSTON MANOR AD\"ENT\RE tikci
ywi tfifo mysunoui CRANSTON MANOR *heit ywi aitetnpi lo father fa&ukmt tteasuret Lurtini m the manot are wiJd
anjDuk and robou who will not p*» up the tfeaiiurtt wgihout a fiihi Tht nombier of rooini n jrrtitt and the aiioctated
detctrpiwrn ire much mote eLaboratt than tht euirent popular tenet o< Advcniurt pi of f ami. making this (am* the tor m iti
clatt. Play can be itopped it »ny time and ihe tLatiii tifwed <vi dttkeiLt Not aviilablf m ?!»" CP M (ortnai
GL'MBAIX lULLV A DV FUTURE (Nerih Sui o*hr, «Kr Prttt: WLtS tHateoe
Take pan m thii ouitaw rai:e frcm iht ait coait to the wett coati Tht io«l ti lo Tmd yout way io ttit fmith Une whik majo-
ta4n4n( tt< bvbttt poitibk ipeed You nay chcxne ooe of Fm cut avuiabk at the |witt The choKr wdl affea your t^eed
and r*4|t. IteaMA&er to take spare pins arvd doA'i f et caufhi ipetdmi!
UNCLE HARRY'S WILL (North Stai wOj, «Mt} Prfc*: nt,9s Bttkim
Uncle Hirty h«* died and hav kft yoa e»eTyiJiitij Ho-evet, he lut neglected to mmuoo where everyihini n" Iniiead. hti wi3]
cDiiuiJt of a potm which containt clue* You wiD have to trtvtJ aO o^Tr the Uniteid Staiei both by ta.* and on foo* to so^t tht
puuk. aad ihere are over MO lAcationt (o jwob* Be cveful and watch out fot ted beinnftf
SPEECH SYNTHESIS
DYNACOM:? 11 no- datfi**tjo« the new *ii revduitoiiao T YPE S TALJi^''' (TNTttpetcb syntiMniK front Votri*. Simpjy
connca TNT to jottf eofljpuler'i scruJ Lflterfaee. enter ten from th* keyfreanl and hear ibc -ordt tpokee, TNT it tht w'wS-Jp-
proiTant tpteeh tyetheiaer on the market. I; v*n the kau aioouni of memofy and providet ihe htoh fkutk voobtilary awOabk
anywhtft'
Lni pr<e IJ:! DYNACOMP'1 rtve Jit* ») plui J1 oa tot nhippmi and hindlifil
TALK TO ME rr- N'T Atart»»U,l4K> f«ft:Il4.»5Ca-.tia'm.*H)*afc«ne
Tbii ptoitim Pftteriti I twpetb tutorial on tpe«<h lynthnit uunj the Atirt tOO and TYPE K T ALK'*" T ALK TO Mt wiH
ithitltale nornul *ot4 (cneritvMi at well at phoneme |cneiaiio«, The docbmentation in^lifdiet many htlpful prD«rainmint
iipt TALK TO Mt ha* been dtmooiinted on net-otk (CRSI TV
MISCELLANEOUS
CRYSTALS lAlvl t>mtf\ f**»- * • ^ C—Hia/li J.»* Mahfii*
A WBtque alfotnhm randomly producet f*tclMtin| iraphvi dapliyt itcompanied with lonet >hich sary at the patiernt ire
tHjilt No two p4tief ni arc tht tamt, and ihe contbined tfffcl of the souiid andfrtptiKi vt meimeruint CRYSTAL-S hai been
ut#d in local ttnrtt to detnonttrate the touml and color feature* of tht Aun Hunt tn I6K Atan.
NORTH STAR SOFTWAR*: EXCHANGE (NSSEI LIBRARY
DYNAttlMP no* ditinbuteit the 13 votume NSSt. library Theit diikttin ci
itanjini viJiK for the puiriiai* price They thould be part of otfy Nofils StAt uter "i c
far detiilt tcgMtimt the fcmunu of ill* NSSE collection
9 4)
BUSINESS and UTILITIES
M AJ LM ASTER fAtv1dUc(icoal>) rtkt^t3t,vsiM*kHit
MAILMASTER a ■ vcfr vtruuk faftwut packijr for miMtuii irvd manipuliUiti mtii luu iisd mint dm bun. Etch tjuk
c*R hold cvtf "JOO cusiathEr rntiitj coftuLfluij nuiw. uldrcu. ihfK Jktiff kty ^dnii «nd t phane njmbet The 4iipEa> u
rmriied 10 Ihil cotrki ntjf be made ind tdited «iiii cue. Thr luiui fr.|.. duk ipux left, cptiont. ^t; < it ihown ti »U tinw
LlbcEt nUf be prmbcd 1 .2 or 1 up. mni mL wrtrnf (up code tfld tj^l^t^^l n pCffwrafd b? 4 Ita 1n*fh«K La.1|ui(e prCtruc.
PERSON AL finance: SYSTEM ( Atari tnd Nwlb Simr satr) ^in: t3f h DUmt
PF^ 11 ■ Utt,k dLftctlr, fDoi u "Ot WAltd if iUb^ tranpcned of Un 4>iffrT«ii pfQfruni Bctfdm rtc^i^iAi reuJ CipntCi Uld Ux
dfdtfctibk ijetm, PFS « J] wrt end lumervue f iptttKi t>T fare*, tetd dapkjr lAfarmmLton 00 (iprndii^m tir tn} oF Z& uict
difioed coski itt nsonth of bf pa)Tf PFi * Jt f*m pc^UCf fOWrthl^ bv |f iphl oT >om «i,C«AWi bj (tlttftty' T1hii Jw«xlf ul
tvckitc lequifn cm^ ant dtik drivt, mirttruJ metticirir {24k Aian. 121c Sonh ^lar) aiid oill npir iip i« MV rKOfdt tw dak
tuid Dvcr IDOO rFcofdt [«rr duk bt mtkint 1 Ft^" iimpbt cKmfn 10 ihf piafrunt) Vou C4n rttotd clvccki (iJui caiA f ^pntw 1 10
ihti >^u C4ri firtJJr t*t where jrour moner |«<i ind ekmihitt |u«i*afk and tedieui hknd rdcuUmnn). Conuuithiih ipcftl
iniLJimc lin|iJi<E utrl. Pt'S h4i brcm dmAAiiralnl an nclwof k l('B^> TV!
FAMILV at'DGET (Apple ifld Atari adb^) Prki: iM.« Obk^tt
FA.MILY BUDGET 11 ■ verjr ODnvrAmmi ITnuKiAi mord-kccpuvi protrin. Vdu will bcabk to keep UKtoTiMth uul credit
rip«PdJlutrt u wtU 41 lAcDfnc on 4 itity b*iu. Vou can FKord [41 dcduclsbk Urau utd cMntabk dcmalioiti. FAMILY
BUOCET Miio pnjvidn I contiitvooi recwd of IJi credit iruiUCIiCrii Ycu an ettkt daily caift and chaJi* mtnci Eoaay of 21
different eipen^ afcmnii aj wrll at to i pa^roU aivl tai a<xf>unu D«t* are nttLv retrieved frrmf The yMr {ounplrv cooifiM
otft an Dlhcr-^ifc twnpbCAied liod un-Oif |aPiJ*d^ t Hit;e<t
1NTEU!4K(Atar1i>il:r> Prt»:U».tSDu«ik
Thii toftwve pKka^t wfiLUj^i a Etwnu^rivoi ooUfrtKHi of pfofiam) fot f»eilii»ttci| rfficintl t*P*ij coniinunKitioni
ihrcmiJi i fM iupk\ modem (requited for uk), tn one mode ol ofNrraiion ;c» may cdnncci to a dau Kr»Xt ic i . THr
SOUKCfc 01 MKto^^l| acHt quichlf load d4l« ivch ai iiock qiwIaEmni onKo yauT 4tAtiU for lalei vi«wut|, Thit treilll if-
dticn "cofifKcl LiiTw" and thut the Ktvicf chuft, You ina)r alio rncofd ihr L'ainpkir conicnti of a communiuuprti uuion
Additnhaliy, proiraoii mnntn la BASIC, ^Ol^TRA^l, etc, may be buili off-line utin* the suppwi letl ediior and later "up-
taaded" w ajrtocher compuict. makint tue ALari a wrj smart terminal. Hvcti Aun BASIC proffam m*y be upioaded:
Funhtr, t command flk may be built of Mine and uJCd later ai controlliaj lapul For a CisDC-fharr iTtrErrs. Thai 1.1. >ou an fct
up y out H^ucacic of doe-ihaTT onnnubdi add pnapaau, aod ihe Ai*n «rill traiumU Idem 4* n*ed*d; bitch pnxetHfl*. AU
ihii add! up to Mvmf borJi co«fi«] uae and )«ur linae.
TEXT EDITOR n<CP/M) ftrleir:f».Htllaki«t/tiJ3^DU
Thn 11 the KTOOd niiie ^cruoa af D¥;<IACO«flP'» popalar TEXT EOIFOR I and ooatami many fxw fcaium Wiih TEXT
E DJTOR 11 ;<M mi r tmild letl Tiki in ihintU and auemtiic them fot Uuf dupla 1 . Bloefci of leit mty bt ipprtided , inicrted or
dckted Filn may bf iated on dlik/diikfttr in ri«ht ;uttin«l/nn tereil fofmal to be taut ptmicd bif eiihrt TEXT EmTOR II
or ihf CP^'M ED racilii;^. Futhet, ASCII CP/M flki Iioduduii BASIC anJ iMfmWj lanfuaie prof lamil may be read by ihe
editor and prcicn«cd In Ficl, tenl filri lan be built uant ED and Later fDimaitrd uiinj TE?<T EDITOR II All in ail, TEXT
EDO OH 11 11 an inejpmiLve, rugr td uk. but lery fViibk fdilini lyiltm
PAVnV£(AppfellptiHdJtl(ent,l»»dt1^t)r«4iilRd) pnea^Stat.M
TTin it an tnormouilr flmbte emplojw pax™!] [>itcm wnJi fititordiurily uwjd human encineeruif Featurn, PAYnii'E
pnnu cltecki and somp^Jet the re<]u4j«d feder iL Hate and local formi fot 4p to lal crapjcyccs. The p*} neth^dt may be bouj--
If, ialar>. cooinuisKHi ot anjr vembioatKir . T^icTe are multipie o^iooi for pajr pcnodi. and ibc} alio Eaa be u4cd in anji com-
bdiaiion. PAYFIV'E in±ludci rrwin othet leatum and cocoet ntrenirlT wtlt doevDVtited « Hb a 200 pafr manijat Ttie cnanuaJ
mar be puis^haxd K^aiatd; F« S]0. utt that pajnaicA! later applied to tbr loftware pvrcluK
SHOPr ir^G LIST {AtaH imly I Prtn: StI.M C^ttttriUM Dkkttu
SHOPPING Ll^ itorn EEtformatHsn on iiemi you purchaK at the lupennarkei $lf fore i oui| ihoiifHni, U *hU rtmmd you of
all ihr ihuiti yoa mifhi need, and then d^ipLay [Of opDorully pnnil tout thoppinf b,» attd ibe total cutt Addtni. deleting.
ihaniini and Mortn| data ii very tut Kiint with I6K,
T A X OPT! MWrlR <N*rtJiSl«oiUj| PTk«:S5t.fSDUea*
Tlw TAX dPTlMiZ£R L( an tai!r-lO'iii«, menu oriented Mifrwair pa^Lait- whidi prtni^pj a wntcnicnt mttat for aiialyiini
tarwut iBCHKOf uti UTaufxi The ptOf^aei a dcu(«d 10 pctrvide 1 qtiieV and avt data enity Income lii it £ompu^ed by aU
lai nrthodi [refuiar. tafome a*«TI4m|;, mawmum acd iltrmatc iTimimmt tajij. The user uiaj ntni«4i«tel> obvive tb« tai
effect of crtical rnia&7.aL dmKini TAX OPTIMIZER hat bteo iboroutbiy TteW ies*d m CPA officei and coma ctxnp^cte
with the currat taji tablci in ill d«i» filer. TAX OPTIMIZER a ia:i dedui^tibte!
UTlL(A^I»leoabr.4aKj Fiirt:ti*.f5Dkkinf
L^ IL El a dl»k^^leBtf(J uiilisy mitm whub pntniis enamjnuii and (hanitni of fht contefiit of DOS J.I and J 3 diikni« at
ibe bii (nibble or byte I leifL Vi'iib U TIL you itn eauly naitunc the cunirnti of a dukellc wctof by »«lor, ttttr u<:itite the lec
tor puinttnt, itaI4o<:aie teciori (e.|. bad ircion may be "hidden "L anil iwt form manyoihtr taphitiiicaiedopcFainni t'Qi the
fipcflenccd jir airamincr
TURNKEY AND MENU lAtulMlT) PrtA!iiV«n.kaiit
TURNKEY n a uubty profrain which aUowt you ;o create autoboot/auronin duketin eaiily. Sim^y load afid run TURN-
KEV, k>ad ih* protram duketlr to be modifAJ. aai a;:sii^ the qunikOfll* Tht RJRSKEY diiknir aim amcj *ilb iXJ5 10
and UKbdct aHt.>ie proiiam, MEM; MEMJ taa the coatmu of yout dakrtse: aJp»i*beticaJ3y, and penrsrti the runttinj of
any BASJC profiam on the dutnte by ly^toi a srojle key, TLiRNlCEY and MENU provide you with i^ie abiLiy ta ma aflv
proftaffi OB yftjt diikE»E by l^inpiy lomis^ on the tomputer and prnucj a iinile key-
!iTOCKAID(Atvlp«b) M«:IM.« DUMk
STOCKAID ptoindoa powerfwl id of !o>9li for tlock matkn anatyiii With STQCKAID jou can dit^lay posnt and fnute
Lharti. ai wrlJ at faarchar tt with OKkllaioii You lan alu eiamine lunt \ttm mo>in| ateraiei and ofl-balancc volume feaiuict.
?)TOCKAfD allowi yuu to input daily data with i fittjle duknic ttotafr capabibty of 234 dayi x 16 ilocki, Included are
mock dividend and ipki adjuttmeni t,apabilitiei A very profe»ion«j pack if e'
!)H APK MAGICIAN ( AmMe 11. UK. dialittif oid^l Prka: tn.fS
A! laii' Afi Btiliiy for pamletily creaun( (raphx^ ihjpci for the ApTk Creaie, edsi and M^e up 10 W ihijiTf which can tboj t«
UMd 10 devtiop arcade iimei or to umplj etibance your jHOitami Add ibai jMoftwenal touch'
EDUCATION
KODCE PODGE 4 Am»Ic obJjt. aK Apptnofi cr tatetc* B ASICI trtaitUM Cwtnt/Jll.M Dtakttie
Lrt KODGE POiXJE be your «hild"t (e*:t*r Prrumf any key on ygiur Appk wkU teiull in a different «nd tnlniiiins "hapH,
P«mn«" tftaied id the leiier ot nuaabe* of die choieii key The pro^eam't |ta$hKi. color and w«»d ar* a dettjht for chtktfHi
ff om atei I i 10 "? HODGE POtKE it 4 aon-inumidaiini tcachint de> Kf »b«a bfiB*i a fttw duMenuon io the uie of com-
sui*n m edk-aiion. See the e*cdkni rei**! of tha very popmti pro|,ra,'n ih iNFOWOELD and SOF7ALK
TEACH ES-S AIDE ( Alvl OOl; J Mca: S)3.*S C*«it/tlT.« DUeW
TEACHER'S AIDE nniiuti of three bau: moduki contained m 00* piofran Tbe nm module providn addiiton and ™b-
tj action esercEK* of virying ieveh oF difficuby. The teetmd module iOnwU of muhapljcation problem* m »hKh the student
tnay be teiied both on the final answer and-'oi on the jublotal aniweri ift the Jwi hart^ procedure. Several levrli of complcmty
ate ptotidtd bete ai well, The third module conum of di^uion probtcmi^ one pantculariy nice feature of Ihe divuton module
It ihat lh« ioni hand djvtiion iiep* can be diipUyed akmj *nh tbe r*«4i,ndeT m order to cl*4tly dentomiraie the procedure by
which the irruinder it dern-ed Unnj Tf ACHER'S AIDE li not tnerefy 1 drill, but rather a leanun* eipetience
PHARMACOLOGY CPUATE (PET o.ljj rrke: tm.n C-aHi*^IISJ.fJ OUeite
rbii u OYSACOMP't fitit Ed<icational software rtttj for tbe Rv<dH.a! pr^fmion [mnee are commtll fKARMACOLQCY
UPDATE wu wrnteo by a R.N at a matiert Ektoject. with the aid of a pr acticMti pttannacolof at and an elKtrontn iaitfiicior.
Tbjv (uckaae cone* in 1*0 pani The Firji par-, it a 20} page manuaJ whjck » drvslcd mta la Mcuotu E^b el Uttx Hcaocti
pro> Wei Ootk cohciic infonnajion and proSifflt Huertion*. Tbt leiond pari coauw of 10 ptOf rami that afC kCTCd to the ten
and *h*rh itit tbe defree of your underiiardmi oF th* tent material Thtt paciaic hai ireai educational ^alnt fw li* b^ra-
mill itudcnt ai well is the profeKiontl mtefrited ir. an efr»ciefli way ro rtvie* and update bii or her Lnovkdfe.
ORDERING INFORMATION
All »deri aft pro«i«^ and shipped .,ih>n ai ncvti. Pieaw «w1™ pa^mtni wsh order and include the appropriate computer if
formation If payni bj VISA or Maitet CaJd. include all ngmbert on card PurchaK- order* accepted
Ulpplni aod Haadllni CfaaitM
^^i'll:hin North Amerifa; Add UPO
fjutitde North America Add l)*i (Air Ma ill
re ^Oframi. DaaJcr diKOunt ubedukei are available bpon teqimi
Deduiii 10*1 fchen ordetmi 1 or n
I" CP'M ItUkl
^o«h'MI^IC « B^^'^ '" *^ •" ^' '"' '"'" -" '««"^ "' "^ ^•'™" «■'«'«" '- -
t* ilao availabtc on 5'/'
diikj, Honh Star ittit Osborne forma;
DYNACOMP, Inc. (Depi. e)
1427 Monroe Avenue
Rochester, New York 14^18
24 hour order phone: (716)442-8731 recording
Office phont (9AM-5PM EST): (716)442-8960
STATISTICS and ENGINEERING
DIGITAL FILTER ( Avalbble for ail cunpHtrn) hm: 13*.M Caaatiu/IO.M Utakeiii
DIGITAL FILTER it a tomprehentive data procei*m| profram which permas the utet to de*if n bit owa filter function or
CbOOte from a menu of filter farrai. The filter formi are lu biequcntly con vrrtcd inio npn-recuruve convglvbon coeffKienu
whdch permit rapid data pfoccumi. In the eip^cit dcii(n mode the ibape of tbe frequency tranifct functioa u ipccirted by
diftctly erstenm petnti aloni ih< dettred Tilter cutM*. In the menu mflde. ideaJ low past. hi(h paw and bandpai* rjteri ttiaj be
approuotaird lo va^y^t degrcn accordini to tbe number of pOiAti used m the calculation Theie Til ten tnay opOqaaQy aho br
unooched with a Haneuai function In addition, mulu-ttafe Sutterwoetb f^ten may be ickctcd Femtuta of DIOITAL
f ILTIR mclsidf pkjtuni of Ihe data tsefHjre ai^ after fiHemn. ai well a* dtapliy of the chpien r>ltet funrttont Al»o rnthided
ate conienieat data ilofaie. rtttteval and ediTiBf procedure*
DATA SMOOTHER (Not italtobtr for Atvll Prtca: llf.tS Caw0e.VJ.49 DMtfte
Thit ipecial data utvoOthmf profram may be uied to rapidly dctite uieful infsrmalmn ftom noiiy buiineti ind enaimmnl
data whKb are equally i paced. The loftwar c ftalttrei choKt in detree and rantf of fil. 11 well ai imootbtd firii and *K0fid
derivative calculation. Alio included i> autonaiic pkitimi of the utput data and tmoothcd tnulti
FOU RIER AN ALV2ER {A yaiabk for til tomptitni nw: i it.ti C>«eiiie/li3 .f» Ptahtete
Uk thia prokraic lo eaamine the FreqtwKjf tpecrra of ImiEcd durattoni *ttnal.t. The program fcaiurti automatic *calint and
plocaitt of the ia^i data and teiuht. (tactical ippiicatioRi tnchide the anatym of compbcated paitcnu m uich field i at elec-
troqies, commtmkatnni and buimeM
TFA fTruif er fmtetiom AamijMXT) Prka : 1 (*.K CBrtie 'l;U .9« O^rtit
This It a tjxrial toft ware pacta«r wH^b may be uied to evaluate the tlanifet fLnciioni of lynnni lucb ai hi-fl ampJiTteri and
fitiert by eiammtni ihetf rc*poflte lo puiwd mpMti TFA ii i major modifKauen of FOl-'Rtf R ANALYSER ind coniamt in
entUKCtinf-ofieiilfd detibel trrsui kif-frequencr plot ai wi I L ai data ed i ting f ealuf ei Vi'hrreai FOURl£R ANALYif t^R iidr-
tifned for educauonal and tciemific uie. IT A :s an rci|ineeri>na looL Availali4e lot all computrrs
HARMONIC ANALYZER lAralltbk ftyr rJI coai|>BttAr PuVe: tM.M Ca«*eiir/iit.M DUeti*
HARMONIC ANALYZER wai dc«ancd for Ihi ipcct rum analy lu of tepctil ive w av tf ormi Feature* include data Tileicnera-
tion. editiivt and itotate/tetricval as well 41 data and ipnrtrunt plotua|. One particularly unKjue facility is tba: the mput data
need isot be equaly i{ka«d or m order, Theoninal dtta it urud and a cubic ir4ine tnierpolaMon it uted to create ihe dati fiie
requited by tbe FFT alfortthn^.
FOURIER ANALYZER, TFA and HARMONIC ANALYZER tciay be pur^hucd loiclbrr for a combtDcd Tnce of $49 9i
(three usKtin} i»d ii9 9i ithree dttketiett
REGRESSION I ( A ta>a^ f or al coapirtm I Mc« : 1 1 1.f5 Cawne^UK pUftit
REGRESSION I it a unique and enctptionally urttatile one-dinvtntional kasi i4uaret "polynomiar* curve fiiiinf ptof ram
Fpmim include rery htth accvracr, an automatic dmree dttermmation optwa; an eiienuvr miemal library of riltlni lun<-
Itott*; data edtttni^ automatic data, curve and leudual pjoiimi: a lUiiiiKal anaiytit let: standard driiation. correlation. Eoeffi-
cirni, eie.l and much more In addition, new flu may be tried without reenunni. the data REGRESSION I it certainly ihe
corneritottr profeiam In any data analyii* 10ft ware Library
REGRESSION tl (PARAITT) (Atallalile for al ea«pi»itn) rrVa = tlt.f* t-a«eu/JW-W VUeot
PARAFIT tl dnvtud to handk thoie caiei in which the pat anutcr* are nibcdded ipoitibly notiLncatly) oi the fittuif func-
tioE. The t»er i4n:pty utiert* tbe FutKtionaJ form. UKludtnf the partroeter* (All I, All), etc.) a* one or more SAS.IC tcawflteiit
bnci. Dmla.. rnuilt and reiKJuaii may be maflspulated Jt»4 plotted aj wisb REGRESS]0^: 1 Cie REGRESSION 1 foe
polfnoiQial rititnt. artd FaRaFTT for thoie conpbcaitd funcuom.
MULTILINEAR REG RE&SI ON <MLH) (A raUibk tar all nnap«lcn) Prtta: 114 M CmmmtfmM OaUtU
MLR IS a profrtiional software pacliaie for analyuni data *ettcontatnuti two ce more linearly itudependest^anahlei Beude*
performing ibe baliC tetmsion calculation, ibis prof/ am alw provider eaiy In uk data rnlty, slot aft. teItie>aJ and editrnf
funcuont In addaton, the uter rrvay interrofate the wluiion by wpplyini value* for the independent vanablet. The number of
vBJiablei and dau ilte it lu^ited only by tbe available numory
ANOVA (No4 ••■ttablt oa Aiah cvfatte or fot PETj'CSM} PtIc*; Sm^nOmtOfHy-fS DMadt
In the pan liie .ANOVA (attatytit of TananctI procedute ha* tnai bmitcd to the Larle tBainframe computeri. Now
DYNACOMP hai brou«bt tbe pover of tbq nei-iod lo imal! ty*tem* Fof thote contenatst wrth ANOVA. tbe DYNACOMP
loffware p4ckt|e inchidei the t-way. 2-wiy and N-wa; ptoccdurei. Al«i provided are the Yatei Z^'^ ficioftal detifns For
tho*e unFam^iar wnh ANOVa, do not wvjrry The accompany-ini documDiiaiion waj written m a tutor jal fatliion (by a pro-
fr*sar m the *ub)«ci| and wrrvet ai an eaceUenl introduction to the tubjeei. Accompanyuii AKO VA ii a support profram (or
building the data base, tncluded arc teveral coatenieni fealuiet mctudint data editing, dektma and appendir^,
BASIC SOENTinC SUBROUTtNES, VohiiBtf I apd 2 (Not ivalRlilt for Atari I
I5YNAC0MP 11 the ncluttve dittribuior for the tofiwate ieyed lo the popuiat tr*ti SA^tC iCfCSTlFlC SVUFOun.-^KS.
t'oAdwei 1 anas by f Ruckdochel (see adveniiementt in BYTE mataitne) Thet* tubroutinei hate been aiscmakd accord mi
lo chapter. Included wiih cacb coUection is a menti peotrim wbs;h lelecit 4nd demonstrate* each iubtoutiDc
V«)a»t I
Didectioci t\ CItapftTt 2 and 3 - Data aitJ function ploitiiti: coeEploi vxnaMcr lad function*.
CoQcction n Chapter 4 - Eiieii;3«d matri* and tector operatiotsi.
CoOKWn n Oiaptert J and 6 - Random number tencratots iPoi^ucn. Gai(t*ian, etc. J; leria appnxisaiions
I»nce per coOection: SI4 M Cauene/llt 9! Ditkttie
Ail Shret eolktiioflt arr aiailtbk for JJ«.9J nhrtt (attcttnl and U^.fi (ihret diideiiMl
Volaw 1
Collection «1 Chaplet 1 - Linear. polynoRtial, muitidimeniional, pirametrK kail t4]uatti.
Collection rl Chapter 2 - Senet approiimarion technxiuei leconomiiation, invenion, rtvcriton. *hifliP|. etc.).
Collection fi Cbaptrr ) - Functional appiijijmatlont by iteralKm and reEiutikon.
CoOrctton ** Chairier a . CORDIC approxunation* to trwanomcinc. hypeilwlic. exponential and logattthmH
funetioni.
Collection *J. Chapter 3 - TaWe mierpolacron. differentiaiwfi a ad lotexntion (Nekton, LaGranie, tpLiwtj
CoEkcuon «b Chapter » - Mrtbcdt for frndoif tJ^e real rooct of fonctioci
Coiksftjon ff Cltapur * ^ Methods for fintfievt ittt complex roou of FuiKtions.
Collection n. Cliapier I - Opiimi±Kion bi ucicra! deacent.
Pncf per coUeclion II4-9S Cattcne/jll.ti Dnkcitc
All et$ht collection* are available for SW.9S tetfhi catteitetl and ll».*5 (eqhi ilitkeitevi
Secauie Ihe lejtu are a v^ul patt of the docuTnentihon, gASlC SClE.VTlf/C SVBROVl'tMs. I'oAimw I gitdltn avaiiaMa
ftom DYNACOMP
a ASIC SCIENTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Vo4 I DIV ;>afei|: tl9,9S - TS< potlafe
BASIC SCIESTIFIC SUBROUTINES, Vol 1 fNO pa«cs| »2J 9J . tl.» pofta«e
See reviews m klLOBAl'D and Pr Oobbt
SOFTNETfAppltll aK. dkkrtta<Hil7> PrktSin.H
SOFTNET may be used to create modeis of Liquid pipcimc lyslcm* to evaiiatjc Lteif flOTr perforsUDcc. Up to I » nodes wiUi
up to 150 coflMcuf* eJemenis aay be sanidaied, and modeU luy be coffibiied tu form y« larfer tnodeli If yot are uiTOlttd
in water datnbution lytlem*. chemical fluid tkrv proekmi, buddmf phimbiQi. or iimilar tuuauon*, thu it an ideal ana^-ju
tool.
ACn VE ORCU ITANALYSIS(ACAP)(«KAppIei}Bly> mttsmn Ca..en«/J29.M Diikett*
ACAP ij the anaJo( citcuit desvnrt's an*wfr to LOGIC SIMULATOR. With ACAP you may analyie the reipmseof an ac.
tike or paiijvr k'omportent ctrtuif (e »., a itantutor amplifier, band pau filter, etc.). The ctrcuti may be probed at rquai itept in
frequency, and the teiultin I comple* [i.e , real and maamarylvoltaiet ateach compoaent juncture ciam^rved. Br plotimf tbe
ffiaimtude of tbete iiohaiei, the ftrquency re*ponK of a filter or ampUfiet may be compkiely deietmitied with re*pect to boiJ^
amplitude and phaie In addition, ACAP pruits a tiaiwtjtal analym of tbe raaie oF voltage retpoetiei whtfi rctult from
Ii«eran« ^anatKhnt in the componeati. ACAP 11 Hsr to Jeam and uic. Smiply deaCflbc the cucujt in t*rrat of theeleneAta aAd
(hetf placemeBt, and eaecute Circun detcnpt™* nay be tav ed onto caueite otdttkenetobetecalledataliiBriuneforeMCu.
ttOn or edvMf. ACAP tbould be part of every (ircun deujner's proiram hbtati .
LOGIC SIMULATOR <Ap^ oaty; 4SK RAM) nkt: tun C-tte/ia.M Dtakem
*itb LOGIC SIMULATOR you may eatily test jour complKated difital lofic deaifn wflh tetpeet to itvcn letof inpuu to
determine ho» mtU the tireuii wiU oj>e™ic. The ekmenti which may be umulaied include muluple input AND. OR, SCR,
EXOR. EXNOR and NAND |itei, as -eJl a* inverter*. J-K and D fbp flops, and one-ihocj The retpome of ihe *yiirm ii
available every floct cycle. Input* may be clocked m with varymt clock cycle koiihs/dltptacemeflii and delayi taay be intro-
duced Id probe for iljiche* and race condition* At (he utet'i option, a limtnj diattam for any (iveu set of nodes may be plai-
ted Miajn; HIRES (raphK) Save your breadboaidmi anlil the ctt^uit 11 checked fry LOGIC SIMULATOR.
NUMBERJtRL NCHER (TRS^ owi,) m„, ^f fJ Caaartae /I73.« DWaf.
Thu profram » th* mcut compkie nujiieTKal tnaiytit syttem available for tbe TR5-V It can hatidk up to 2Ji data set* t*ih
set ha*m( a six chaiactcr name It include* compkle data cdiiini facilnte* andconveru^t data input- output capability Tbe
analyse* avajtibJe ate multiple !i«e.r Tetre*MM and correlation detemaaaijqp of rttjduals. data iTantformauiMii and eitentive
fraphKt lencrxLon. mcludint aiit naimni, and Tioee The *uppoettn( documentation * ettrctneiy weil wrttien and *ell
Mf aimed, and Licluie* appendicet which dcKribe the numerical prtj«durr* uied m the projram
ST A TSORT (TRS-W oolj )
STATSORT conmti of ^t^
files, Imichi
Frtre; W».» CaaHtte; MJ.M Dbkette
to create f build, edit, mertel, format and print
venu selected ptofTami which alow the us
., field, and numerKally analyte(maaimum, m.-.,...*,^ ,.,c, ,^,Mu,ut. siantu
tabulated data STATSORT 11 well documented aAd cwy to ut« The cauelie vfr*Bn can alio be employed to
itpc whxh can be teaJ br the Radio Shack AdvtKed Statistical Pickate
STATTEST CTRS^ «!,> rr*«, i».tf Ca-ane.Ju.M DUse...
Tlin 11 a *tabH.cal inference p*:kaiewSw;h beJp*yc« make •«* d«at«ni m the face of unctrtamty tn an lairrafflve faihion
JOU can thiild and ecu data file* and .etr the d.fferrn,;** in mean*. vari««* and proport«o* ST ATTEST will .Ua perform
dau analyHi at weil ai do linear correlation and re»lT»s«n Thit memi directed stauHjcal -orkhorie It rounded o«>i wflh a Chi
Miuarc cotitmiaicy tctt and a (uniform and nannali random tampit iemrator. The dcpcumenuthon 11 wnnen by a coUcf e pto-
fetsor who luidei ycu throu|h tJ
J
ABOUT DYNACOMP
DVSACO.MP tt 1 kadtnf sJiMnlwior ofHiuJI lyjttm wflwa/e wtih *alc* ip«nntn( ihe work] fcurrently tn irtcevt
of JO ;OLtiineij, Dunnf the pan three yean *e have ,fe*ily enlarged thr 0VN,^COMP product line, but have
mainiititetl and improved our h«h level of qualny and cuiiotrtef Support. T^cachwvefnem in qu.% ij appaicni
Ffotn our matij repeal cuiiomers and the wffwarc ,evie*s ifi such pubLicaiiani jj COMPUTRONiCS SO Sofl-
ware Cftiique ANA L,0,G.. Softaik. CrMt.ve Cortiputing ar!d KilobauJ DYNACOMP software has ako
&ren chown for detn art it ration on network leie^ition Out tuitomer vupport n n ctOK i
a I way i frmtdly TTif i,lafr it highly iramed ard a]wa\y willing to diKuss pr^KJu
your phane. tt 1
r live J J vice
48
COMPUTE!
March, 1982 Issue 22
doors, and general house c(Hidition each of which
ranges from 0 to .02 in steps of .01 ranging from a
light fit (0) to draft\ (lines 250-120).
Annual savings from sU)rni windows are calcu-
lated from the prodtict of the single glass area, the
factor 0.05 and the fuel index. The annual savings
from adding ceiling insulation is conipuU'd from
the product of the ceiling savings index (X-I), the
first floor area, and the fuel inclex (line 470). The
ceiling savings index is calculated as the diftercnce
between the conduction factor between the recom-
mended ceiling insulation and the existing ceiling
instilation. The conduction lat tor subroutine is
located between lines 828 and 920. The recom-
mended t eiling insulation is calculated in lines 150-
460 and is only a function ol the heating zone,
thereby undeiestimatinng the savings accrued due
to reducitTg air conditioning cost. 14ie annual
savings (rom floor insulation are calculated (lines
625-630) by the product of the floor factor (J), the
floor savings index, the floor atea, and the fuel
index.
References
.4 Hon, 1977: li o mr Enffij^y Sa i 'c r\ Wo Monk , FEA il)-77fn7, L'. S .
(invnitwcfit Priutiiii^Offin', WashitiiffotL l)(\
Table 1.
Items needed for Knergy Workbook aieas follows:
1 ) state
2) city
3) Heating fuel cost (e.g. .37 cents/cu. ft.)
4) Cooling fiiel cost (e.g. 5.14 cents/RWH)
5) Sqtiare ft. of single glass windows in hottse
(>) Annual heating fuel cost
7) Anrnial cooling I uel cost
8) C-heck leakage around windows and doors
with candle or cigarette
0) Floor area of house - sq. ft.
10) (Veiling R value, use following table:
R- Values for Various Thickrte,M of ln<tub(inn
BATTSUR R
.ANkETS
1XXJ5F-F1U..»'<JLRHMNV
fl£r
rcKk
S£r
rt>ck
ctllulosic
wool
WlKl^l
fiber
R-]]
IWA"
3"
5 ■
i"
R-n
R.13
4"
Vi"
fi"
4'i"
J'l"
R-13
R.|!»
6".*'^"
5'.*"
H-.9-*
6"-r»
R^tS
R 22
6't"
6"
lo-
7"-g"
6"
R.22
R.i6
8"
NT
ir-
9"
T'-V-t"
R-2€
R-:ifl
9'/i-M0lj"
3"
|3".N"
lOMI"
ft.30
R.S3
11"
10"
15"
n-M2"
R-33
«.-*K
j,„ ,3,.
lO'V
17"-I8"
13 14"
ii>"-n"
R-33
1 1) First floor area — st|. ft.
\2) Floor R value irbasement is unhealed or
house on pillars.
Program 1: Microsoft Version (Apple, OSI, PET)
1 REM ENERGY WORKBOOK IS BASED ON FEA/D-77/117» APRIL 1977
2 L=96JREM DAUID PITTS 16011 STONEHAVEN DR. HOUSTON TX 77059
T3 F0RI = 1T025 ; PRINT J NEXT t : X PRINTTAB ( 25 ) ? "ENERGY WORKBOOK" : PRINT : PRINT J PRINT t PRJN
-«» PRINT"ITEMS NEEDED FOR ENERGY WORKBOOK" {PRINT J PRINT" 1 ) STATE" tPRINT"2) CITY"
5 PRINT"3) HEATING FUEL COST (E.G. .37 CENTS/CU FT)"
COOLING FUEL COST (E.G. 5.1-^ CENTS/KWH)"
SQUARE FT OF SINGLE GLASS WINDOWS IN HOUSE"
ANNUAL HEATING AND COOLING FUEL COST"
CHECK FOR LEAKAGE AROUND WINDOWS AND DOORS WITH CANDLE"
FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE ~ SQ FT'
6 PRINT"'^)
7 PRINT"5)
8 PRINT"7)
9 PRINT"8)
PRINT"9)
10
11
12
13
PRINT" 10) CEILING R VALUE - USE TABLE PROVIDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS"
PRINT"11> FIRST FLOOR AREA - SQ FT"
PRINT" 12) FLOOR R VALUE IF BASEMENT IS UNHEATED OR HOUSE IS ON PILLARS'
PRINT:PRINTtPRINTJINPUT"STATE(OON'T ABBREVIATE) " ;B*tFORI=lTOL:READC»
15 IFLEFT»<B»,7)=LEFTt(C$,7>THENB*==C»JREADD«
20 NEXTIFORI=lTO^;B*<I)="":NEXTtI=i:Y=LEN<D«):J=l
25 X=ASC ( MID$ <D» , 1 , 1 ) ) t IFX=32THEN^5
30 B»<J)=B»(J)+CHR$(X):GDT055
^5 I=I+1:X(J)=VAL(MID*(D*,I»1))JI=I+2:Y(J)=VAL(MID»<D*,I,1))
47 1=1+1 1J=J+1
55 IFI<YTHENI=I+1:G0T025
58 J»J-1:PRINT: PRINT J PRINT tFORI=lTOJ
AO PRINTTABdS) :I:TAB(20) ;B»(1) }TAB(35) JB^JNEXT
ts PR^TlpRINTtiNPUT "CHOOSE ♦ FOR NEAREST CITY" JI:H=X(I) tC-Yd) IREM ZONES
80 X«1JFORI=1T05:IFC=ITHEN90
v/^Y_ 25* NEXT
HC»xixa0:FORI=0TOS!IFH=ITHEN100:HF & CF ARE HEAT & COOL FACTORS
X*X+.5tNEXT
HF=X I print: PRINT
85
90
95
100
110 fori=ito8:readb«,fh(1),fc(I):printspc(15)ji;b»:next
115 print: print :input"Choose * for heating fuel"JJ
The Most Spectacular Extravaganza Ever. . .
For Apple Users
At Appiefest '82 hundreds of manufacturers,
distributors and dealers will showcase the entire
spectrum of Apple-compatible products including
computers, components, peripherals, plug-in cards,
publications, gifts, magazines, services, accessories
and software for home, office and school
Hands-on centers and multimedia presentations will
demonstrate the newest applications for business,
education and entertainment.
Seminars and workshops, conducted by the worid's
leading Apple authorities, will detail new uses to
make your Apple more enjoyable and more useful
than you ever imagined.
You'll meet thousands of other Apple owners and find
the newest of everything for your Apple under one
roof ... and for sale at super show prices.
So if you use an Apple ... or are thinking about
buying one, you won't want to miss a minute of
Appiefest '82.
Ticket 8. Hotel Information
Send your check and a note indicating the specific
show you wish to attend. Tickets and hotel
information will be mailed back to you. Tickets can
also be purchased at the show. Make all checks
payable to Northeast Expositions Inc. 824 Boylston
Street, Chestnut Hill, Mass. 02167 Tel: 61 7 739 2000.
Applefest/Boston
Fri-Sun May 14-16, 1982
Hynes Auditorium
Show Hours: 1 1 AM to 6PM Daily
Admission: S 6 per day or Sl0for2days,
SIS for 3 days
Applefest/Chicago
Fri-SunNov5-7J982
Ariington Park Racetrack/Exposition Center
Arlington Heights, III
Show Hours: ]FM to 10PM Daily
Admission: $5 per day or $8 for 2 days, Sl2for3days
Applefest/Houston
Fri-Sun Nov 19-21, 1982
Albert Thomas Convention Center
Show Hours: 1 PM to 1 0PM Daily
Admission: $5 per day or S8 for 2 days, $ 1 2 for 3 days
App(efest/San Francisco
Fri-Sun Dec 3-5, 1982
Moscone Center
Show Hours: 1PM to 10PM Daily
Admission: $5 per day or $8 for 2 days, S 1 2 for 3 days
.Appiefest IS produced by Noftheasr Expositions Inc. and is sanctioned by Apple
CofTipuief \nc and The Boston Computer Socreiy
Apple ana Appfefest ^!q registered tfr^de and service marks of Apple Computer fnc
50 COMPUTil March, 1982. Issue 22
120 input-cost per unit for heating
125 hi=S)icfh(J)xhf:reh heat index
126 print j print :input'thoose * for cooling fuel'*; j
127 input"cost per unit for cooling fuel ( cents) " j s :s-s/100
130 ci=sxfc<j)«hc:fi=hi+ci:rem cool and fuel index
135 print: print J print: PRINT
1^5 PRINT-INPUT * OF SQUARE FT OF SINGLE GLASS WINDOWS, DO NOT"
150 INPUT"COUNT STORM WINDOWS OR SLIDING GLASS DOORS'* fX
170 X=INT(X«1003kFI«*65)/100
175 PRINT"ANNUAL SAVINGS DUE TO STORM WINDOWS^ *'* J X tX= ♦OS tGOSUBSOO
180 PRINT :PRINT"IS HEATING FUEL USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES, E»G* COOKING '* f
190 INPUTB*:iFASC(B$)=78THENX=l
200 INPUT"ANNUAL HEATING FUEL COST ( DOLLARS) •' JHS:HS=HS«X: PRINTtPRINTJX^* 6
210 PRINT^'IS COOLING FUEL USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES, E*G* LIGHTING";
220 INPUTB$:iFASC(B$)=78THENX=l
230 input"annual cooling fuel cost (dollars) " ;cs : cs===cbxx
2^0 print:print:y==*05:fori=ito3:ifi==hthen2^7
245 y=y- ♦ 0 1 : next i ifh^'^theny^ ♦ o 25
2^6 ifh=5theny=*02
2-^7 gosubboo
250 print'*the following section evaluates the savings obtained by turning"
255 print^the thermostat down in winter or up in summer from the setting"
256 print"you hame been using *" :print : print :print"heating'» tprint
260 input"degrees turned down during day" ; x ts^intc 100«yxhsxx>/100
265 print-'savings =$" js : print"additional degrees turned down during night";
270 inputx:i^int(ioo»cy«hsxx«*3)/ioo:print"savings=$";i
280 s=s+i:print'*annual total heating savings =$'^;s:print:print"COOLING":print
285 input"degrees thermostat turned up during cooling" ;x
290 I=INT(100)kCSxXx*02)/100:PRINT"SAVINGS =$*'JI
300 print:print"Total annual savings =*";s+i:gosub8oo
310 print: PRINT :PRINT"ANNUAL savings from caulking AND WEATHERSTRIPPING"
315 PRINT"CHECK DRAFTS HOLDING CANDLE NEAR CRACK ON WINDY DAY"
320 PRINT"CH00SE ONE OF FOLLOWING" :PRINT" 1) WINDOWS WITH GOOD FIT"
340 PRINT" 2) SOME LEAKAGE" :PRINT" 3) RATHER DRAFTY"
350 INPUTY: PRINT :PRINT"CH00SE one of FOLLOWING" :PRINT" 1) DOORS FIT GOOD*'
360 PRINT" 2) SOME LEAKAGE" :PRINT" 3) DRAFTY" tINPUTI
370 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT"CHQ0SE one of FOLLOWING": PRINT
380 PRINT" 1) CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING GOOD":PRINT" 2) NEEDREPAIR'
390 PRINT" 3) NO CAULKING OR WEATHERSTRIPPING" : INPUTS
400 INPUT"FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE - SQ FT";X
410 X=Xx(Y+I+S"3)/100«FI:X=INT(X«100>/100:PRINT
420 PRINT"ANNUAL SAVINGS FOR CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING= *" ; XJGOSUBBOO
440 print: print: PRINT" ANNUAL SAVINGS FROM CEILING INSULATION" : PRINT I PRINT
450 Y=3B:INPUT"CEILING R VALUE" ;x:ifh<3Theny=26
455 IFH==3THENY=30
460 IFH=-^THENY=33
465 INPUT"FIRST FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE (SQ FT)";F
470 R=Y:GOSUB90 0tI=R:R=X:GOSUB900:X=='R:X=INT<100»(X-I)wF)KFI)/100
475 IFX<OTHENX=0
480 PRINT"ANNUAL SAVINGS BY BRINGING CEILING R UP T0";Y;" = *'* ;x:GOSUB800
0 INPUT"IS the HOUSE ON PILLARS OR HAVE AN UNHEATED BASEMENT" JB$
IFASCCB$)=78THEN799
;:,60 PRINT"CHOOSE FOUNDATION FACTOR FROM LIST BELOW": PRINT
565 PRINT" FACTOR FOUNDATION CHARACTERISTICS" : PRINT
570 PRINT" 0*5 BUILDING WITH TIGHT CRAWL SPACE"
580 PRINT" 0*5 BUILDING WITH TIGHT BASEMENT (UNHEATED)"
590 PRINT" 0*8 STONE WALL BASEMENT (UNHEATED)"
600 PRINT" 0*8 2 FT OR MORE OF BASEMENT WALL EXPOSED (UNHEATED)"
610 PRINT" 0*B CRAWL SPACE SKIRTED"
620 PRINT" 1*0 BUILDING ON PILLARS WITH NO SKIRTS"
625 PRINT :iNPUT"FLOOR FACTOR FROM ABOVE TABLE" J J
627 Y=li:iFH>lTHENY-=13:iFH>2THENY=19:iFH>3THENY=22
628 r^y:gosub9oo;q-r:input'»current r factor for floor";r
55d
LETTER PERFECT
ATARI 400/800
APPLE
^ K ~~ ^^^^^^ Perfect is a single load easy to use program. It is a menu driven, character orientated processor
With the user in nnind. FAST machine language operation, ability to send control codes within the body of the program
mnemonics that make sense, and a full printed page of buffer space for text editing are but a few features. Screen Format
allows you to preview printed text. Indented margins are allowed. Data Base Merge with DATA PERFECT by UK, form
letters, accounting files and mailing labels only with MAIL MERGE/UTILITY by UK, FEATURES - Proportional/
Incremental spacing * Right Justification * File Merging ' Block movement * Headers * Footers * Print Multiple Copies *
Auto Page Numbering * Scroll forward/backward * Search and Replaces * Full cursor control * Underlining * Boldface *
Superscripts * Subscripts * Auto page numbering * fnsert character/line * Delete character/line * Centering * Horizontal
tabs/changeable * Multifunction format line (line spacing - left margin - page width - lines/page - change fonts - top/
hot margin adjust) MUCH MORE! $149.95
ATARI VERSiOM 2,0 #2001
Uses proportional font, right justified wittt Atari 825 Centronics* 737, 739 printers. Uses EPSON MX' Series -h Graflrax
staticized font. Can mix type fonts on sanrie page: mix boldface and enfianced font in same line with justification Can be used
with 16K Atari/ 400.
"Compared to the price of many other word processors, this package is a steal. It does everything the advertisement
claims and more. On top of this the software is very easy to use." A.N.A.L.O.G. MAGAZINE
APPLE VERSION 5.0 #1001
DOS 3.3 compatible - Use 40 or 80 column interchangeably (Smarterm - ALS; Videoterm-Videx; Full View 80 - Bit 3
Inc.; Vtsion 80 - Vista; Sup-R-Term - M&R EntJ Reconfigurable at any time for different video, printer, or interface.
USE HAYES MICROMODEM M*LCA necessary if no 80 column board, need at least 24 K of memory. Files saved as
either Text or Binary. Shift key modification allowed- Data Base Merge compatible with DATA PERFECT* by UK.
'Tor $150, Letter Perfect offers the type of software that can provide quality word processing on inexpensive micro-
computer systems at a competitive price." INFOWORLD
Ar^r., r^o . -. . r. . INTRODUCTORY
APPLE & ATARI PRICE
DATA BASE MANAGEMENT $99.95
Complete Data Base System. User orientated for easy and fast operation. 100% Assembly language. Easy to use. You may
create your own screen mask for your needs. Searches and Sorts allowed, Configurable to use with any of the 80 column
boards of Letter Perfect word processing, or use 40 column Apple video. Lower case supported in 40 column video.
Utifity enables user to convert standard files to Data Perfect format. Complete report generation capability. Much More!
EDIT 6502^^^^^
DATA PERFECT
T.M. LJK
This is a coresident - two pass ASSEMBLER DIS-
ASSEMBLER. TEXT EDITOR, and MACHINE LANGU-
AGE MONITOR. Editing is both character and line
oriented. Disassemblies create editable source files with
ability to use predefined labels. Complete control with 41
commands, 5 disassembly modes, 24 monitor commands
including step, trace, and read/write disk. Twenty pseudo
opcodes, allows linked assemblies, software stacking
(single and multiple page) plus complete printer controL
i.e. paganation, titles and tab setting. User can move
source, object and symbol table anywhere in memory.
Feel as if you never left the environment of BASIC, Use
any of the 80 column boards as supported by LETTER
PERFECT, Lower Case optional with LCG.
$29 95
MAIL MERGE/UTILITY ATARI
This menu driven program combined with LETTER
PERFECT allows user to generate form letters and print
mailing labels. With the Atari, you may CONVERT
ATARI DOS FILES, or Vistcalc files compatible for
editing with LETTER PERFECT, Utility creates Data
Base files for Letter Perfect.
LOWER CASE CHARACTER
GENERATOR
$24.95
LJK DISK UTILITY
APPLE 329.95
.a^^^m^^
i^i^ii^
This menu driven program allows the user to manipulate a
variety of different file types. Binary, Text, and Source
files may be easily converted into each other. The pro-
gram may be used with APPLESOFT*, VISCALC*, and
other programs. These program files may be readily
adapted for multiple use including editing with LETTER
PERFECT word processings.
Lower Case Character Generator for the Rev. 7, Apple If
or 11+ computers. When installed, this Eprom will generate
lower case characters to the video screen. Lower case
characters set has two dot true descenders. Installation
instruction included. Manual includes listing of software
for full support and complete instructions for shift key
modification. Compatible with LETTER PERFECT.
LJK ENTERPRISES INC.
P.O. Box 10827
St. Louis, MO 63129
DEALER
INQUIRES
INVITED
52 COMPUTf! March, 1982. Issue 22
630 GOSUB90 0 J X=Jx(R-Q)3i«F«Fi: PRINT t print: X'=INT(XxlOO)/100:iFX<OTHENX«:0
6^0 PRINT" ANNUAL SAVINGS BY INCREASING FLOOR R VALUE TO "?YJ" =*'*;X
6^5 GOSUB800
799 restore: print: PRINT IGOSU&eOO: print: PRINT JL==96 J GOTOl^
80 0 PRINT"========^========= =============^========^=============="==========="=========''
801 RETURN
828 r=y:gosub90o:i=r
899 reh conduction factor subroutine
90 0 IFR<11THEN92 0
901 IFR<12THENR=* 077: RETURN
902 IFR<15THENR=t066:RETURN
903 IFR<20THENR=*0-^8:RETURN
90^ IFR<2^THENR=*0^2:RETURN
905 IFR<28THENR=«036:RETURN
906 IFRO^THENR-* 031 : RETURN
910 R=*025:RETURN
920 R=*5~*0385xR:RETURN
10 00 DATACALIFORNIA.LOSANGELES 1 '\ SANFRANCISCO 3 ^ SACRAMENTO 1 3
1010 DATA COLORADO, DENVER 3 ^ DURANGO 4 4 ASPEN 4 5
1020 DATAALABAMA, MONTGOMERY 1 2 BIRMINGHAM 1 3 HUNTSVILLE 2 3
1030 DATAARIZONA, PHOENIX 1 3 FLAGSTAFF 3 3, CONNECTICUTT, HARTFORD 3 5
10^0 DATANEW MEXICO ^ROSWELL 2 3 ALBUQUERQUE 3 3 SANTAFE 3 4
1050 DATAUTAHrSALTLAKECITY 3 ^ MOAB 4 ^rlDAHO* BOISE 3 5 POCATELLO 4 4
1070 DATAMONTANAr BILLINGS 4 5, OREGON, PORTLAND 2 5 BAKER 3 5
1090 DAT AWASHINGTON, SEATTLE 3 5 , NEVADA , RENO 3 3 LASVEGAS 1 3
1110 DATANORTH DAKOTA .GRANDFORKS 5 5 , OKLAHOMA , OKLAHOMACITY 2 3
1120 DATASOUTH DAKOTA, SIOUXFALLS 4 4 PIERRE ^ 5
1130 DATANEBRASKArOMAHA 3 4 , KANSAS, WICHITA 2 ^ TOPEKA 3 4
1160 DATATEXAS, DALLAS 1 3 HOUSTON 1 2 BROWNSVILLE 0 1 AMARILLO 2 3
1170 DATALOUISIANA,NEWORLEANS 1 2 SHREVEPORT 1 3
1180 DATAARKANSAS,LITTLEROCK 1 3 FAYETTEVILLE 2 3
1190 DATAMISSOURI, SPRINGFIELD 2 3 STLOUIS 2 4 KANSASCITY 3 4
1200 DATAIOWA,DESMOINES 3 4 SIOUXCITY 4 4 , VERMONT ,HONTPELIER 4 5
1210 DATAMINNESOT A, MINNEAPOLIS 4 5 DULUTH 5 5, NEW HAMPSHIRE , CONCORD 4 5
1220 DATAWISCONSIN, MADISON 4 ^ EAUCLAIRE 4 5, RHODE ISLAND, PROVIDENCE 3 5
1230 DATAILLINOIS, CHICAGO 3 4 SPRINGFIELD 2 4, VIRGINIA, RICHMOND 2 ^
1240 DATAMICHIGAN, DETROIT 3 4 GRANDRAPIDS 4 5 SAULTST*MARIE 5 5
1270 DATAINDIANA, INDIANAPOLIS 3 4 EVANSVILLE 2 4, WYOMING, CASPER 4 5
1290 DATATENNESSEE, MEMPHIS 2 3 KNOXVILLE 2 4 CHATTANOOGA 2 3
1300 DATAMISSISSIPPI, JACKSON 1 2 TUPELO 1 3, KENTUCKY , LOUISVILLE 2 4
1320 DATAWEST VIRGINIA , CHARLESTON 3 4, MASSACHUSETTS, BOSTON 3 5
1330 DATAFLORIDA, MIAMI 0 1 JACKSONVILLE 1 2 , OHIO, COLUMBUS 3 4
1340 DATAGEORGIA, SAVANNAH 1 3 ATLANTA 2 3, MAINE , PORTLAND 4 5
1350 DATASOUTH CAROLINA, CHARLSTON 1 3, NEW JERSEY, NEWARK 2 4
1360 DATANORTH CAROLINA, RALEIGH 2 3 ASHEVILLE 2 4 WILMINGTON 1 3
1390 DATAPENNSYLVANIA, PITTSBURGH 3 4 , MARYLAND , BALTIMORE 2 4
1410 DATANEW YORK,NEWYORK 3 4 ALBANY 4 5 , DELAWARE, WILMINGTON 2 4
1480 DATAERROR
1500 DATAOIL/GALLON , 1 , 0 ,NATGAS/CUFT , 120 , 150 ,ELECTRICITY/KWH,30 ,15
1510 DATAWOOD/CORD,*01,0,LPG/CUFT,50,60,LPG/LBS,6,7,LPG/GALLON,1.3,1*5
1520 DATACOAL/TON, * 0 06,0
2000 END
Program 2.
Change these lines for Atari:
0 DIM B$(2O).C$<20)..D$(20;'..BBI(4:¥:10::'..B0. 28 b€XT I-FOR 1=1 TO 4 = BBL<J)=ti = h€KT M
14'? -.w- ;■? :•? "STATE (LfM'-l AEBREUIfiTE)" 25 X=ASC( D*C I ., I ') > = IF M=32 THhH 45
;:It*llT B$:Fi3R 1=1 TO L = REftD C* 38 ESL(.J>=BBL(.J)+i=BB$((>i >riy+L.:. J-1 v«c
i^ IF BK1-7)=C$(1..?";- THEN B*<:J = READ Dt- 18+BBLX J)>CVI<f(K>^GuTO 55
March. 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
53
45 1=1+1: x< .J y^^jfix D$< I .. I) > : I =1 +2 : ¥(■ . ! ;>=l.iA
L(D*<I,D>
60 F-OKE 85.15 = ? I; ^ POKE 85.26 = '- SBfo:!-'
>:*i e+i . < i-i xne+E-t;'-';: I > >.; = pl*;e 85. 35 = ? BJ-
=r€>::T I
65 ? :? :? "CHOijSE # FOR NEAREST CITY"::
I \fui I : H=X';: I > : c=v' ; i > = rem znnE:-;
S bCKT I
96 HC=:>:;:X=9:F0R 1=9 TO 5= IF H= I Tf€N im
:REM HF :i: CF ARE HEAT S: COOL FArTDRs
95 X=X+0.5:f€;<T I
119 FOR 1=1 i 0 3 : READ Bf. A.. B = FHi' I i^A ■ FCC
i::>=B:PRim " ";I;B*:f€>::T I
115 ? :? :? "CHOOSE # FCiR HEATING FUEKC
Ehfrs)"j:npuT S:s=s/i00
126 ? :? :? "CHOOSE # FOR COOLIfIG FiJEL";
:nPUT J
127 ? "COST F-ER UNIT FOR COOLIHG f\BJr£
UTS ::■".;: I tPUT S:S=S/10y
158 ? "COLIN ! STORM WINIJORS m SLIOIi-*: GL
ASS LOGRS"j:INF-lJT H
200 ? "Ar-flUAl ^£AT1HG FUEL COST ■: DOLLARS
>" ; : I [PLIT H6 : HS=HSSX ■■ ? = ? : K=0 6
230 ^- "At-t-liAL DXiLIr^: FLIEL COST (DOLLAR'S;
)".::I^PUT CS:CS=CStK
245 Y=Y-9.01:KEyT MF H=4 THEN Y=fi 025
266 ? "CtGREES TURNED DOUH liJRING DAY".;:
INPUT M:S=INT(18SSY*HS^Kyi0S
2S5 ■" "DhbREES THERhOSTAT TURNED UF' OJRI
HZ COOLING'"-.': INPUT X
400 ? "FLOOk AREA OF HOUSE-SQ FT".i^I}PUT
450 Y=38:? "CEILKC R 'JALUE" ; = IWt !T ft; IF
H<:3 THEM Y=26
4€5 ? "FIRST P.OOR AREA 0>^ HOUSE ';SQ FT>
".i : li'PI I''' F
550 ? "is THE mm OH PILLARS OR HiAUE A
H UNHEATED BASEf^NT".; = INPUT B$
625 ? :? "FLOOR FACTOR FROM ABO'.iE TABLE"
.1 ■■ ItPUT J
628 F:=Y:GOSUB 996:Q=R:? "CURRENT R FACTO
R FOR FLU!jR:";:nfUT R
Figure 1. Sample Run
ITEMS NEEDED FOR ENERGY WORKBOOK
I) STATE
2> CITY
3) HEATING FUEL COST <E,G. ,37 CENTS/CU FT)
^) COOLING FUEL COST <E,G. 5.1-^ CENTS/KWH)
5) SQUARE FT OF SINGLE GLASS WINDOWS IN HOUSE
7) ANNUAL HEATING AND COOLING FUEL COST
8) CHECK FOR LEAKAGE AROUND WINDOWS AND DOORS WITH CANDLE
9) FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE - SO FT
10) CEILING R VALUE - USE TABLE PROVIDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS
II) FIRST FLOOR AREA - SQ FT
12) FLOOR R VALUE IF BASEMENT IS UNHEATED OR HOUSE IS ON PILLARS
STATE (DON'T ABBREVIATE)? TEXAS
1
DALLAS
TEXAS
2
HOUSTON
TEXAS
3
BROWNSVILLE
TEXAS
4
AMARILLO
TEXAS
CHOOSE ♦ FOR NEAREST CITY? 2
1 OIL/GALLON
2 NATGAS/CUFT
COMPUTE! March. 1982. Issue 22
3 ELECTRICITY/KWH
^ WOOD/CORD
5 LPG/CUFT
6 LPG/LBS
7 LPG/GALLON
8 COAL/TON
CHOOSE * FOR HEATING FUEL? 2
COST PER UNIT FOR HEATING FUEL(CENTS>? .^5
CHOOSE ♦ FOR COOLING FUEL? 3
COST PER UNIT FOR COOLING FUEL (CENTS)? A.
INPUT » OF SQUARE FT OF SINGLE GLASS WINDOWS, DO NOT
COUNT STORM WINDOWS OR SLIDING GLASS DOORS? 190
ANNUAL SAVINGS DUE TO STORM WINDOWS" ♦ 116.7
___g-_a„3 = 5-j--sEs:-s = = aB=:s!=as=:s3==s=sas;s= = ==nsx:=ssssss = ss!s: = = a!»KS!iars==^
IS HEATING FUEL USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES, E.G. COOKING ? Y
ANNUAL HEATING FUEL COST (DOLLARS)? 175.
IS COOLING FUEL USED FOR OTHER PURPOSES, E.G. LIGHTING? Y
ANNUAL COOLING FUEL COST (DOLLARS)? BOO.
THE FOLLOWING SECTION EVALUATES THE SAVINGS OBTAINED BY TURNING
THE THERMOSTAT DOWN IN WINTER OR UP IN SUMMER FROM THE SETTING
YOU HAVE BEEN USING.
HEATING
DEGREES TURNED DOWN DURING DAY? 5
SAVINGS =$ 37.18
ADDITIONAL DEGREES TURNED DOWN DURING NIGHT? 5
SAVINGS^* 11.15
ANNUAL TOTAL HEATING SAVINGS »♦ ^8.33
COOLING
DEGREES THERMOSTAT TURNED UP DURING COOLING? 5
SAVINGS =♦ ^8
TOTAL ANNUAL SAVINGS =♦ 96.33
s s £ ss; s =;ss ss s» & sss s; s s s s s :& ^ s a: ss =: :5C ^ :5 a = = s =5 s ^ ;c: = s S3 == = ffl ss s as S3S B :r ;s BEKSS s ss
ANNUAL SAVINGS FROM CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING
CHECK DRAFTS HOLDING CANDLE NEAR CRACK ON WINDY DAY
CHOOSE ONE OF FOLLOWING
March. 1982.tesoe 22 COMMITfi 55
1) WINDOWS WITH GOOD FIT
2> SOME LEAKAGE
3) RATHER DRAFTY
? 2
CHOOSE ONE OF FOLLOWING
1) DOORS FIT GOOD
2) SOME LEAKAGE
3) DRAFTY
? 2
CHOOSE ONE OF FOLLOWING
1) CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING GOOD
2) NEEDREFAIR
3) NO CAULKING OR WEATHERSTRIPPING
? 2
FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE - SQ FT? 2000
ANNUAL SAVINGS FOR CAULKING AND WEATHERSTRIPPING- * 56.7
ANNUAL SAVINGS FROM CEILING INSULATION
CEILING R VALUE? 19
FIRST FLOOR AREA OF HOUSE (SQ FT)? 2000
ANNUAL SAVINGS BY BRINGING CEILING R UP TO 26 » ♦ 22.68
IS THE HOUSE ON PILLARS OR HAVE AN UNHEATED BASEMENT*? Y
CHOOSE FOUNDATION FACTOR FROM LIST BELOW
FACTOR FOUNDATION CHARACTERISTICS
0.5 BUILDING WITH TIGHT CRAWL SPACE
0.5 BUILDING WITH TIGHT BASEMENT (UNHEATED)
0.8 STONE WALL BASEMENT (UNHEATED)
0.8 2 FT OR MORE OF BASEMENT WALL EXPOSED (UNHEATED)
0.8 CRAWL SPACE SKIRTED
1.0 BUILDING ON PILLARS WITH NO SKIRTS
FLOOR FACTOR FROM ABOVE TABLE? 1.
CURRENT R FACTOR FOR FLOOR? 7
ANNUAL SAVINGS BY INCREASING FLOOR R VALUE TO 11 =» 290.11
-sBsssasaB»»8S8Ra!BBaa==s:aBssaaci=aiaia:aaasss58«=o!SB»iBi=oB:saaa3aB!agaa=a!asBaiDmKa»a»»«»
Dealers - Reserve your copies of
COMPUTEi's first Atari and PET/CBM bool<s
today. Call 919-275-9809 for orderir^g information.
56
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
IWo Short
Programs Of
CM For
Teaching BASIC
R. Hiatt
Dept, of Chemistry
Brock University
St Cathorinea Ontario
While much is written about, and many programs
are produced for, CAl in diverse subjects and
disciphnes, there seems to be very Httle about CAI
applied to learning about computation itself.
To be sure, the computer itself is the best CAI
for individual self-paced effort. But for the class-
room, demonstration programs are useful By
CAI, however, I don't mean simple routines that
are merely examples, but rather, programs that
make their point by manipulation and/or simulation
of a process. I venture to present two examples.
1. PEEKPROG - A BASIC program that
PEEKs itself.
At some point in teaching a course in BASICS
it seems useful to PEEK out to the screen a page or
so of a program. This can be in response to a ques-
tion as to why conserving line numbers conserves
memory space, or a similar query suggesting that a
brief digression into actual program storage would
be illuminating. (In my experience, it is wise to
postpone any mention of bits, bytes, hex or ASCII
until this kind of curiousity evinces itself.)
While it's easy enough to PEEK out a page
from immediate mode, (for I = 2049 to 2304: Print
PEEK (I) " "; NEXT), and fill the screen with
numbers, this is more astounding than useful. It
takes a trained eye to discern any pattern at all.
Program 1 organizes the PRINT PEEK - so
that each line number starts off a new line on the
screen. By keeping the program short and the line
numbers below 256 it is possible to pseudo list the
whole program and have the line numbers easily
recognizable (Figure I). The line terminators can
be pointed out, as can the linking bytes and the
program terminator.
BASIC tokens can be mentioned, and the
students can practice their ASCII by reading the
REM statement, etc.
The program itself illustrates READ. ..DATA
— partly because the questions seem to arise about
the time w^eYe dealing w^ith that subject, and partly
because it seemed an easy way to control the position
of carriage returns in the loop.
Actually, this turned up something about the
Apple that I hadn't realized; that is, each time a
DATA statement is edited, an additional space,
actually another byte with value 32, is inserted
betw^een this DATA token and the first byte of the
data. This, of course, changes the length of the
program and the byte at which a new print line is
w^anted. In other words, the datum just corrected
has been made erroneous by the process of correc-
tion. The only way out seems to be to retype the
line.
2. READ/RESTORE - (Program 2) is a routine
that simulates a small portion of program which
reads data into two arrays, one numeric and the
other string. The displayed portion of the program,
(lower screen. Figure 2), consists of two FOR I = ...
READ A (I) ..-, separated by a RESTORE, the
whole followed by a FOR I = ...READ A$(I)..- .
Two psuedo cursors are employed, one flashing
the current value of I at the end of the FOR 1 ...
NEXT I loop, the other acting as a data pointer.
Action is controlled by the instructor, via the
programmed "invisible CET"; i.e. IF PEEK - 16384
< 128 THEN ... . The first (any) key depression
causes a datum to be **READ"; its index and value
appear in the table. This second key depression
moves the data pointer and movements 'T'.
Progression of the program being entirely in
the hands of the instructor, there is unlimited time
to point out the salient features, to comment on
indices, the differences between numeric and
string data, etc., and to run the program two or
three times for emphasis.
For Atari Users...
Program 3 will provide a dump of an Atari BASIC
program, similar to Program 1. To merge it with
another program, LIST it to tape or disk (w^ith
LIST'C:" or LIST''D:BDUMP"), load the program
to be viewed, and then use ENTERIC:" or ENTER
"D:BDUMP'\ Start the roudne with GOTO 20000.
Program 4 is called *'BASIC in Action." It is a
display of a BASIC program (the "Atarized" version
of Figure 1) as it RUNs! Just type it in and RUN it.
A program will be listed at the bottom of the screen
with an arrow pointing to the first line. When you
press a key, the line will be executed. The action of
the program, including the DATA statement pointer,
CALL TOLL FREE
800424-2738,
Save $$ on Popular"^
Programs for Atari
LIMITED TIME OFFER
Now through March 15, take advantage of our
price reduction on these popular programs
MATCH RACE
From Cebelli Software
A one or two player racing game that matches
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16K disk...
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PROGRAm
/T0R6
IN
By Charles Bachand from Analog
Two-player game with 128 variations! Your
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Ken £ Roberta Williams from On-Line
Hl-RES adventuring comes to Atari! Armed
only with bread, water, a knife and a blan-
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ctlla. She has been abducted from the king-
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Each scene is depicted in color and you can
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40K disk.
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POOL L5
MlSSIOi\': ASTEROID
IIMIES ADVEflfTlTRE *0
From On Line
An introduction to Ht-RES adventures, it is
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is about to hit earth. Your job as a novtce
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you in striking distance.
i)OK disk.. .S24.95
LUNAR
LANDER
■J-'WA
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By Hoffman, St Germain £ Morock from IDS
The pressure is on: if you can just get
enough engljsh on the ball to bank it into the
corner pocket ... In POOL 1.5, you can! A
remarkable action-simulation of the real thing,
this program allows full control of your
"cue-stick" for aim and control. Play four
different types of pool at your choice of table
spe«d, with "instant replay" of any shot!
Hl-RES color graphics are used throughout
this real-time game,
i|8K Oisk...S34,95
CYPHER
BOWL
32K disk. ..$19.95
DeKoven t Conneltey from Mind Toys
A unique new approach to computer gaming,
RICOCHET combines diabolical strategy with
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intellect as well as your senses. You have 6
playing pieces to move around, plus 2 ball
launchers. Each turn consists of either repos-
itioning the pieces or launching a ball. Points
are scored each time the ball ricochets.
Simple? Deceptively so. Easy to master? Def-
initely not! 1 or 2 players.
HOCKEY
From ArtSci
The most impressive 2-p1ayer football game
we've seen for the Atari, Using five players
per side instead of 11 keeps the game man-
ageable while providing all the action you can
handle. Each player uses a Joystick to call
formations and plays -- 256 possibilities -^
then the players are maneuvered after the
ball is hiked. Skill improvements come grad-
ually and you can plan on many hours of ex-
citement 6 enjoyment with CYPHER BOWL,
From Gamma Software
A high-speed video action game for 2,3, or ^
players. You use joysticks to control the
players. The offensive player with the puck
and the nearest defensive player are auto-
matically assigned to a joystick; Players not so
controlled become "smart" players who play
automatically. The action is fast and furious,
the color graphics ^t\^ sound are realistic.
Perfect for family entertainment.
By Wall, Moncrief & Jessee from A. I.
Crab your joystick and sweat out the touch-
down of your LEM, Choose from four lunar
landscapes, with many choices for landing
sites. Select a more difficult site and net more
points -- if you can land successfully. You
have complete control of your LEM via main
engines ^nti small side thrusters, and five
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riotic event. Great fun!
2f;K tape (disk compatible) ,.. ST 1,95
REAR GUARD
By Neil Larimer from Adventure Int.
A space battle between your cruiser and
wave-after-wave of enemy ships. You can
destroy them with your energy darts or you
can ram them -- as long as your shields are
intact. The action takes place on a continuous
horizontal landscape. You control the altitude
and speed of your craft as you pursue the
enemy. Skill level 1 is exciting, and there are
four more levels available.
2iiK dtsk-,,$24>95
DISK MANAGER
From Synapse Software
An excellent way to keep track of that
growing pile of Atari disks. This easy-to-use
system lets you categorize them by disk, sub-
ject or filename. Supports searches by name
or wild-card entry. If you have a printer,
DISK MANAGER will print listings or labels,
too. Entry and updates are so simple that
you'll have no excuse not to use it!
16K tape or disk.,. $49. 95 IfiK disk or tape, , .529. 95 32K disk, ., $29, 95
Visit our other stores: Sov«n Cornors Center • Foils Church, VA & W. Bell Plaza - 6600 Security Blvd. * Baltimore, MD
TO ORDER CALL TOLL FREE 800 424-2738
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information on card.
THE PROGRAM STORE
4200 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Dept. U03 Box 9609
Washington, D.C. 20016
58
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
variables, strings, DIMensioning, and FORyNEXT
loops are visually and audibly demonstrated.
Figure L
71 8
53
83 8
49
51
57
48 48
20
8
10
0
178
32
80
69
69
75
32
80
82 79
2
65
77 Q
27
8
20
0
135
65
0
41
8
30
8
40
0
129
73
208
50
48
52
57
193
65 0
0
173
73
209
66
196
54
48
0
62 8
50
0
135
66
58
186
0
76
8
60
0
186
226
40
73
41
34
32
34
59 0
70
0
130
73
0
89
8
80
0
128
0
115
8
100
0
131
32
50
50
51
50
44
50
48 53
44
50
48
55
48
44
50
48
55
55
0 141
110
0
131
32
50
48
57
49
44
50
49 48
44
50
49
49
50
44
50
49
50
54
0 167
120
0
131
32
50
49
51
51
44
50
49 51
44
50
49
54
53
44
50
49
57
49
0 183
200
0
131
32
50
50
50
49
55
44
50 51
0
0
0
Figure 2.
40 for 1= 1 to 3: Read A(I): Next I
50 Restore
60 For I = 4 to 6: Read A(I): Next I
70 For I = i to 5: Read A$(I): Next I
80 Data 76, 40, 67
90 Data "SUE", "ANN", "JOE", "KIM'
"JIM"
Program I.
10
20
30
40
SO
60
70
80
100
110
120
200
REM PEEK PROGRAM
READ A
FOR I == 2049 TO A
IF I < B THEN 60
READ B: print
PRINT
NEXT I
END
DATA
DATA
DATA
DATA
PEEK (1)
2232»2051, 2070/2077
2091»2103f2112!.2126
2133?2139»2165f2191
2217/2300
Program 2.
10
REM DATA READ-RESTORE DISPLAY
20
GOTO 50
30
IF PEEK ( - 16384) < 128 THEN 30
40
POKE - 16368y0: RETURN
50
DIM A(10)/A*(10)
60 B$(0) = "INDEX" :B$(1) == "DATA'tC* - CHR$ (34):B$ == C* +
70
HOME
80
PRINT TAB( 6) "Ad.)" TAB( 25)"A*<I)"
90
PRINT B$(0) TAB( 10)B$(1) TAB( 20)B*(0) TAB< 30)B$(i)
100
VTAB 15
110
PRINT "40 FOR I '-■■■■ 1 TO 3 t READ Ad) t NEXT I"
120
PRINT "50 RESTORE"
130
PRINT "60 FOR I = 4 TO 6 : READ Ad) : NEXT I"
140
PRINT "70 FOR I = 1 TO 5 : READ A$ d ) I NEXT I"
150
PRINT : PRINT "SO DATA 76»40v67"
160
PRINT t PRINT "90 DATA « C* "SUE " B$ " ANN " Bir> " JOE "B* " KIM " B*
199
REM START THE DISPLAY
200
Ul - 1871tV2 - 162i:VT == 3:A1 === ItB ^- '3t GOTO 220
210
k-'l = 1143:^2 = 1621 :VT ^^: 6tAl ^= 4;B - 6
220
FOR I = Al TO B: POKE Ulvl + 112
230
yT = MT + i;V2 = V2 + 3f POKE ^21-96
240
GOSUB 30 { READ Ad)
250
VTAB VT: PRINT " "I? SPCC 7) Ad): GOSUB 30
260
POKE V2..160: NEXT i; POKE VI » 160 J IF I > 4 THEN 300
270
POKE 1971,96: FOR I == V2 TO V2 - 5 STEP - 1
280
POKE I?160: POKE I - 1/96: FOR J - 1 TO 3005 NEXT : NE
290
POKE 1971 yl60: RESTORE : GOTO 210
300
<J2 - 1875:Vi = 127i:VT = 3
310
FOR I - 1 TO 5: V2 - ^2 f 6:VT - VT + 1
+ c*
JIM"C*
GOSUB 30 ;
HAVE WE
GOIAPROGUm
FOR YOU Ul'82
Over 150,000 computer owners and novices attended the 1981
National Computer Shows and Office Equipment Expositions,
and more than a quarter of a million are expected to be at the
1982 shows.
Each show features hundreds of companies using thousands
of square feet of display space to showcase and sell millions of dollars
worth of micro and mini computers, data and word processing equipment,
peripherals, accessories, supplies and software.
Under one root you'll see — and be able to buy — all of the hardware
and software made by every major computer manufacturer for busi-
ness, industry, government, education, home and personal use.
The show includes computers costing as little as $100 to com-
puters selling for $150,000.
Don't miss the coming of the new computers — show up for
the show. Admission is $5 per person and $3 for children.
Ticket tnformatlon
Send $5 with the name of ihe show you
plan 10 artend to National Computer
Shows. 324 Boylstor Street. Chestnut
Hill, Mass 02167 Tickets can also be
purchased at itie show
Washington, DC
DC Armory/Starplex
Across from RFK Stadium
Thursday- Sunday
October 28-31, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
DIRECTIONS:
2001 E CAPITOL ST SE
(E CAPITOL ST EXIT OFF 1-295
- KENILWORTH FRWV)
^1^ "S-IF "TSJS* -rsjsT
s sis. s s :=_ = = :Si,
^£-Ls r-ff-a iB.s^j-"S* &;^s.s s :. «• .s-- .. s_ssa.s ^s - =- -
r-=3=_= s r:TT&3 s
s«5:=T s «E1E=
SttSE== = = =--
=-=-»-ss sj s E.S :
5_Us-=s 'U 5 a.s : -^
^mm^mff~^ZS "^^ Z ^S I
SHQH
SHOH
SHOH
Dallas
Uniondale, Long Island
Minneapolis
Dallas Market Hall
Nassau Coliseum
Minn. Auditorium '
& Convention Hall
Thursday-Sunday
Thursday-Sunday
Third Avenue
April15-18, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
April 22^25, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
Thursday-Sunday
September 16-19, 1982
DIRECTIONS-
DIRECTIONS TAKE LI EXPWV
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
2200 STEMWONS FREEWAY
TO EXIT 38 NO STATE PKWY
DIRECTIONS HWY94to
(AT INDUSTRIAL BLVD)
TO EXIT 31 A MEADOWBROOK
PKWY SO TO EXIT M5
HEMPSTEAD TURNPIKE
nth St ExU to Thjrd Ave
^^« 9^m
_ _^
^S i^
liiE. sr=^ sns
SSSS :5=S5^^ s rss ss-s s srs5-a-s^ s ^s ss : 3 s^^r srs^ s
SHOIf
Chicago
[ — =-Ui^r^=J 1 liH — 1
SMQtw
Boston
Atlanta
(Arlington Heights)
Hynes Auditorium/
Atlanta Civic Center
Arlington Park Racetrack
Prudential Center
Exhibition Center
Thursday-Sunday
Thursday-Sunday
Thursday-Sunday
November 5-7, 1982
November 11-14, 1982
December 9-12, 1982
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
11 AM to 6 PM Daily
11 AM to 6 PM Dally
DIRECTIONS: EUCLID AVE &
DIRECTIONS; TAKE MASS
DIRECTIONS:
WILKE RD TAKE NW TOLLWAY
PIKE TO PRUDENTIAL
395 PIEDMONT AVE NE
TO RTE 53 EXIT AT
CENTER EXIT
(AT RALPH McGiLL BLVD)
EUCLID AVE EAST
The National Computer Shows are produced by Northeast Expositions Inc. who also produce Electronica ~ shows leaturing home entertainment equipment and personal
electronics — which are held annually in major US cities. NEI also produces the Applefest Shows, For more information about any of these events call us at 617-739-2000
or write to the atMDve address.
60
COMPUTEI
MorcK 1P82- Issue 22
320 POKE yip I + 112: poke; V2.96: GOSUB 30 : REAIi A$(.i:)
330 VTAB UT: HTAB 22 5 PRl'NT I SPC( Q)MHl)t (30SUB 30
340 POKE V2,160: NEXT
3S0 POKE yifl60
400 END
500 DATA 76^40 ^67
510 DATA "£;UE" K "ANN"? "JOE" y "KIM".- "JIM"
Program 3.
20000 |:£f1 ATARI BA^SIC LIh£ DUnp
20010 REM TYFt GOTO 23008
28020 CLR
20030 BEG IN=PEEK( 13b ;'+256:«PEEK':: 137 )
26040 L INE=PEEK< BEG I H H25b*PEEK( BEG I H+ 1 )
26050 IF Ln€=28ea0 THEN F-RlIHT "LAST LIH
E"=EHCi
20060 PF:IHT LINE.
20870 LEMGTH=PEEK( BEG I N+2 )
20080 FOR 1=1 TO LENGTH
20090 PRINT FEEK'::BEGIN+2+r;';" "j
20100 h£XT I
20110 PRINT =Fi;:INT " "
20 1 20 BEGI H=BEG I H+LEHGTH
26136 UUTU 20040
Program 4.
10 GRAF'HICS y-Fii'SITION 12.0^? "! BASIC I
n Airtion 1"
20 FiKE 752.. 1
30 OF-EH #1..4.:3.. "K:"
40 DIt1 L$(46X.T$(2a>MAiT0 180
50 Fei CLICK-PAUSE SUBROUTINE
60 PCI=:E 53279. 0 = FiJF: W=l TO ly^rEKT N^R£T
108 Fien™ v.. 14^? '^C37 FO'^:?
110 ? " 10 DIM A<:t.>..A-K3:¥:5::'.T$<3>"
120 ? " m RESTORE"
138 ? " 30 F;JR 1=1 TO 3:FfALi T = AU ::=T = f€
148 ? " 48 FOR 1=4 TO b^READ T = H<i)=T = b£
VT T "
m ? " 50 FiJF: 1=1 TO 5: READ It-
m( I £3-2 .. I *3 )=T$ ■ NEXT I "
160 ? " 63 LiAlA 76.40,67.23,14,33"
170 ? " 70 DATA SlJE.Abti.J0E.KIf1..Jlf1"
180 ? " 80 ENti'';
190 F£M START T^€ DISFIAY
2*00 FOR: 1=1 TO S
210 FOSITIOH 2. 14+I+(I>5)
220 PR I NT " iESO iRI GHT'i- " ;
240 GET #1.A
250 CM I GOiO 2*68/290. 300. 400. 418.. 600. 66
0. 60y
2*60 keiTION 2.1:F0R .j=l TO 6-? "A'::".^.!.:"
;>=?" = SOiJND 0. PEEK': 53778 >. 18. S
i-eS FOF: U=l TO 50: NEXT W^f-OT J^SOUrSJ O.
0.8.. 0
270 ? " A-*= " } fWP: 34 > ; CHF:$( 34 ) ; " {LEFT} " .: =
FOR J=l TO 15 = ? "•! insert::-";: SOUND 0..1.F:.
8 = FOR N=l TO 30: NEXT l-J:NEXT J
275 ? :? "TI="jCfS:f<34::-;CHF:$(34::M"!:LEFT>
.;:FtJF: .J=l TO
•CIWBERT}"; : SOUND 0.J.
8. 8: FOR H=l TO 36= NEXT N:HEXT J
2o0 SCilND 0.0. 0.0: GOTO 680
2"90 FW: .J=l TO 10: POSITION 6.21=? "iDATA
1L4 LEFT}";:SOUhC' 0.50. 12. 8 = FOR l-i=l TO 2
0:[€XT W:SOiJ^JD 0.0.0,0:? "OATft":h€XT J
"295 bOTO 600
300 CfF=0
310 FOR .J=l TO 3: READ T*
320 F-OSITIOi 2,9=? "I="; J+3;|cOFF:F*CSITION
19,17+OfT:? "IREAD T!"
330 POSITION 8+3$(J+0FF*3;'.21:? T*:READ
T$
340 F-CeiTION 2,10:? "T=";T$
345 GET *1 . A : FiXIT ION 8+3:^( J+iDFF:4-:3 >. 21 = ?
T$
im F-OSITION i9,17+0FF:? "FfAD T":F'OSITI
OH 26,17+OFF:? "IA«;i)=TI"
360 FOR K=l TO 15: POSITION 9+K,10:? " ";
T$ ; : GOSUE: 50 : t^EXT K = ? " i2 LEFT) "
370 FOR: K=l TO J+0FF:O:F'0SITI0N 24.10-K:
? T$; :G0SL1B 50:? "(2 LERJ- "; :NEXT K
386 F-OSITiai 24,J+0FFO:? T$; :POSITICW 7
,J+UFF:^3:F0R K=l TO 17 = ? "CCeLETE}"; :POK
E 53279, Q:hE=<T K
39S GET #l,ft:F'CSITION 26,17+DFF = ? "Af:i>=
T"
395 tCXT J:pLiS!TION 2,9 = ? "I="J>CfFr^:G
OTO 609
4£tfi OFF=i:GOTu 319
410 FCR -J=l TO S^F-OSITION 2/3 = ? "I=";J
420 POSITION 19,13=? "!F£hD T*!"=READ T$
= POSITION 7+J:^4..22 = ? T$
438 READ T* = POSITION 6.-8 = ? T* = GET #1..A
446 F-aSITION 19>i9=? "READ T$"=PaSITION
6, 20 = ? "I A-K 1:^3-2, Itl >=T$ I " = FTiSITim 7+J
$4,22=? T$
450 FOR U=15 TO 6 STEP -1 = SOUND 0.10+20-1
RM&;l>,10..U:f€yT U
470 F-O-SITION 3+.J*3,7 = ? Tf
480 GET #LA = FiR5ITI0N 6.. 29 = ? "A*(IS3-2.I
*3;-=T$"=t€KT J = F-OSITIi>i 2,9=? "I=";J=03T
0 666
608 POSITION 2,14+I+(I>5>=? " ";
610 \€A1 I
626 P3i:ITIGtl 2..19=PuI':E 752>0 = E»
l®y WTh t76L.7b, 1401,40, 1671,67, I29h2
9, Ii4l..l4, 133L33
1016 DATA 1 SLE 1 .. SUE , 1 Ahti 1 , m\> IJOE 1 , JE,
IKIMi.KIM, lJirii,JI{1
The Good Books
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62
COMPUTfil
March, 1982. Issue 22
Infinite
Precision
iViuitipiy
G H.Watson
Newark DE
1 23x456 = 56088. Right? Sure! Just ask a young
student and he/she will quickly work out something
similar to:
123
X 456
738
615
492
5608S
If you are near a microcomputer, you may verify
this result by entering ? 123*456 <CR>,
How about 1 23 1 23 X 456456? At this point
your young student may balk and suggest *'Let's let
the computer do it!" Unfortunately the computer
may also balk at stich a request. Entering ? 123 1 23*
456456 <CR> into a PET yields the following result:
5.62002321 E+ 10. With some further encourage-
ment the student may work out 56200232088 as
the correct product. Why the difference?
In PET BASIC most numbers are represented
in floating-point format, which allows convenient
handling of real numbers which may be positive or
negative, integer, fracuonal, or mixed, and of
greaUy varying magnitude. The format in the PET
is such that numbers have nearly nine digits of
precision. This means that 123456789 may be
represented exactly in this format, but something
will have to be done for 1234567891. That some-
thing is called scientific notation — 1234567891
will be handled as 1.23456789E + 09, where E + 09
means that the decimal would be moved 9 spaces to
the right. On the PET enter X= 1234567891 <CR>
and then enter ?X <CR>, Notice that the trailing
digit "1" has been dropped; it would have been the
tenth digit and only nine digits of precision are
possible.
Scientific notation has great utility and nine
digits of precision will be plenty for many cases of
numerical calculation. Occasionally, though, you
may run up against a calculation which requires
infmite precision — you need the answer exactly
(no lost digits). RecenUy I needed to know the
exact product of several large numbers. Working
the problem by hand and finding several errors, I
decided to write a short infmite precision multiply
routine to check my answer. INFINI-MULT is the
resulting BASIC program.
Using strings to represent the numbers is the
trick for extending the precision. By operating on
each string with the string funcdon MID$(„), each
digit of the number may be i.solated and an arith-
metic operation performed. Only single digit oper-
ations are performed in INFINI-MUILT. fhe
microcomputer is doing only second grade arith-
metic— addition and multiplication of two numbers
between zero and nine.
The result of the operation on two single-digit
numbers may be a double-digit number. Here
enters the carry digit. Most of the errors I make
when doing arithmetic by hand involve the carry
digit. Care must also be taken when programming
for the carry digit. The subroutine at line 500
separates the double-digit number P into the carry
digit C and adds the remaining digit onto the string
D$ from the left. For example, if P = 25 and
D$ = "456" then line 500 will return with C = 2 and
D$ = "5456'\
In order to simplily handling the carry digits
and make the program as straightforward as possi-
ble, the strings involved in the addition roudne are
made the same length by padding from the left
with zeros (line 380). For instance, if Z$ = "I23"
and A$ = "45600" then we will pad Z$ so that Z$ =
"00123". We also pad strings with zeros from the
right in the muldplication roudne so that the proper
power often is obtained (line 330).
INFINI-MULT handles 123 x 456 as follows:
lines 250-330, 370-440
123 000
X 6 + 738
738
738
123
0738
X 5
+ 6150
6150
6888
123
06888
X 4
+ 49200
49200
56088
If the two numbers to be nuiltiplied differ in the
number of digits, the multiplication routine will be
faster with the smaller nimiber as the multiplier
(456 in example) and the larger number as the mul-
tiplicand (123 in example) — Just as you learned in
grade school. Tlic digits "0" and '* 1 " are treated pre-
ferentially in lines 270 and 280 so ume will be saved
if the number with many ones and zeros is used as
the multiplier. It will be faster to multiply 456 bv 123
in INFINMVlULTthan 123 by 456.
I have made no provision for handling decimal
points: this would be an interesting modification for
you to make. To sidestep this limitation use the same
trick that vou learned in school: count the number
CBM owners
only:
This is just 1 of 20
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We know youl! want
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64
COMPUTE!
Mcrch, 1982. Issue 22
of places to the right which the decimal point must
be moved to reach the last digit in the multiplicand
and multiplier, add. and move tlial many places lo
the left in the product. For example, consider 1 .23 x
.456;
1.23 2 right -> 123
X .456 +3 right -> x 456
.56088 < -5 left 56088
INFIN'I-MULT follows the simple rules ot
arithmetic which you learned early in school. There
may be faster or more sophisticated ways of gelling
the extra precsion you desire. The PET/CBM PER-
SONAL COMPUTER GUIDE contains some inter-
esting double-precision routines for addition, sub-
traction, and muluplication. Play around with IN'Fl-
NI-MULT and some evening when you feel like
writing a quick program take a shot at INFINI-DI-
VI.
Program 1 : Microsoft Version
100 REM INFINITE PRECISION MULTIPLY
110 REM G.H.WATSON 6/25/81
120
130 REM INITIALIZATION
140
150 DIM P,C,D$,J,Z,A,X,Y,X$,Z$,A$
160 DIM I,AL,ZL,XL,YL,Y$
170 INPUT "X = ";X$: INPUT "Y = ";Y$
180 XL=LEN(X$);YL=LEN(Y$)
190 I=XL+YL:DIM N$(9) .Q$(I) , C$(8 )
200 FOR J=1T0I:Q$(J)="0"+Q$(J-1):NEXT
210 FOR J=0TO9:N$(J)=CHR$(J+48):NEXT
215 FOR J=1T08:C$(J)=N$(J):NEXT
220
230 REM MULTIPLICATION ROUTINE
240
250 FOR I=YLT01 STEP-1 : C=0: D$=""
260 Y=VAL(MID$(Y$,I, D)
270 IF Y=0 THEN 450
280 IF Y=1 THEN D$=X$:GOTO 330
290 FOR JrXLTOI STEP-1
300 X=VAL(MID$(X$,J,1))
310 P=X*Y+C:GOSUB 500
320 NEXT
330 A$=C$(C)+D$+Q$(YL-I)
340
350 REM ADDITION ROUTINE
360
370 ZL=LEN(Z$):AL=LEN(A$)
380 Z$=Q$(AL-ZL)+Z$:C=0:D$=""
390 FOR J=ALT01 STEP-1
400 Z=VAL(MID$(Z$,J,1))
410 A=VAL(MID$(A$,J.1))
420 P=Z+A+C:GOSUB 500
430 NEXT
440 Z$=C$(C)+D$
450 NEXT
460
470 PRINT "Z = ";Z$
480 END
490
500 C=INT(P/10):D$=N$(P-C«10)+D$:RETURN
READY.
Program 2: Atari Version
138 FE1 = INlTIi^IZATIOH
14e REH
150 DIM 0*( 99 > .. X$( 99 ) . 2I( 99 ::■ .. Al( 99 >
160 Din YK:99::'..T«99)
170 PRINT "K=".;a^piJT >i*
17^. F-RIHT "Y=":-I1PJT i$
180 KL=LEN':: X* ) ■• YL=LEH':; V* >
190 I=yL+YL = DIM m. 1 9 ) .. Q*( I ::- , C*( i 8 ;>
280 FCf: J=l TO I:Q$(J..J>="0":r£XT J
210 H*= " 0123456739 "=C$=" 12345678 "
220 Fei
230 REM = MJLTIPLICATIUN ROUTINE
240 REM
250 FW: I=YL TO 1 STEP -l:C=0:[i$="^'
•260 V41hL<Y$(I..I::-)
270 IF Y=a THEN 456
280 IF y=l Ti€H D$=X$-GOTO 336
290 FOF: .J=yL TO 1 STEP -1
l&d X=iJhL<K$(J..J;->
310 F-K:rT'+C^0J5LlB 589
320 1€HT J
330 A$="":IF C THEN R$=CI<C+1..C+1 )
335 R*<LEH(A-i:'+l;-=D*aF YL-I THEN A$(LEN
(A$>+l;'=i3-|(l..M-I;'
340 FS1
350 m\ ■■ rDDITIOH ROLITINE
360 REM
370 ZL=LEH(Z*) = ft.=LEN'::ft*)
380 lt=Z$-Z$="''-l\= AL-2L THEN 2*=QI(1..AL
-2L::-
1^> Z$<: LEN( 21 )+ 1 >=T$ ■• i::==0 ■■ D$= " "
390 FOR .J=rL to 1 STEP -1
400 2=l..iAL(2$C-J..J);'
410 ft=iJAL(H$CJ..J::')
420 F'=2+A+C = y:6Le 599
430 1€XT J
440 21^" " = IF C THEN 2$=C:*(C+1 , C+1 )
445 2$<LEN(2i:'+l>=DI
450 1€XT I
460 FS1
470 PRINT "2="jZ$
480 END
490 F£M
^1 C=I NT( P/ 10 ) ■■ T*=D* : D$=N*( P-Ctl y+ 1 . P-C
:*;10+1 ::• ■■ D*< LEN<; 0$ )+l >1$ ■ RETURN
VARIABLE TABLE FOR INFINI-MULT
X$ multiplicand
Y$ multiplier
Z$ product
A$ intermediate addend
D$ working string for creating
A$ and 2$ from digits
X,Y value of selected digit of X$,Y$
Z,A -Z$,A$
XL.YL length of X$,Y$
ZL.AL Z$»A$
C carry digit
P result formed by numerical
operations on digits
J, I indices for selecting digits
from strings
C$C) zeroes for padding strings
N$() decimal numerals
C$() carry numerals, same as N$()
except that C$(0) = "" and N$(0) = ^'0»'
and C$(9) is unneeded*
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More About Numbers
Certain numbers when acted upon in a certain
manner will converge to a definite number. There
are many of these, though the best known are
Ulam's Conjecture, The 6174 Problem, and The
Golden Mean.
Ulam's Conjecture states that any positive
integer will always converge to "1" if acted upon as
follows:
1 ) If it is even, divide by 2.
2) If it is odd, multiply by 3 and add 1 .
For example, consider 15:
Since it is odd we multiply by 3 and add 1 obtaining 46
46 is even so we divide by 2 and obtain 23
Multiply 23 by 3 and add i 70
Divide 70 by 2 35
Multiply 35 by 3 and add 1 106
Divide 106 by 2 53
Multiply 53 by 3 and add I 160
Divide 160 by 2 80
Divide 80 by 2 40
Divide 40 by 2 20
Divide 20 by 2 10
Divide 10 by 2 5
Multiply 5 by 3 and add 1 16
Divide 16 by 2 8
Divide 8 by 2 4
Divide 4 by 2 2
Divide 2 by 2 QED 1
Programming this is elementary but it will
reveal many curious situations. Consider this:
50,000,000 requires 106 operations to converge to
Edmund N. Ricchezza
1 while the much smaller 63 requires 107 operations
to converge to 1 .
The "6 1 74 Problem" states that any positive 4-
digit integer except those with all the same digits
will converge to "6174" when acted upon as follows:
1. Arrange the number in descending order.
2. Arrange the number in ascending order.
3. Subtract. Take this subtracted number as the
new 4-digit number and repeat the process.
After not more than five iterations the difference
will always be 6174. For example consider 4389:
9843
-3489
6354
6543
-3456
3087
8730
- 378
8352
8532
-2358
6174
This makes for an interesting and not too difficult
program exercise.
Quotients of successive terms of the Fibonacci
Sequence will converge to .61803398. The ancient
Greeks called this the "Golden Mean" because it
expressed the ideal ratio of width to length that
gave the most aesthetically appealing building or
room.
I found this relationship fascinating consider-
ing that Fibonacci was born c. I 170, centuries after
the Greeks discovered this number. 6
SPECIALS II INTiGHATED CIRCUITS
T
6502
745
10/6.95
50/6,55
100/6,15
6502Ay65t2A
8,40
10/7,95
50/7.35
100/6.90
6520 P1A
5,15
10/4.90
50/4.45
100/4.15
6522 VIA
6.45
10/6.10
50/5.75
100/5,45
6532
7.90
10/7.40
50/7.00
100/6.60
2114-L200
3.75
25/3.50
100/3.25
21 14-1300
3.15
25/2.90
100/2.65
2716 EPROM
7.00
5/6.45
10/5.90
2532 EPROM
14,50
Bt16Krtick[2ICj
8 CiOS RUM
14.BQ
4116
8 fir 17
Zero Inseilion Force 24 pin
Socket
2.00
6550 RAM (PET 8K)
12.70
S-100 Wire Wrap Socket
2.40
A P Products 15% OFF
APHobby-BlDX 15% OFF
*J»-«*UV'i«U(iy^ 'ftl^^i
MODEM SPECIAL $99
SIGNALMAN Mk1 from Anchor Automation
DIRECT CONNECT Modem with RS232Cat>learxJConoector
incWetJ. Fully compatible with all Bell 103 modems, 0 lo
300 bps, lull duplex, frequency shift keyed modulation, auto-
matic ANSW/ORIG selection, direct connect, audible tone
carrfer detect indicator, self-contained tjattery powered
PET/CBM Version (Mkl P) $1 69
For Commodore Computefs, the Signalman MkIP includes
conr»ectof. cable, and machine language software (parallel
port)
STAR MODEM
RS232 MODEM
IEEE 488 MODEM
RS232 CCITT
IEEE 488 CCITT
Prentice/Livefmore Data Systems
SALE $128
SALE $199
$170
$270
We carry Apple 11+ from
Bell & Howell
funFOHTH+ far Appli II $75
A full'featured FORTH with enhancements. Conforms to
FORTH Interest Group standards.
REVERSAL (Spracklen) 32K Apple
28.00
Data Manager (Lotus) 24 K Apple
40.00
Energy Miser - PET, Apple. Zenith
24,50
Histo-Graph (Boyd) 48 K Apple
24.50
Data-Graph (Boyd) 48K Apple
40,00
Apptell User's Guide (Ostwme)
12.00
Introduction to Pascal (Sytiex)
10.30
Pascal Handbook (Sytwx)
12.00
Musical Applications of Micros (CJiamberlin)
20.00
Basic FORTRAN (Coan)
7,25
CP/M Handbook (with MP/M) Zaks
11,85
Programming the 6502 - Zaks
10.00
Qcommodore
CBM-PET SPECIALS „ „,
8023 Prtnter * 1 36 col. 1 50 cps bi-dif ectional (995) 775
8300 Daisy Wheel - 40 cps
bi-directional (2250) 1750
8032 80 X 25 CRT, business keyboard (1495) 1 100
Super Pet (1995) 1650
8096 Board (extra 64K RAM fw 8032) (500) 400
8050 Dual Disk Drive • 1 megabyte (1795) 1345
8250 Dual Disk Drive * 2 megabyte (2195) 1760
CBM IEEE Modem (395) 199
4016 full Size graphics keyboard (995) 795
4032 full size graphics keyboard (1295) 999
4040 Dual Disk Drive - 330,000 bytes (1295) 999
2031 Single Disk Drive - 165,000 byles (695) 550
4022 Tractor Feed Printer (795) 630
C2N External Cassette Deck (75) 65
VIC 20 Color Computer (299) 259
VIC 1515 Graphic Printer (395) 335
Used CBM/PET Computers CALL
8024-7 High Speed Primef (1995) 1345
WE WILL MATCH ANY ADVERTISED PRICE
*** EDUCATIONAL DISCOUNTS ***
Biy 2 PET/CSM Ciflipitin, mhrt 1 FREE
WofdPro 3 Plus - 32 K CBM. disk, printer 21 5
WordPro 4 Plus - 8032. disk, printer 325
OZZ Data Base System for CBM 8032 335
VISICALC for PET. ATARI, or APPLE 155
SM-KIT-SiHrPETHOMUtffllkt 40
Programmers Toolkit - PET ROM Utilities 35
PET Spacemakef II ROM Switch 36
2 Meter PET to IEEE or IEEE to IEEE Cable 40
Dust Cover for PET 7
IEEE' Parallel Printer Interlace for PET 110
IEEE-RS232 Printer Interface for PET 120
The PET Revealed 1 7
Ubrary of PET Subroutines 1 7
4 PAUT HARMOHY music SYSTEM for PET
The Visible Music Monitor, by Frank Levinson, allows you to
easily enter, display, edit and play 4 part hamxxiy musfc.
Includes whole notes tfrnj 64ths (with dotted and triplets),
tempo change, key signature, transpose, etc, The KL-4M
unit includes D to A converter and amplifier ready to hook to
your speaker.
KL-4M Mitk Bnr^ wm VMM Prifnn $60
Watanabe
Intelligent
Plotter
WmNABEWX467] Pttttr
WHTANABE WX4675 t-fn mttir
DISK
SPECIALS
SCOTCH (3M) 5"
SCOTCH (3M) 8"
Veftatim 8" Doubte Oens
Vertjatim 5" Dataltfe
(add lOOfor VertHtimS"
BASF 5" soft
Wabash 5" in Rastic Box
Wabash 8" in Plastic Box
10/2.75 50/2.65
10/2.80 50/2.70
10/3.45 50/3,35
10/2.45 50/2.40
piastic stcrage box)
10/2.40 20/2.35
10/2.70 50/2.60
10/2.75 50/2.65
100/2.60
100/2.65
1Q0/3.20
100/2.35
100/2.30
100/2.50
100/2.55
WE STOCK MAXELL DISKS
Diskette Storage Pages 10 for 3.95
Disk Library Cases 8" - 2.85 5" - 2.15
Disk Hub Rings 8" - 50 @ 7.50 5" - 50 @ 6.00
CASSEHES-AGFAPE-eil PREMIUM
High output kw noise, 5 screw housings.
C-10 10/56 50/50 100/.48
C-30 10/73 50/.68 100/.66
AJI other lengths availaWe Write foe price list
SPECIALS
EPSON MX-IQ PTlitir
EPSON MX-SO F/T Priitr
EPSON MX-TQ Prifltif
EPSON MX'IQO Prtitir
Centronics 739 Printer with dot graphfcs 675
STARWntTER SiltY WiMi Prfitw 1 445
Zenith ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor 115
Amdek Color Monitor 355
ALL BOOK ui SOFTWARE PRICES DISCOUNTED
OSBORNE/McGraw-Hil HAYDEN. SYBEX,etc.
Synertek Systems
SYM-1 Mlcrocomputar SALE 139
SYM 8AS-1 BASIC or RAE 1/2 Assembler 85
KTM-2/80 Synertek Video and Keyboard 349
KTM-3/80 Synertek Tubeless Terminal 385
TgMiTH I data
I systems
290-80 64 K
Z90-82 64 K, 1 double dens, drive
Z89-0 48K
Z89-1 48K, 1 drive
Z67 1 0 Megabyte + Floppy Drive
Z37 1.3 Megabyte Dual Floppy
Z25 High Speed Printer
Z\ 9 Video Terminal (VT-52 compatible)
ZVM-121 Green Phosphor Monitor
All Zenith Software discounted
2170
2395
1950
2150
4495
1495
1195
670
119
ATARr
SPECIALS
800 Computer
400- 16K
810 Disk Drive
825 Printef
850 Interface
822 Printer
Paddle Pair
Joystick Pair
16KRAM
Assembler/Editor
TeleLink
Write for
695
339
449
629
175
359
17
17
85
46
20
410 Recorder 69
Pilot 68
Microsoft BASIC 68
Educ. Series 20% ott
MISSILE COMMAND 32
ASTEROIDS
STAR RAIDERS
Space Invaders
Music Composer
Chess
Super Breakout
32
32
32
45
30
30
prices on other Atan items.
252 Bethlehem Pike
Colmar, PA 18915
215-822-7727
A B Computers
WRITE FOR CATALOG
Add $1 .25 per order tor shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface
charges on all prepaid orders. Prices listed are on cash discount
basis. Regular prices slightly higtier. Prices subject to change.
KMMM PascaNorPET/CBM $85
A subset Of Standard Pascal witti extensions,
' Mactiine language Pascal Source Editor with cursor
oriented window mode
- Machtne Language P-Code Compilef
' P-Code to machine language translator for optimized
object code
- Run-time package
- Floating point capability
- User manual and sample programs
Requires 32K Please specify configuraiton
EARL for PET (disk file based] $65
Editor, Assimblir, Riiocatir. Unkir
Generates relocatable object code using MOS Techrrafogy
mnerTwnics Disk file <nput (can edit files larger than
memory) Unks .multiple object programs as one memory
load Listing output to screen or pf inter Enhanced edftof
operates in both command rrxxJe and cursor oriented
"window" mode
RAM/ROM
for PET/CBM
4K or 8K bytes of soft ROM with optional
battery backup.
RAM /ROM IS compatible with any large keyboard machine.
Plugs into one of the ROM sxkets above screen menKjry to
give you swftch selected write protectable RAM
Use RAM/ROM as a software development tool to store data
or machine code beyorxJ the normal BASIC range. Use
RAM /ROM TO LOAD A ROM image where you have possible
conflicts with more than one FIOM requiring the same socket
Possible applications include machine language sort (such as
SUPERSORT), universal wedge. Extramon, etc
RAM/ROM - - 4K $85
RAM/ROM - - 8K 1 20
Battery Backup Option 30
SUPERSORT by James Strasma $35
Supersort \% an excellent general purpose machine
language sort routine for PET/CBM computers Softs both
ooe and two dimensioned arrays at lightning speed in either
ascending or descending order Other fields can be subsorted
when a match is found, and fields need not be in any special
order Sort arrays may be specified by name, and fields are
random length Allows sorting by bit to provide 8 categories
per byte. The routne works with all PET BASICS, adjusts to
any memory size, arxJ can co-exist with other p-rograms m
high memory
SuperGraphics
by Jofin Fluharty $30
SuperGraphics orovides machine language extensions to
Commodore BASIC to allow fast arxl easy plotting and
manipulation of graphics on the PET/CBf^ video display, as
well as SOUND commands
Animations that previously were too slow or impossible
without machine language subroutines now can be pro-
grammed directly in BASIC Move blocks (or rocketships, etc ).
or entire areas of the screen with a single, easy to use BASIC
command Scroll any portion of the screen up, down, left, or
right, Turn on or off any of the 4000 (8000 on 8032) screen
pixels with a smgle BASIC command In high resolution mode,
draw vertical, honzontal. and diagonal lires Draw a box, fill a
box. and move it around on the screen with easy to use BASIC
ccxnmands
T?^e SO U N D commands allow you to mttiate a note of series
of notes <or even several songs) from BASIC, and then play
them in the background mode without interfering with your
BASIC program. This allows your program to run a! full speed
with simultaneous graphics and music
SuperGraphics commands include GRAPHIC. TEXT. RVS,
SET DRAW. FILL PLOT MOVE, PRINT, CSET. CMOVE.
DISPLAY. PUT. SWAP, PAUSE, and SOUPJD
Please specify machine lype and ROM version, disk or tape
fir PET/CBM Zm^\%n
Self Calculating
DATA BASE
flEPORT WRITER
MAILING LIST
FLEX- FILE IS a set of flexible, friendly programs to allow
you to set up and maintain a data base Print hies with a
versatile Report Writer or a Mail Label routine. Pro-
grammers will find it easy to add subroutines to their own
programs lo make use of Data Base files.
RANDOM ACCESS QATA BASE
Record size limit is 250 characters. Tbe number of recofds
per disk (S limited only by the size of each record and the
number of records per disk is limited only by the size of each
record and the amount of free space on the disk. File
maintenance lets you step forward or backward through a
file, add. delete, or change a record, go to a numbered
record, or find a record by specified field, The Find command
locates any record when you enter all (or a portion of) the
desired key Field lengths may vary from record to record to
allow maximum packing of informatKXi Files may be sorted
by any held, and any field may be specified as a key
Sequential files from other programs may be converted to
Flex- File formal and Flex- File records may be corrverted to
sequential (WordPro, PaperMate. other word processors
may also use Flex-File data). Maximum record size, fields
per record, and order of fields may be changed at any time
MAILING LABELS
With typical record size of 127 characlers, each disk can
handle over 1000 records (about 2800 with 8050 drive)
Labels may be printed any number wide, and may begin in
any column position There is rw limit on the number or order
of fields on a label, and two or three fields may be joined
together on or>e line (like first rtame. last name, and title) A
"type of customer" field allows selective printing
REPORT WRITER
Print any field m any column For numeric delds. use
decimal point lustification (and round to any accuracy).
Define any column as a sertes of mathematical functions
performed on other ayumns These functions ir^lude
anthmetic operations and vantxjs log and trig functions
Pass results of operations such as nimwq total from row to
row At the end of the report, print total and/or average for
any column Complete record selection, including field
within range pattern match. arxJ logical functions can be
specified individually or m combination with other
parameters
FLEX-FILE by Mlc^ttl Rilay $60
Please specify equipment configuration when ordering
Low Cost Disk Drive for PET/CBM
PEDISK II from cgrs Mcrotech is a new disk system ready
to plug into your large keyboard PET/CBM
PEDISK II offers speed, reliability. IBM compatibility
Complete system pnces with DOS and cable
S" 40 track, 1 drive 143K S525
5" 40 track. 1 dnve. 286 K 690
8" I8M 3740 format. 77 track, 250K 995
PROGRAM YOUR OWN EPROMS
Bnndfng Iron for PET/CBM S79
EPROM Programmer with software for all RDM versions
Includes all hardware and software to program or copy
2716 and 2532 EPROMs
CBM Sflftwin
Legal Time Accounting Package 445
Medical Accounting Package
Com^tti CBM Butfiiu Seftwin PKkifi
Can be taitored to meet niost business requirements
Technician's Investment Analysis Package 500
Dow Jones Portfolio Management 1 29
Personal Tax Calculator 65
Tax Preparation System 445
Wordcraft 80 Wordprocessor Package 325
Pascal Development Package 235
Assembler Development Package 99
Intelligent Terminal Emulator 30
Soltpac 1 (Competitive Software) 29
FORTH for PET
BY L C. Cargile and Michael Riley $50
Features include:
full FIG FORTH model.
all FORTH 79 STANDARD extensions
structured 6502 Assembler with nested decision making
macros,
full screen editing (same as when programming m
BASIC).
auto repeat key,
sample programs.
standard size screens 116 lines by 64 characters)
1 50 screens per diskette on 4040, 480 screens on 8050,
ability to read arxl wnte BASIC sequential filea
introductory manual.
reference manual
Runs on any 16K or 32K PET/CBM (including 8032) with
ROM 3 or 4. and CBM disk drive. Please specify configuration
when ordering
Available soon:
Metacompiler for FORTH $30
simole metacompiler fo^ creating compacted object code
which can be executed independently (without the FORTH
system)
PaperMate
60 COMMAND
WORD
PROCESSOR
by Michael Riley
AB ■b
Paper-M ate is a f u ll-f eatured word processor f or C B M/PEI
Paper-Mate incorporates 60 commands to give you full
screen editing with graphics for all 16K or 32K machines
lincfuding 8032). all printers, and disk or tape drives.
For writing text, Paper- Mate has a definable keyboard so
you can use either Business or Graphics machines Shift
lock on letters ooty, or use keyboard shift lock All keys
repeal
Paper- Mate text editing includes floating cursor, scroll up
Of down, page forward or back and repeating insert and
delete keys Text block handling includes transfer, delete,
append, save. load, and insert
AH formatting commands are imbedded in text for
complete control Commands include margin control and
release column adjusl 9 tab settings, variable line spacing
justify text center text, and auto print form letter (vajiable
biock) Files can be linked so that one command prints an
entire manuscript. Auto page, page headers, page numbers,
pause at end of page, and hyphenation pauses are included.
Unlike rnost word processors. CBM graphics as well as
text can be used Paper-Mate can serxi any ASCII code
over any secondary address to any printer
Paper- Mate (unctions with 16/32K CBM/PET machines,
with any printer, and with either cassette or disk
To order Paper- Mate please specify configuration
Pipir-Mitt on dlskorttpi 40.00
BASIC INTERPRETER $200
Designed to support the CBM 8096 i8032 with add-on 64 K
board) A full interpreter implementation to automatically take
advantage of the extra memory available to the 8032
BPI6enenlUdgcr-B03Z/8050
300
BPtAccoiintinecclnbte-8032/B0&0
3Q0
HiydiR Softwtn
Complex Mathematics
1270
Engineering Mathematics
12.70
General Mathematics
12.70
MCAP:Circuit Analysis Program
21.00
Er>ergy Miser
2450
CASH MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
$45
Easy to use Keeps track of cash disbursements, cash
receipts, cash transfers, expenses for up to 50 categories
MIl^RO-REVERSI for PET by Michael Riley 10
super machine language version of Othello
Tuirnil Vision / Kit & Mouu by Michael Riley 10
two excellent machine language maze programs
252 Bethlehem Pike
Colmar, PA 18915
21&822-7727 A B Coiii|iuters
WRITE FOR CATALOG
Add $1 .25 per order for shipping. We pay balance of UPS surface
charges on all pr^kl orders. Prices listed are on cash dtscount
basis. Regular prices slightly tiigtier. Piices sul)|ect to change.
68
COMPUTEl
March, 1982- tssLte 22
Word Hunt
Robert W.Baker
AtcQ NJ
This game is designed to test your ability to find
specific words or letter sequences hidden in a 10 by
10 letter matrix. Scoring is based on the time it
takes to enter your correct answer within a given
time period determined by the skill level selected.
The program uses very little memory and will
easily run in 8K,
To play the game, first select the skill level you
want to play at, between 1 and 5. One is the easiest,
allowing the maximum time of approximately 1.5
minutes to find each w^ord. Skill level 5, however,
will only allow about 20 seconds to find each word.
Next enter a list of ten words, each being three
to eight characters long. Only the letters A to Z
may be entered, but they really do not have to be
w^ords. You can even use the game to make learning
foreign languages more fun. If two people are
playing, let one player enter the words for the
other to find. Try to mix the word lengths, entering
both long and short words for best results. It too
many long words are entered it may take a while
for the puzzle to be generated. If any word will not
fit into the matrix, enter a new list of words when
asked.
When the puzzle is ready, hit any key to start
the game. Timing will start when the first word
is shown.
Scoring for a correct answer is based on the
amount of time it takes to respond, with 100 points
maximum for each of ten words. If a correct answer
is given in five seconds, you score 100 points. After
that, your possible score decreases with time to a
minimum often points for a correct answer. A
wrong answer does not score any points and you
only get one try for each word.
To enter your answer, you give a row and
column number of the first character of the word
followed by the direction code (see the diagram in
the game!). Any invalid entries are discarded and
you only type numbers, voii do not tvpe a comma
or RETURN.
Before looking at how the program actually
works, let's take a look at the major variables used
in the program:
S - defines the size of the letter matrix to be
created.
W — defines the number of words to be entered
and used in the matrix.
M(S,S) - is the actual letter matrix, note that a
floating point numeric matrix is used instead
of a string matrix. More about this later.
W$(W)-- contains the word list.
L(W,3) — remembers the starting location and
direction of each w^orcl after it has been placed
in the letter matrix. Each entry directly corre-
sponds to the entry in the same position in the
word matrix.
P(S,S) and F(8) - are working matricies used to
create the actual letter matrix used in the
game.
Now let's take a look at how the program
works. First the program gets the desired skill level
(SL) as a number between 1 anci 5. The piogram
sets a default value of 3 on the input line that the
user can change before hitting the REl URN key.
Lines 130-290 then get the list of words and check
each is a valid character' string (A-Z). The words
are put into the word list in alphabetical order as
each word is entered by the user. This avoids the
time consuming process of sorting the entire word
list at the end. In this way, there is a short delay as
each word is entered. Hiis short delay is not even
noticeable by the user!
Line 340 initializes the latter matrix to all "^'s
(decimal value 42). Now each word in the word list
is inserted randomlv in the letlei matrix in the
folhm^ing fashion:
1) The point matrix is cleared (line 360) so
we can remember what points in the matrix
have l>een tried for a particular word in the
word list.
2) Lines 400-440 check that there is still at
least one point in the letter matrix that has not
been tried (entry in P is still 0). If all points
have been tried, the user is asked tt) enter a
new list of words since this list will not fit prf>p-
erly in the letter matrix.
3) A random starting point (that has not been
tried) is chosen in line 450.
4) The starting point is flagged as having been
tried (P vakie now 1) and then a check is made
to see if the matrix position is open (still '^)
or matches the first letter of the word (lines
460-470).
5) Now^ the direction matrix (F) is cleared to
remember what directions have been tried
from this starting point (line 490).
6) A check is made that at least one direction
still hasn't been tried from this point (lines
500-510).
7) A random direction (that has not been
tried) is chosen in line 520,
/
[HE
And guess who stars as the
lovie monster You! As any of six
ifferent monsters. More if you
ave the disk version.
You can terrorize and destroy
)ur of the world's largest and
lost densely populated cities in
^er 100 possible scenarios,
^om Tokyo to the Golden Gate,
Du are the deadliest creature in
ie air, on the land, or in the ^a.
You can be the deadly am-
hibian who simultaneously
nashes street cars, lunches on
elpless humans and radiates a
ly of death.
If you were a giant winged
eature, think of the aerial
stacks you could make on the
•rrified but tasty tidbits beneath
DU,
But as in all the best monster
lovies, you're up against every-
ling the human race can throw
: you— even nuclear warheads
id a strange concoction devel-
Ded by a team of mad scientists.
For only $29.95 you get 6 stu-
?ndous monsters, each with its
jvn monstrous summary card,
teeming metropoli displayed \n
'aphic detail on your computer
splay and mapped in the
xompanying 48-page illustrat-
J book, the awesome sounds of
onsterly mayhem, and spine*
igling, real-time, edge-of-your-
at excitement.
3ET CRUSH, CRUMBLE & CHOMP
low at your local dealer for your APPLE, ATARI,
)r TRS-80 . . before it's too late.
^^
70
COMFUTII
Morch, 1982. Issue 22
8) Then the word is checked to see if it can
physically fit in the matrix in the selected
direction from the current starting point (lines
530-650). This insures the word will not exceed
the boundaries of the letter matrix from this
point.
9) If the word can fit, then each character
position in the selected direction is checked
against the corresponding character of the
word (lines 760-690). Each character in the
matrix must match the corresponding charac-
ter in the word or must be unused (still *).
10) If the word can be entered at this starting
point and in this direction, each letter is in-
serted in the latter matrix (lines 710-720).
Then the starting location and direction are
saved for later use (line 740).
1 1) If the word will not fit, then the next direc-
tion is tried until all directions are exhausted
from this point.
When all words have been put into the matrix,
the remaining unused positions (still *) are filled in
with random letters (lines 760-770).
Everything is now set to play the game, as soon
as the player hits a key (lines 780-800). The letter
matrix is displayed along with a direction code
diagram and a score box (lines 820-960). A word is
given to the player for him to find in the matrix
and the timer is restarted (Hnes 970-1000). Then
the program prompts the player for the starting
location and direction code (lines 1020-1 1 70). The
values entered are then checked to see if correct,
first against the values saved when the word was
put into the matrix (lines 1 190-1210). If the value
does not match, then the program checks to see if a
"double" was created when the unused positions
were filled with random letters. Thus the program
checks the player's answer again to insure it is right
or wrong (lines 1230-1280). If a bad answer is
entered, it is indicated and the correct answer is
displayed with no score added (lines 1360-1430). A
good answer is indicated and the appropriate score
displayed and added to the player's total. The
score is based on the selected skill level and the
time it takes to enter the answer.
That's all there is to it! I should explain that a
numeric vector was used for the actual letter matrix
since it was easier and faster to use. Most people
who have tried this game have found it to be very
interesting and fun to play. At times it can even be
educational, I only hope it's as much fun for you!
For those who might not want to type in the
program. Til supply copies on cassette tape for $2.
Be sure to send requests to me and not through
the magazine.
Program 1 : Atari Version
18 REn tnt woRtt HJHT nxt
20 REM
30 REM BY -ROBERT W. BAKER
A& REM ATCO. \li
50 RtM nt:R^^:mt4:»^^^^:tt?■i
60 REM
70 OPEN #1.4.6. "K:"
80 S=10^W=10^DIM iKS.S>.H$(W*10).LiKW).P
(S.S>.UW.3).F(8).R*<18)..Tt(10)
85 T$=" ":FOR 1=8 TO 9:H$(Itl0+
L 1*10+10 >T$:he(T 1
90 POKE 752.0:FRUfr «iCLEAR>CDui.tOmAT S
KILL LEI.EL"
100 ? :? M (EAS;Y) - TO - 5 » (HHRDr^3'i2
110 I**UT >MF X<1 W: X>5 THEN 168
120 Sl=6-X
130 ? "{2 D'>frdEmER ".^W;" trjRDS."
140 ? "Ea.r^. 3 te 7 c^^racters ]om<2 DOW
N>"
150 REM m^ GET mXiS fe PUT IN ORDER
160 Rei tt* La-i:EST to shortest
170 FOR X=l TO W^L(X.1)=0 = L(X.2)=0^L<X.3
)=0
180 FRIHI ''Km ^Xi:IffllT F:$
190 GH.EN(R$)
208 IF Q<3 THEH ? n TCO SHORT :^-"^GOT0 1
30
210 IF Q>7 THBi ? n TOJ U>4Q *":GOTO 1
80
220 >S=0 ^ T$=":$" : T$( 2 )*$ = T$( LEN^; T$ )+l >=»
*" ^ FOR Y=l TO Q ^ A=ftDC( T$( Y+1 . Y+1 ) >
230 IF i¥:e5 m a>98 then ;k9=i=y=q
240 l€XT Y:IF 'XS=1 THEN PRINT n BAD vm
D •:{;": GOTO 180
250 IF X^l THEH T$=R$a$(Q+l)=":r^:U$(X«l
0-9.X*18>=TI^UKX:>=Q+l = GOTO 298
260 X9=0-FOR Y=l TO X-MF GK=LbKY>l TH
EH 280
270 FOP. Et=X TO Y+1 STEP -ia$=W$((B-l)^t;l
0-9. ( B- 1 )*10 ) '■ m B*10-9.. Btl 0 )=T$ = LH( B :^L
N(B"l):tKT B
275 T$=R$ = T$(Q+1 >="*" :ti*( Y*10-9.Y:il0)=T$
:LN(Y>=1EH<T*)^Y=X-1
230 hCKT Yap X9=0 THEN T$=R$a$(Q+l>=*'*
" :W$( X*10-9.X^:l0>=T$tLN(X)=LEN< T*)
290 f-ea X
300 F-aCE 752.1^? "<CLEAR}'C7 Dijm^That^s
en«jU9h words!''
310 PRINT "C6 D0WN}P1ea5e be patient...
11
320 ? "G DOlfO I'm riow fftakin
9 the r-'UZZle!"
330 REM :m INITIALIZE LETTER MATRIX tUt
1YPS
RIGHT on your own
MICROCOMPUTER
1YPS
RIGHr is a complete
course of 22 typing pro-
grams.
TYpe
RJGHT
has easy directions.
The beginner will find all
necessary instructions dis-
played on the screen, but
there is extensive docu-
mentation for the pro-
grammer who wishes to
make adaptations.
1YP6
BGHT is varied to keep
your interest. You will be
typing hundreds of real
words, not just random
letter drills. Your spelling
and writing skills will
improve. There are even
five games!
lYpe ^ .
RGHT emphasizes accu-
racy first, then speed,
TYPe
RIGHr computes words
per minute the official way
(Errors are subtracted.)
RIGHT is a fantastic edu-
cational value at less than
$2 per program.
BARRON ENTERPRISES
714 Willow Glen Road
Santa Barbara, CA 93105
(805) 687-5873
$29.95 PET (8K)
-^ $1.50 shipping 8t
6% CA tax
D cassette n diskette
SWIFTY SOFTWARE
TOP RATED
PRODUCTS FOR ATARI
RU-rr
TM
^^E?'''^ HARDWARE -,„
.it DISKSEMTRY ^"
S^ An intaifeQsm digital accfrssory fof your ATARI 810 CHsk
S^ Drivfl. lets you Ml«ct^^ly wUta data to both skJ«s of $irvQi«
skJtd af>d write protoded disks. DISK SENTRY canrwt iism
yogr dfivt of disks. Installs and removes easily ; no soldering
required. DISK SENTRY'S LED signals systerri status, proven-
ling accidental erasure ot Oata, DISK SENTRY is a convenient
push button writs-protect overrJOe which can pay for Itsetl
Witt! your first box of disks. $39 95 + S2.50 Shipping and
Handling.
ARCADE flAMES
24K Disk: t6K Cassette; Joystick required
Add these popular HIGH RESOLUTION. REAL-TIME.
ANIMATED games to your software arsenal. Get
FAST ACTION and FULL SOUND GRAPHICS that take
advantage of the unique features of your ATARI. En-
joy challenge that requires strategy and skill.
SPACE CHASE ^"^
Fly against Intelligent invader clones. Arm yourself with
Nuclear t>8fBnse Charges arwl play with or without Oefense
Shields Enjoy tills action -packed multicolor space Odyssey.
Displays top scofe, number of planets saved and number ot
galaxies conquered. S 1 4. 9 S cassette: $19.95 disk
TDMEBOma^^
Meet the challenge of this fast moving animated race against
time, ef>em¥ aircraft artti enemy bombs as you attempt to
disarm tlmebom&s set to expSode ammunition depots. Avo^d
aircraft ot varying sizes and speeds - and their bomtts.
Choose one of feri Day or Night Missions Use from orre to lour
Joysticks. Any number can play; top players listed on
scoreboard $14.95 cassette: tl9. 95 disk
AND MORE GAMES
^""TfltVIATflEKTM
Unlimited fun and lots of laughs fof one or two players. Five
iiurvdred questions and two thousand multiple choice answers
are supplied on the master diskette A powerful dalafile han-
dling program allows creation of your own trivia questions and
answers Features Include: Player Missile Graphics, user or
random selection of suCiJects and numerous comical answer
choices. This DISK ONLY package comes complete with user
instructions- An tncredible value for only 129.95. Requires
32K and disk drfve.
^ WOflDGAMES. POSSIBLE and LEAPFROG giving you hours of
fun, challenge and entenalnment WORDGAMES, two games
in one, contains GUESSiT - a deductive alphabetic reasoning
game lor one or two players and WORDJUMBLE - a multiple
word desc rambling puzzle with play-on-wofd hints and
mystery answers. Instructions show how you can substitute
your own words. Use POSSIBLE to iielp descramble word
jjmhie puzzles or to create your own. All lettef/number com-
binalions or permutations of input are printed to screen or op-
tional printer. LEAPFROG is a Chinese-Checker type jumping
game in which you try lo position two sets of animated jum-
ping frogs In a minimum number of moves, 16K Cassette
$19.95: ?4K Disk $24,95. Disk version of GUESSIT works
with VOTRAX Type "n" TALK A real Cfowd pleaser.
COM INS SQONI SpKi Shuttle AtfvfotsTi Seifei TM
Real-time Space Flight Simulations
. PERSDKAL DATA MANAQEMENT
^FILE-IT 2 TM
Contains all the programs in FILE- IT plus five additional file
handling and financial programs. Financial entry and report
generator programs create a powerful personal accounting
system while two additional utility programs pnjvide random
access updating and user controlled record selection. Sub-
files may be created, merged and sorted by any field. A mon-
thly Bar Graph program generates a visual picture of financial
data on the screen and/w printer. Supports up lo lour disk
drhres as well as the AXLOW RAMDISK. Minimum
requirements are 24K, t disk drive and an BO column printer.
Extensive documentation, supplied in a ring binder, provides
clear instruction along with a tutorial on computer filing.
$49.95 + $3-25 Shipping and Handling. AXLOH (UMDISK
not required
Use this ttart up ditabite tyvtew to m and rranage personal
intormation and data. Create, sort, store and manipulate in-
formation such as appointment calendars, address, or
teiephone data, credit or charge records, stock investments,
medjcai or prescription information, hobby, coupon or other
types of collection information, and more. With printer you
get 1 or Z across mailing labels, disk jacket inventory ccvefs
and neatly written copy of all your data files Comes with well
documented Instructon manual explaining basics of computer
filing. Fast and easy to use. Holds over 300 records in 4 OK.
Requires minimum of Z4K and i disk drive. Printer optional.
$34.95 (Dtsk Only)
C0MIN6 SaONI TN Fifftly FlninctirT*'
AN easy to use financial package.
-TK
UTILITIES
OlSKEnE mVEMTORY StSTIM '
Use this system to gain contrd of your expanding
dlsk/pfogram inventory. Quickly get locations of single or
multiple copies of your programs and all your valuable files.
An Invaluable tod, this system is easy and convenient to use
and to update. 24K disk system required. $24 J5 Piinter
suggested
SWIFTY UTILITIES
A valuable collection of programming utilities for the ATAJ^l
programmer. This DISK ONLY package includes iN of
Programming Aids I and additional programs designed to
make programming time mofe efficient. Special MENU
program runs both saved ar>d listed programs. REM
REMOVER eliminates flEM statements so programs take less
core and run taster. PRINT 825 and PRINTERS custom print
programs prepare condensed, indented and paginated
program listings on your ATARI 825 or EPSON MX*80 prin-
ter. Listings identify machine code, graphics and inverse
video characters. VARIABLE LIST and VARIABLE PRINT
programs help you prepare alphabetized annotated list of your
program variables. A delete lines utility provides convenience
of line deletion while a DOS CALLER gives you convenienl ac-
cess to many DOS utilities while your program is in core.
D^skiist prepares disk jacket labels. Many of these programs
work coresident with each other and with your program. Disk
Oriveand minimum of 24K required. $29.95
Pfl09RAMMiNe AIDS PACKAQE I T**
Four utility programs to help increase programming efficiency
and learn more about your computer. RENUM8ER handles
references and even variables. Generates Diagnostic Tables
for programming error detection. PROGRAM DECODER,
DECIMAL to BCD and SCO to DECIMAL programs give you a
practical way of studying internal program representation and
ATARI number- conversion procedures. Comes with com-
prehensive user s manual 16K cassette $14.95: 24K disk
S1995
SWlPn OATALIHK ™
High Quality Smart Terminal Communications program. Easy
to use Multi-Option. Menu Driven. Full performance
uptoading/downloading. Worlds in Duplex or Simplex modes
supporting ASCII and ATASCll transmission Printer Dump.
Screen Dump and Disk Search options. Use as remote ter-
minal. Send /receive and »iere programs and data files. Saves
connect time charges with commercial services. Requires
24K RAM. aiO Disk Drive. 850 Interface or equivalent, 830 or
other 300 Baud modem. (Printer optional} $39.95
^SWIRY TAG H master™
"d^ An accurate i\tk ipeed dligneitiG utility program designed
specifically for ATARI 810 Disk Drives Provides easy-to-read
visual indication of the speed of any drive connected to your
system Using the accuracy of machine language, OlSK DOC*
TOR displays five RPM readings per second with a working
tachometer accurate to % RPM . Allows you to adjust your
drive{s) to factory specs easily and at any time in the con-
venience of your own home. Comes complete with easy lo
follow user's manual. $?9.95
^ ACCESSORIES
ii^ VIMYLOUSTCOVEflS
fyew, glove soft, vinyl dust covers for the ATARI BOO Com-
puter, the 400 Computer and the 825 Printer. Custom made
from heavy duty upholstery grade vinyl, these covers com-
p^tely cover the top and sides of your valuable equipment. Do
not contuse them with cheap, flimsy plastic covers available
elsewhere. Accessory ports and other inpuf/oulput plugs are
exposed for convenience of use. Available In either black or
"ATARI" beige. ATARI 400: $9.95: ATARI 800: SI 0.95;
ATARI 825: $10 95. Specify mode! and color Any two covers
for $18 95 Please include $2.50 for Shipping ar>d HandHng.
tend chick or meney order to:
SWIFTY SOFTWARE, INC.
64 BROAD HOLLOW ROAD
MELVILLE, N.Y. 11747
(516)549-9141
N.Y.Ritldintiidd7*^Hultitai
lend tor rrt* etliieijui dialr erdin and c.o.d . 't tccepted
©l9Bl,19S2Swifty Software, Inc.
NOTE: ATARI* is a registered trademark o* Atari Inc., a
Warner Communications Company and all references to
ATARI* should be so noted.
72
COMPUTEI
March, 1982 Jssue 22
340 FOR: X=l TO S^FOR Y=l TO S^f1<Y.y)=42 =
mil Y = HEXT x = Q=e
350 REM >^*t INIT POINT mTRIX i. GET f€XT
140RD
360 FOR X=l TO Si FOR Y=l TO S = P(Y/=^)=0:H
EXT Y
370 NEXT X = Q=Q+1 = IF Q>W THEN 760
380 l=LN(:Q)-2
390 REM tn TRY ALL POINTS FOR EACH WORD
400 K9=0:FOR X=l TO S^FOR Y=l TO P.: IF Rf
Y/X>=0 THEN X9=1:X=S:Y=?;
410 f€XT Y^hEXT X=IF X9=l THEN 450
420 REM tn WORD WILL ^T FIT.. TRY AGAIN
430 ? "{CLEAR} This list of i.Mord'^ uull no
t all fit."
440 ? ■? "PI ease enter another list of w
ords!":GOTO 139
450 ft=INT( '5mLK 1 HI ) = B=It-frc PilRNHf i HI -r :
IF F'<B..AX>0 THEH 45'3
460 !-"(B..A>=i ■ IF rKB.-AlMS ThEN 490
470 Ih M<B..AX)Ai€Cw*(Q:*:l8-9>> T"r£H 4m0
4S!0 RtH nt TRY ALL DIRECTIGriS FRfiK THIh
FtDIMT
490 FOR X=l TO 8:F(X)=9^NEXT X
580 X9=0^FGR X=l TO 3^ IF F(X;'=e im\ X9=
510 NEXT K^F X9=0 Ti€N 496
528 L!=IHT(3*RN0(l)+i::'=IF F':;D>=1 Th€N 528
530 F(D)=_i-OH u GOTO 550.. 590.= 580. €.28. 610
..650.. 649 .= 569
540 F£r1 :m C^€CK UORD wILL FIT
550 IF (A+b»S THEH 5m
560 IF (B-GXl THEN 589
570 iJJTO 670
580 IF (&+G)>S Ti€H 593
590 IF (R+G»S T^€H 590
600 L.0TO 6?e
610 IF (A-GKl ThEH 583
620 IF (B+G)>S THEH 599
630 QJTD 670
640 IF (B-GKl THEN 5S9
650 IF (A-GKl THEH 599
660 REM tU CHECK UORD MATCHES INTO MATR
IX
670 X=A^Y=B^=<^=0^FOR N=2 TO G+MJJSUB 15
5SaF M'::Y.X)=42 THEN 6'99
680 IF riCf/XX.>A:5Ca#:CQ-l>:*:10+N):J THEN
;K9=1:H=g+1
690 t€XT N=X=A = Y=B=IF X9=l THEN 598
700 RtM :ttl ENTER i'fMi
710 FOF: N=l TO G+riF M'::Y.X>=42 TfEN tKY
.. X >=HSC:( W. ■:: Ghl ):i:18+N ) )
720 GOSiUB 1550: NEXT H
730 REM W^ SAUE START & DIRECTION IHFO
740 L( Q .. i )=A- 1 : L( Q . 2 ;-=B- 1 = L< Q .. 3 >=0 = I F K
W TF£N 360
750 REM tn FILL IN SF-ACES
760 FOR Y=l TO S=FOF: X=l TO S = IF rt:Y.X)=
42 THEN M';Y..X;'=INT(25*RNDC1H65)
770 NEXT X:NEXT Y4F"=0aS=0
780 ? "lCLEAR:^•Clt1 DJUfJ |R
EADY i "
790 ? "Ce CiatC^ Depress ana kea u^-ien read
a to rlaa!"
^1 IF PEEK(:764:'=255 THEN 800
885 FAKE 764.. 255
810 F^EM tU SET LiF- DISPLAY
826 ? " {CLEAR} {BWK} I COLUMN i " .i = POKE
85.-26:? "m 0 R Dl"
830 F£M :m PRim 'ROW ffii-lN LEFT CCLUtlN
840 m\ tn 3TAR:T OUT D'lWH 4
850 F:EM tm LATER DO 5 UP & 3 RIGHT
860 ? " -14 D»0 t R i {OONNJ- CLEFT} 1 0 i -rDOH-JX
LEFT}IWIi5 iJp}::3 RIGHT} ";
870 FOR X=e TO S-1:? X.; :hEXT X^Y :Y=1:G0
SUB 1650
880 FOF: Y=l TO 5 = ? "{2 RIGHT) ^ Y-1. r "{=}"
i
8^1 FOF: X=l TO S^? CH^:l(rKY..X>:'j :J£XT X
9&3 ? "i=}":r€XT Y:Y=0:GuSUB 1650
916 ? ■■■'! "I DIRECT IONS:!":? "CDOWN} 7 8
1"
920 ? " •tG}!:=}LF}":? " 6{R}a}CR}2":?
" fF}-C=}{:G}"=? " 5 4 3"
930 G=16:UJSLE! 1700:? " I &:ORE T
^FOH^E S.25:? "m iB>"
546 F"0!<:E 85.. 25 = ? "€..0 S CB}"
950 F-OKE 35/25:? "iXO CB}"
955 F-GKE S'5/25:? "{9 K>"
960 G=9:Gft3UB 1780:? "
":REM <— 19 SF-ACES
970 tF=WF'+i:IF WM THEN 1450
980 G!=LN<HP>-1
990 F^M tU h£XT WJRD
1060 GGSUB 1700: POKE 85..29-CQ.'-2):? \m(.\'\
P-l>n0+L(|.p-l>$10+Q>
1805 FUKE 20..0:F'OKE 19.0:Fei KILL RTCLK
1010 REM tU GET START LO:
1020 G=3:G03L1B 1790:? "STARTING LOCATION
" ■■ POKE 85 . 20 : ? "< ROW . C0LU1N > = "
1830 FOR G=6 TO 14:G0SUB 1760
1640 ? " ":[€XT G:G=6:
GOSUB 1700: REM -<— 19 SPACES
1050 GET #LB:IF B=155 THEN 1050
1070 PF;IHT CH?$(B)j%";:IF B=48 THEN B=0
:G0TO 1998
1^0 B=B-48aF E<1 OR B>9 THEN F-RINT "<2
BACK S)";:GOTU 1658
1890 GET #LA
1108 IF ft=155 T>tN 1090
1110 PRINT a«f(A)j=IF ft=48 THEN A=0:GOT
*■ ***\-xonnec»oru— - — ^
Specials for the Month of March
These Prices Good Through March 30, 1982
Match Racer Retail $29.95 Now $22.95
Gebelli Software has you matching your wits and ability
against your race car opponent in a showdown of
racing skill.
Pool 1.5 Retail $34.95 Now $25.95
This popular Apple game now available for use with
your Atari 800.
Pathfinder Retail $39.95 Now $25.95
Blast your way through the maze filled with nuclear
waste and radioactive monsters in this neverbefore
released game by Gebelli Software.
GAMES
Checker King C 8K
Mtcrochess C 8K
Empire of the Overmind C 40K
The Datestones
of Ryn C/D 32K*
Rescue at Rigel . CD 16K*
Temple of
Apshai Dujonquest . . C/D 32K*
Star Warrior C/D 32K*
Crush, Crumble
& Chomp....... C/D 32K*
Invasion Orion ..... C/D 32K*
Major League Baseball D 40K*
Computer Acquire « . . . C 32K
Lords of Karma C 40K
Reversi C BK
Deflection C 8K
Sunday Golf C 16K
Adventure Series ...... C 24K
Mountain Shoot ....... C 16K
Galactic Trader C 32K
Poker Solitaire C 8K
Galactic Empire C 32K
Star Trek 3.5 ......... C 32K
Gomoku C 8K
Ricochet . . C 16K*
Mouskattack D 32K
Stone of Sisyphus . D 40K
Ali Baba D 32K
The following require joystick
Angle Worm C BK
Lunar Lander C 24K
Stocks and Bonds . . . . D 40K*
Cypher Bowl C/D 16K
Kayos C/D 8K
Crazy Shootout R 16K
.Ghost Hunter C i6K
Retail
Now
$ 19.95 $
15.95
19.95
15.95
30.00
24.00
19.95
15-95
29.95
23.95
39.95
31.95
39.95
31.95
29.95
23.95
24.95
19.95
30.00
34.00
20.00
16.00
20.00
16.00
19.95
15.95
14.95
11.95
14.95
1L95
19.95
15.95
14.95
11.95
19.95
15.95
14.95
11.95
19.95
15.95
19.95
15.95
19.95
15.95
19.95
15.95
34.95
27.95
34.95
27.95
32.95
26.50
controllers
14.95
11.95
14.95
11.95
25.(X)
20.00
49.95
39.95
34.95
27.95
49.95
39.95
29.95
22.50
Ghosthunter Retail $34.95 Now $25.95
2 player version of the arcade maze game with
multiple levels of play.
Andromeda 2 Retail $34.95 Now $25.95
First time ever for any machine by Gebelli Software.
Trapped inside a gigantic living organism you must
find your way out before the antibodies get you.
Jaw Breaker Retail $29.95 Now $22.95
This arcade game takes you to the candy store for a wild
game of tag with some of the rowdiest play mates you'll
find anywhere. ^^^^^^
MISCELLANEOUS Retail Now
Vis/Calc** D 32K $199.95 $145.00
A number one best seller by Apple® now available
for your Atari.
16K
149.95 119.95
29.95
22.50
99.95
79.95
99.95
79.95
149.95
119.95
199-95
160.00
39.95
31.95
APPLE USERS CHECK
Letter Perfect** ...... D
UK Utility
Mail/Merge** D 16K
Data Perfect** D 32K
Text Wizard** D 32K
Datastn-65** D 48K
Edit 6502*** R 24K
The Next Step*** D 32K
The following require joystick controllers
Micro-Painter** D 48K 34.95 27.95
Character
Generator*** D 24K* 19.95 15.95
Lisp 2.0*** D 48K 149.95 119.95
(C) Cassette Tape (D) Diskette (R) ROM Cartridge
*Requires Atari Basic ***No printer option
**Printer optional
Catalog free with any order or send $2
postage and handling to
THE SOFTWARE
CONNECTION
5133 Vista Del Oro Way
Fair Oaks, CA 95628
MAIL ORDERS; For fast delivery, send
certified check, money orders or Visa or
MasterCard number and expiration date, for
total purchase price plus 1% or $2 minimum
for postage and handling. Add $5 for ship-
ments outside the continental U.S.
California residents add 6% sales tax.
COD and Chargecard orders may call
(916) 989-3174. Subject to stock on hand.
Prices subject to change.
OUR CATALOG
74
COMPUTE!
March,1982Jssue22
0 UAH
1120 ft=ft-48=IF A<1 OR A>9 Tf£N 1838
1140 G=S = GOSUB ITee^PRIhfT "DIRECTICS^:":'?
^POKE 85.20:? " {LEFT}";
1150 GET #LD
1160 IF D=155 im\ 1158
1170 PRI^fT a«$<D>j=l>[M8=IF EKl OR D>8
T^EN 1140
1180 REM :m OK IF QDOD INFO IUHJI
1 190 WT=PEEKf: 20 >+256*PEEK< 1 9 ) = IF B^' >L( l-P
.2) Tf€H 1230
1210 IF D=L(tP.3> T>€N 1360
1220 REM tn CHK IF A DOUBLE MAY EXIST
1230 X=ft+l:Y=B+l:G=LMf:i*>>-l:IF M':Y.XX>A
SC(W$(WP*10-9» -mEN 1300
1240 X9=e = F0R N=2 TO G = GOSLIB ISSe^F X<1
OR X>10 imi 1270
1250 IF Y<1 OR Y>10 THEN 1270
1260 IF 11CY.X>=ASC<l^Cl.p-l>*10+H)) THEN
1280
1270 X9=l :W=G
1280 NEXT NaF X9=0 T^€N 1360
1290 REM **:i: Ktfj START/DIR - HO SCORE
13® G=6:GuSUB 1700 ^PRIh^ "
";:B=L<l>P.2):A=L<ll'.l):REM 14 SPACES
1310 ? e;%";A
1320 G=10:GOaB 1700:? " ..;!_
(VP,3):REM 13 SF-ACES
(IP.3>-REM 13 ^>A»;ES
1330 G=12:G0SUB 1760 = ? "tESOOP}
{ESC>aJF'}"tRB1 13 SPACES
1340 G=i3:G0SUB 1700 = ? "CD lt«L CORREC
T CO": GOTO 1420
1^0 REM tn GOOD At^Sl€R - GET SCORE
1360 IF WT<(SL*60) T^€N 143=100 = GOTO 1390
= REM <~ MAX SCORE
1370 IF l-JTXSL:scl200) THEN WS=18 = G0T0 139
0 = REM <- MIN SCORE
1380 i'iS=5+IMTC((SU:?.1200>-WTV60)
1390 G=12 = G0SUB 1790 = ? "CESOtUP}"
1400 G=13:Gi3S!JB 17^:? "iZ> lYESh ";HS;
" POINTS" :TS=TS+WS
1410 REM :m UPDATE TOTAL SCORE
1420 G=18=G05UB 1780=? "iS RIGHT; "jTS
1430 FOR X=l TO 508:h£XT X^GOTO 960
1440 REM nt BO GATE tU
1450 POSITION 2. 15
1460 FOR X=l TO S=? " "'tEXT
X:REM <- 12 ST-ACfS
1470 FOR t>-2 TO 14 = G0SIB 1700
14^ F-RINT " "=f€XT G=RE
M 17 SPACES
1490 POSITION 2.15=? "PLAY AGAIN (Y OR N
) ?"
1500 GET *LR
1510 IF R=ASC("Y'') THEN 90
1520 IF ROASCC'H") T^e^ 1580
1530 END
1540 REM n% SUBR TO INC COORDINATES IN
DIR
1550 ON D GOTO 1560. 1570. 1580. 1590. 1600,
1610. 1620. 1630
1560 Y^l"-!
1570 X=X+l=RaL5?N
1580 X-X+1
1590 Y=V+1: RETURN
1600 Y-V+i
1610 X-X 1= RETURN
1620 X=X-1
1630 Y=Y-J:F£TURN
1640 REM n% SUBR FOR EOT TOPz-BOTTOM
1650 PRINT "a RIGHT}";: IF y=i jHEH ? "{
Q}";:G0TO 1670
1660 PRINT "<Z}";
1670 FOR :=<=0 TO 3-1=? »«}"; :^CXT X^F Y
=1 TI€H PRINT "{D"=RETURN
1680 ? -a":>": RETURN
1690 REM tn SUBR TO POSITION
1700 POSITION 20. G+2: RETURN
Program 2: Microsoft Version
10 REM ***** WORD HUNT **♦
**
20 REM
3 0 REM BY: ROBERT W. BAKER, ATCO, ~
NJ
40 REM
50 REM ***************************
**
60 :
7 0 FOR X=l TO VAL(RIGHT$ (TI$,2) } :
R=RND(1) :NEXT :POKE 59468
,12
80 S=10 :W=10 :DIM M(S,S) ,W$ (W) ,P{
S,S) ,L(W,3),F(8)
90 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN} WHAT SKILL L
EVEL"
100 PRINT :PRINT"1 (EASY) - TO - 5 *
(HARD) 3 {03 LEFT}";
110 INPUT R$ :X=VAL(R$) :IF X<1 OR "
X>5 THEN 90
120 SL=6-X
130 PRINT" {02 DOWN } ENTER" W"WORDS,"
140 PRINT :PRINT"EACH 3 TO 8 CHARAC
TERS LONG {02 DOWN}
150 REM **** GET WORDS & PUT IN ORD
ER
160 REM **** LONGEST TO SHORTEST
170 FOR X=l TO W :L{X,1)=0 :L(X,2)=
0 :L(X,3)=0
180 PRINT"W0RD";X;TAB(8) ;"{02 RIGHT
March. 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTEI
75
RIGHT} ?{ 03 LEFT}";
190 INPUT R$ :Q=LEN(R$)
200 IF Q<3 THEN PRINT TAB( 26) ; " {UP}
* TOO SHORT *" :GOTO 180
210 IF Q>8 THEN PRINT TAB ( 26) ; " {UP}
* TOO LONG *" :GOTO 180
220 X9=0 :POR Y=l TO Q :A-ASC(MID$(
"*"+R$+"*",Y+l,l))
230 IF A<65 OR A>90 THEN X9=l :Y=Q
240 NEXT y :IF X9=l THEN PRINT TAB (
26); "{UP}* BAD WORD *" :G
OTO 180
250 IF X=l THEN W$(X)=R$+"*" :GOTO "
290
260 X9=0 :FOR Y=l TO X-1 :IF Q<=LEN
(W${Y))-1 THEN 280
270 FOR B=X TO Y+l STEP -1 :W${B)=W
$(B-1) :NEXT B :W$(Y)=RS+"
*" :X9=1 :Y=X-1
280 NEXT Y :IF X9=0 THEN W$(X)=R$+"
* ti
290 NEXT X
300 PRINT" {CLEAR} (07 DOWN} " ; SPC ( 8 ) ;
"THAT'S ENOUGH WORDS!" : RE
M < — 7 DOWN
310 PRINT" {06 DOWN}PLEASE BE PATIEN
T " :REM < — 6 DOWN
320 PRINT"{03 D0WN}";SPC(12) ; "I'M N
OW MAKING THE PUZZLEl
330 REM **** INITIALIZE LETTER MATR
IX
340 FOR X=l TO S : FOR Y=l TO S :M(Y
,X)=42 :NEXT Y :NEXT X ;Q=
0
350 REM **** INIT POINT MATRIX & GE
T NEXT WORD
360 FOR X=l TO S : FOR Y=l TO S :P(Y
,X)=0 :NEXT Y
370 NEXT X :Q=Q+1 :IF Q>W THEN 760
380 G=LEN(W$(Q))-2
390 REM **** TRY ALL POINTS FOR EAC
H WORD
400 X9=0 :FOR X=l TO S :FOR Y=l TO '
S: IF P(Y,X)=0 THEN X9=l :
X=S :Y=S
410 NEXT Y :NEXT X: IF X9=l THEN 45
0.
420 REM **** WORD WILL NOT FIT, TRY
AGAIN!
430 PRINT" {CLEAR}THIS LIST OF WORDS
WILL NOT ALL FIT
440 PRINT :PRINT"PLEASE ENTER ANOTH
ER LIST OF WORDS !" :GOTO ~
130
450 A=INT(S*RND(1)+1) : B=INT{S*RND (
1)+1) :IF P(B,A)<>0 THEN 4
50
460 P(B,A)=1
IF M{B,A)=42 THEN 490
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
71«
720
730
740
7 50
760
770
780
790
IF M(B,A) <> ASC(LEFT$(W$ (Q) ,1)
) GOTO 400
REM **** TRY ALL DIRECTIONS FRO
M THIS POINT
FOR X=l TO 8 :F(X)=0 :NEXT X
X9=0 :FOR X=l TO 8 :IF F(X)=0 T
HEN X9=l :X=8
NEXT X :IF X9=0 THEN 400
D=INT(8*RND(1)+1) :IF F(D)=1 GO
TO 520
F(D)=1 :0N D GOTO 550,590,580,6
20,610,650,640,560
REM **** CHECK WORD WILL FIT
IF {A+G)>S THEN 500
IF (B-G)<1
GOTO 670
IF (B+G)>S
IF (A+G)>S
GOTO 670
IF (A-GXl
IF (B+G)>S
GOTO 670
IF (B-G)<1
IF (A-G)<1
THEN 500
THEN
THEN
THEN
THEN
THEN
THEN
500
500
500
500
500
500
CHECK WORD MATCHES INT
:FOR N=2 TO
M(Y,X)=42 '
G+1
REM ****
0 MATRIX
X=A :Y=B :X9=0 ;
:G0SUB 1550 :IF
GOTO 690
IF M(Y,X)<>ASC(MID$(W$ (Q) ,N,1) )
THEN X9=l :N=G+1
NEXT N :X=A :Y=B :IF X9=l THEN -
500
REM **** ENTER WORD
FOR N=l TO G+1 :I-F M(¥, 10*42 TH
EN M(Y,X)=ASC{MID${W$ (Q),N
,1))
GOSUB 1550 :NEXT N
REM **** SAVE START & DIRECTION
INFO
L(Q,1)=A-1 :L(Q,2)=B-1 :L(Q,3)=
D :IF Q<W THEN 360
REM **** FILL IN SPACES
FOR Y=l TO S :FOR X=l TO S :IF "
M(Y,X)=42 THEN M(Y,X)=INT{
25*RND(l)+65)
NEXT X :NEXT Y :WP=0 :TS=0
PRINT" {CLEAR} {10 DOWN} "; TAB ( 15)
;"{ REV} READY" :REM < — 10 "
DOWN
PRINT" {06 DOWN} DEPRESS ANY KE
Y WHEN READY TO PLAY !" :R
EM < — 6 DOWN
76
COMPUTE!
March, 1982. Issue 22
800 R$="" :GET R$ :IF R$="" THEN 80
0
810 REM **** SET UP DISPLAY
820 PRINT" {CLEAR} {DOWN} {REV}COL
UMN";TAB(25) ;"{REV}W 0 R D
11
8 30 REM *** PRINT 'ROW DOWN LEFT C
OLUMN
840 REM *** START OUT DOWN 4
8 50 REM *** LATER DO 5 UP & 3 OVER
860 PRINT" {04 DOWN} { REV} R{ DOWN }{LEF
LEFT}0{DOWN} {LEFT}W{05 UP}
{03 RIGHT} {OFF}";
870 FOR X=0 TO S-1 :PRINT RIGHT$(ST
R$(X),1); :NEXT X :PRINT :
Y=l :GOSUB 1650
880 FOR Y=l TO S :PRINT"{02 RIGHT}"
;RIGHT${STR$(Y-1) ,1) ;"J_";
890 FOR X=l TO S iPRINT CHR${M(Y,X)
) ; :NEXT X
900 PRINT"j_" :NEXT Y :Y=0 :GOSUB 16
50
910 PRINT :PRINT"{REV}DIRECTIONS:" ~
: PRINT" {DOWN} 7 8 1"
920 PRINT" M]N" : PRINT" 6@Q@2" :
PRINT"N]M"'nTRINT" 5 4 3
930 G=16 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT" {R
REV} SCORE " : PRINT TAB (
2 5); "5 6
9 40 PRINT TAB {25); "5 0 6"
9 50 PRINT TAB{25);"5 6" : PRIN
T TAB (25); "888888888
960 G^0 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINIT"
" :REM < — 19 S
PACES
970 WP^WP-s-1 :IF WP>W THEN 1450
980 Q=LEN(W$ (WP) )-l
990 REM **** NEXT WORD
1000 GOSUB 1700 rPRINT TAB ( 29- (Q/2) )
; LEFT$ (W$ (WP) ,Q) :TI$="000
000"
1010 REM **** GET START LOC
1020 G=3 :GOSUB 1700 : PRINT"STARTING
LOCATION" :PRINT TAB(20) ;
" (ROW, COLUMN) :
1030 FOR G=6 TO 14 :GOSUB 1700
1040 PRINT" " :NE
XT G :G=6 :GOSUB 1700 :REM
<~ 20 SPACES
1050 B$="" :GET B$ :IF B$="" THEN 10
50
1060 IF ASC(B$)=13 THEN 1050
1070 PRINT B$;","; :IF B$="0" THEN B
=0 :GOTO 1090
1080 B=VAL(B$) :IF B<1 OR B>9 THENlP
RINT"{02 LEFT} {02 LEFT}"
; :GOTO 1050
1090 A$="" :GET A$ :IF A$="" THEN 10
90
1100 IF ASC(A$)=13 THEN 1090
1110 PRINT A$ :IF A$="0" THEN A=0 :G
OTO 1140
1120 A=VAL(A$) :IF A<1 OR A>9 THEN 1
030
1130 REM **** GET DIRECTION
1140 G=8 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT"DIRECTIO
N:" :PRINT :PRINT TAB ( 20) ;
" {LEFT}";
1150 GET D$ :IF D$="" THEN 1150
1160 IF ASC(D$)=13 THEN 1150
1170 PRINT D$ :D=VAL(D$) :IF D<1 OR *
D>8 THEN 1140
1180 REM **** CHK IF GOOD INFO INPUT
1190 WT=TI :IF B<>L{WP,2) THEN 1230
1200 IF A<>L(WP,1} THEN 1230
1210 IF D=L(WP,3) THEN 1360
1220 REM **** CHK IF A DOUBLE MAY EX
1ST
1230 X=A+1 :Y=B+1 :G=LEN (W$ (WP) ) -1 :
IF M(Y,X)<>ASC(LEFT$(W$ (WP
) ,1)) THEN 1300
1240 X9=0 :FOR N=2 TO G :GOSUB 1550 "
:IF X<1 OR X>10 THEN 1270
1250 IF Y<1 OR Y>10 THEN 1270
1260 IF M(Y,X)=ASC(MID$(W$ (WP) ,N,1) )
THEN 1280
1270 X9=l :N=G
1280 NEXT N :IF X9=0 THEN 1360
1290 REM **** BAD START/DIR - NO SCO
RE
1300 G=6 :GOSUB 1700 rPRINT SPC(14);
:B$=STR$(L(WP,2) ) :A$=STR
${L(WP,1))
1310 PRINT RIGHT$ (B$,LEN(B$)-1) ;",";
RIGHT$ (A$,LEN(A$)-1)
1320 G=10 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT SPC(13)
* L (WP 3)
1330 G = 12 :GOSUB 1700 : PRINT" '*"; SPC (
13);"""
1340 G=13 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT"J {REV}
NO{OFF}, CORRECT K" :GOTO "
1420
1350 REM **** GOOD ANSWER - GET SCOR
E
1360 IF WT<(SL*60) THEN WS=100 :GOTO
1390 :REM < — MAX SCORE
1370 IF WT>(SL*1200) THEN WS=10 :GOT
0 1390 :REM < — MIN SCORE
1380 WS=5+INT( ( (SL*1200)-WT)/60)
1390 G=12 :GOSUB 1700 tPRINT"""
1400 G=13 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT"J {REV}
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
77
YESlOFF} ,";WS; "POINTS" : TS
=TS+WS
1410 REM **** UPDATE TOTAL SCORE
1420 G=18 :GOSUB 1700 :PRINT"{07 HI
G RIGHT}";TS
1430 FOR X=l TO 1000 :NEXT X :GOTO
960
1440 REM **** END GAME ****
1450 PRINT" {HOME} {15 DOWN}" :REM <-
- DOWN 15
1460 FOR X=l TO 6 :PRINT"
" :NEXT X :REM < — 12 SPA
CES
1470 FOR G=-2 TO 13 iGOSUB 1700
1480 PRINT" " :NEXT
-- G :REM 17 SPACES
1490 PRINT" {HOME} {20 DOWN}PLAY AGAI
N (Y OR N) ?" :REM < — DOWN
20
1500 R$="" :GET R$ :IF R$="" THEN 1
500
1510 IF R$="Y" THEN 90
1520 IF R$<>"N" THEN 1500
1530 END
1540 REM **** SUBR TO INCR COORDINA
TES IN DIR
1550 ON D GOTO 1560,1570,1580,1590,
1600,1610,1620,1630
1560 y=y-i
1570 X=X+1
: RETURN
1580 X=X+1
1590 Y=Y+1
: RETURN
1600 Y=Y+1
1610 X=X-1
: RETURN
1620 X=X-1
1630 Y=Y-1
: RETURN
1640 REM **** SUBR
FOR BOX TOP/BOTT
OM
1650 PRINT"{03 RIGHT}"; :IF Y=l THE
N PRINT;;0"; :G0T0 1670
1660 PRINT"-";
1670 FOR X=0 TO S-1 :PRINT"@"; :NEX
T X :IF Y=l THEN PRINT"^" :
RETURN
1680 PRINT"=" : RETURN
1690 REM **** SUBR TO POSITION
1700 PRINT" {HOME} "TAB(20) ; : FOR X9=
1 TO G+3 :PRINT" {DOWN}"; :N
EXT X9 : RETURN
WARLOCK'S
REVENGE
NEW FROM
Synergistic
Softivare
AN EXCITING ATARI* HIGH-RES ADVENTURE GAME
SYNERGISTIC SOFTWARE
5221 120th Ave. S.E.
Bellevue, Washington 98006
(206)226-3216
Over 100 high resolution pictures in this
two disk adventure, guide you to treasure as
well as dangers. As you explore caverns and
castles you use your various skills to obtain
the riches therein, while eluding the pitfalls
and creatures that abound. You provide the
Atari. Warlock's Revenge provides the
challenge Requires at least a 4()K. 400 SOO
with Atari Basic and disk, $35.00
Available for the Apple II Computer
as Oldorf's Revenge
from Highlands Connputer Services
ATARI* 400/800 are trademarks of
Atari Computers Inc.
78
COMPUTEI
Count The Hearts
Christopher J. Flynn
Herndon, VA
March. 1982. Issue 22
"C'ounl the Hearts" is a VK' program which will
help vou to develop your child's coiiiuing skills.
VIC will display a certain number of hearts on
\'our television screen. Ask your child to coinit
I hem. II your child can correctly count tlie hearts,
he or she will be rewarded by a duet of chirping
birches. Otherwise, ... To challenge older children,
you can place a limit on the dme VIC allows for a
response.
Once it is .set up, no reading is required to plav
**Count the Hearts." However, preschoolers will
probably need you to help them with the keyboard.
Setting Up
When you Hrst start "Count the Hearts," it will ask
you for a range of numbers and a time limit.
Vou can tailor the game to your child's counting
skills by trying different ninnber ranges. For ex-
ample, you may want to start with numbers between
one and five. Gradually, a child will work up to
counting up to ten. If you notice difficulties with
some numbers, you might want to work within that
range (say from six to nine).
Here is how VIC will ask you to set the number
range:
1. VIC: will display:
EN IKR XUMBKR RANGE
LOW NUMBER (1)?
2. Yoti should type in the low number in the
range (don't forget to hit RETURN). If you
Just hit RETURN. \ K^ will use one as the low
number.
3* Next VIC will ask:
HIGH NUMBER (9)?
4. Now' type in the high number. Again, il y<JU
just hit RETURN, VIC will use nine as the
high ninnber.
VIC will make sure that your low ninnber is leally
lower than your high number. It will also make
sure that neither number is greater than 484. Why
484? Well, that's how manv spaces are left on the
screen for displaying the hearts.
The time limit gives vou a wav to speed up
"C*otnU the Hearts." If you don't take a guess at
how many hearts there are within the time Hunt,
then VIC will let you know that time's u|). \'1(; will
then just start another game.
VIC will ask you for the time limit:
5. VIC will dis|:)lav:
TIMELUMII FERSET
SECONDS (120)?
6* Type in the number of seconds vou want to
use for the time limit. If you just type RE-
TURN\ Vie; will set the time limit to 120
seconds or two minutes.
By the wav. if, in anv of the above steps, \'l(^ didn't
inidei stand your response, it will either ask the
cjuestion again or ask you to repeat your response.
Counting Hearts
O.K. The television screen goes blank for just an
instant. In that brief instant VlC; is de( iding how
many hearts it will ask you to count. 4 hen, one by
one, VIC displays the hearts at ratulom hnations
on the television screen. As it shows each new
heart, VIC savs in a deep voice, '*BEEP!". Notice
how VIC paints the hearts in differetu colors.
Now VIC will ask:
HOW MANY HEARTS ?
Ask your child to count them. Type in the number
(don't forget RETURN I) and see what happens.
What happens if your child gives the right answer?
How about a wrong answer? What is vour child's
reaction?
\'IC will start a new game when the right
answer is typed in or when time runs out and
nothing has been heard from the keyboard. VIC is
very patient with small folks learning to c otmt.
When a wrong answer is given, VIC just resets its
tinier and gives yoii anotlier try.
Scoring
When you are finished playing "Couiu tlie Hearts",
just hit the Fl key iti rei)ly to the "HOW MANY
HEARTS ?" qtiestion. VK' will |)romptly clear the
screen and tell you:
- how many games were played
- how many correct answers there were
- how* many wiong answers there were
- how many times the [Dlayer ran out of lime
By keeping track of tlie number range (VI(^ shows
vou the range vou u.sed) and the scores, vou cnn
note votu child's progiess. For example, do you
notice a little slowness in vour child's learning to
count })ast len? We did. That seems to be the upper
limit for our om^ three vear old for a while.
Rocket Raiders
Our High Quality Software Is More Than A
Stroke Of Genius... It's A Work Of Art.
D PM EDITOR: by Dennis Zander (Atan. 16K)
Create your own fast action graphics game for the
Alan 400 or 800 using its player missile graphics fea-
tures By using pSayer data stored as stnngs, players can
be moved or changed (for animation) at machine lan-
guage speed All this is done with string vartabies
(P0|(Y)=SH1P4). This program is designed to permit
creation of up to 4 players on the screen, store them as
string data and then immediately try them out m the
demo game included m the program Instructions for
use in your own game are included PM EDITOR was
used to create the animated characters m ARTWORX
RINGS OF THE EMRREandENCOUNTER AT QUEST AR IV.
PRICE $29.95 cassette $33.95 diskette
D ROCKET RAIDERS by Richard Petersen (Atari 24 K)
Defend your asteroid base agamsl pulsar bombs, roc
kets, lasers, and the dreaded 'stealth saucer" as aliens
attempt to penetrate your protective force field Precise
target sighting allows you to fire at the enemy using mag-
netic impulse missiles to help protect your colony and
its vital structures
PRICE $19.95 cassette $23.95 diskette
n INTRUDER ALERTl by Dennis Zander (Atan 16K)
This IS a fast paced action game in which you must
escape from the 'Dreadstar' with the secret plans.
The droids are after you and you must find and enter
your ship in order to escape, If you fail, the rebellion
(s doomed PRICE $16.95 cassette $20.95 diskette
OTHE RINGS Of THE EMPIRE: by Dennis Zander
(Atari \e<i
The Empire r;as developed a senes ol battle stations
protected by one or more rings of energy You must det.
troy these weapons by attacking them in your Ywmg
fighter armed with Zydon torpedoes. Each time you
blast through the rings and destroy the station the
Empire develops a new station with more protective rings.
PRICE $16.95 cassette $20,95diskette
D FOREST FIRO: by Richard Petersen (Atari,24K>
Using excellent color graphics, your Atan is turned in-
to a fire scanner to help vou direct ooerations to contain
a forest fire You must compensate for changes in wind,
weather and terrain Not protecting valuable property
can result in startling penalties Life-like variables make
FOREST FIRE a very suspenseful and challenging simu
lation PRICE $ 16,95 cassette $20.95 d iskette
D PILOT: by Michael Piro (Atari, 16K)
Pilot your small airplane to a successful landing using
both joysticks to control throttle and attack angle PILOT
produces a true perspective rendition of the runway,
which IS constantly changing Select from two levels of
pilot proficiency
PRICE $16.95 cassette $20.95 diskette
n ALPHA RGHTIR: by Douglas McFarland (Atari, 16K)
Consisting of two different programs. ALPHA FIGHTER
requires you to destrov the aTen starships As you
become more successful, the games get harder and
and harder PRICE $14.95 cassette $18.95d«skette
a GIANT SULOM: by Dennis Zander (Atari, 16K)
Bring the Winter Olympics toyour computer anytime of
the year* Use the joystick to guide your skiers path
down a giant slalom course consisting of open and
closed gates Choose from three levels of difficulty.
Take practice runs or compete against from two to
eight additional skiers
PRICE $15,95cassette $19.95 diskette
a HODGE POOGE: bv Marsha Meredith
(Apple 48K, Applesoft or Integer BASIC)
This captivating program IS a ma r\'elou si earn ing device
for children from 18 months to 6 years, HODGE PODGE
consists of many cartoons, animations and songs which
appear when any key on the computer is depressed. A
must for any family containing young children and an
Apple.
WCE $l9.95diskette
n STUD POKER: bv Jerry White (Atan. 16K)
This IS the classic gambler's card game Vou will find
the computer to be a worthy opponent who occasionally
bluffs but never cheats! STUD POKER employs all of the
Atari's sound, color and graohics capabilities,
PRICE , $14.95 Cassette $18.95 diskette
- TYPE-'N-TALK*
ARTWORX IS ottering the fantastic TYPE- 'N -TALK'"
from Vortrax" This easy-to-use unit connects to your
computer's serial port Text is automatically translated
into electronic speech enabling the TYPE- 'N -TALK'"
hobbyist to use and en(oy it immediately
PRICE $329.00
The following ARTWORX programs are available for
TYPE-N-TALK
STUD POKER (Atan.24K) . $16.95 cassette
$20,95 diskette
TEACHER'S PET ( Ata ri. 24 K ; North Sta r ) $ 16,95/ $20.95
SRIDGE2,0 (Atari. 24K: North Star) $19.95 / $23.95
NOMINOES JIGSAW (Atari, 24K) $17.95 / $21.95
Please specify TNT" version when ordering programs
D CRANSTON MANOR ADVENTURE: by Larry Ledden
(Atari, North Star and CP/M)
You must enter mysterious Cranston Manor and attempt
tocotlect its many treasures This extemely challenging
program will provide you with many hours (days') of
adventure The program may be interrupted at will and
ou f Stat us saved onto the d i skette
RICE $21.95 diskette
a BLOCKADE: by Edward Schneider (Atari, 16K)
Every games library needs Blockade program, and this
IS one of the best Choose from three levels of diffi-
culty and play against another person or by yourself
against the clock
HI
P%
ICE
$14.95 cassette $18.95 diskette
D TEACHER'S PET: by Arthur Walsh (Atari Apple,
TRS 80,PET, North litar and CP M(MBASIC) systems)
This IS an introduction to computers as well as a learn
ing tool for the young computenst (ages 3 7) The pro
gram provides counting practice, letter word recognition
and three levels of math skills
PRICE $ 14.95 cassette $18.95 diskette
D FORM LETTER SYSTEM: (Atan, North Star and Apple)
This iS the ideal program (or creating personalized form
letters' FLS employs a simpieto use text editor for pro
ducing fully justified letters Addresses are stored in a
separate file and are automatically inserted into your
form letter along with a personalized salutation. Both
letter files and address files are compatible with ART-
WORX MAIL LIST 3 Oand TEXT EDITOR programs
PRICE $39.95 diskette
DTEJtT EDITOR: (Atari and North Star)
This program is very User friendly' yet employs all
essential features needed for serious lexl editing wrth
minimal memory requirements Features include com
mon sense operation, two different lustification techni
Ques, automatic ime centering and straightforward
lestt merging and manipulation TEXT EDITOR files are
compatiblewith ARTWORX FORM LETTER SYSTEM
PRICE $39.3Sdiskette
ARTWORX SOFTWARE COMPANY
150 North Main Street Fairport, NY 14450
a MAJL LIST 3.0; (Atan, Apple and North Star)
The very popular MAIL LIST 2 2 has now been up*
graded Version 3,0 otters enhanced editing capabilities
to complement the many other features which have made
this program so popular, MAIL LIST is unique in its
ability to store a maximum numt>er of addresses on one
diskette (typically between 1200 and 2500 names!).
Entnes can be retrieved by name, keyword(s) or by zip
codes They can tie written to a printer or to another
file for complete file management The program pro-
duces 1. 2 or 3 up address labels and will sort by zip
code (5 or 9 digits) or alphabetically (by last name) Files
are easily merged and MAIL LIST will even find and
delete duplicate entries! The address files created with
MAIL LIST are completely compatible with ARTWORX
FORM LETTER SYSTEM
PRICE $49.95 diskette
a THE VAULTS OF ZURICH: by Felix and Ted Herlihy
(Atari. 24K. PET)
Zurich is the banking capital of the world The rich and
powerful deposit their wealth m its famed impregnable
vaults. But you. as a master thief, have dared to under-
take the boldest heist of the century You will journey
down a, maze of corridors and vaults, eluding the most
sophisticated security system m the world. Tour goal is
to reach the Chairman's Chamber to steal the most trea-
sured possession of all: THE OPEC OfL DEEDS!
PRICE . $2 1.95 cassette $25.95 diskette
□ BRIDGE 2.0 by Arthur Walsh (Atari (2dK). Apple
TRSSO. PET, North Star and CP/M (MBASIC) systems)
Rated nl by Creative Computing, BRIDGE 2 0 is the
only program that allows you to botn bid for the contract
and play out the hand (on defense or offense!) interest-
ing hands may be replayed using the duplicate" bridge
feature This is certainly an ideal way to finally learn to
play bridge or to get into a game when no other (human)
players are available
PRICE $17.95 cassette $21.95diskette
D ENCOUNTER AT QUESTAR IV; by Douglas McFarland
(Atari. 24K)
As helmsman of Rikar starship, you must defend
Questar Sector IV from the dreaded Zentanans, Using
your plasma beam, hyperspace engines and wits to avoid
Zentarian mines and death phasers, you struggle to stay
alive, This BASIC/ Assembly level program has super
sound, full player missile graphics and real time action
PRICE $23.95 cassette $27.95dtskette
D THE NOMINOES JIGSAW PUZZLE:
byC Minns/B. Brownlee (Atari. 2AK. TRS-80, and Apple)
We quote "A bramteaser supreme. . the concept
of NOMINOES JIGSAW is bnllant this video iigsaw
game is so clever and completelv original that only
the most hardhearted puzzle hater could fail to be charm-
ed.'-ELECTRONIC GAMES MAGAZINE
PRICE $17.95 cassette (also available for TRS 80 color
computer) $2L95diskette
Highest Quality
Software*.
Guaranteed.
(716)425-2833
Call ARTWORX toll-free number to order direct: - - • •
800-828-6573
In New York, Alaska, Hawaii call: (716)-425-2833
All orders are processed and shipped within 48 hours.
Shipping and handling charges:
Within North America: Add$2,00
Outside North America: Add 10% {Air Mail)
New York State residents add 7% sales tax.
Quantity Discounts:
Deduct 10 ' when ordermg 3 or more programs
Ask for ARTWORX at your local computer store.
Write for FREE Catalogue
listing more information
about these and other
quality ARTWORX programs.
•ATARI, APPLE. TRS-SO, PET. NORTH STAR, CP/M, and TYPEN TALK are resisted tradenames and^or trademarks
80
COMPUTE!
Morch. 1982 Issue 22
Hints
\'ou probably clont need to be reminded that the
attention span oi preschoolers is not long. I \\ to
move on to anotiier activity before your child gets
bored and begins to act silly. \'on want vom cliild to
I enieinber counting as something that is fun to do.
One way for you to hel|) beginners is for you
to point to the liearts very slowly one by one. Let
your child count them as you point to them, (irad-
ually your child will take over the pointing. And,
before vou know it, your t hild will be typing in the
nLHubet s on the keyboard! Experiment. Try out
diffeient arrangements. What works best for vou?
The program w ill run on a standard \\C
withota memory expansion. If yoti need to, vou
should be able to modify Count the Hearts withoiu
too much ttouble.
Now votfre ready to play t>(>unt the Heaits"!
But remember, to stop the game and see your scoi e,
all ytju need to do is press the Fl kev. Have Itnr.
Program 1: Microsoft Version
100 REM VIC-20
110 REM COUNT THE HEARTS
120 REM VI. 0 7/81
130 REM
200 REM
210 REM HEARTS. BEGIN
220 GOSUB 30000
230 REM PLAY GAMES
240 GOSUB 1000
250 IF Q=0 THEN 240
260 REM HEARTS. END
270 GOSUB 31000
280 END
1000 REM PLAY GAMES
1010 PRINT CHR$ (147)
1020 REM DISPLAY HEARTS
1030 N=LO+INT( (HI-L0+1)*RND(1) )
1040 FOR 1=1 TO N
1050 P=INT(484*RND(1) )
1060 CL=INT(8*RND(1) ) :IF CL=1 THEN 1
060
1070 IF PEEK (VA+P)=83 THEN 1050
1080 POKE VA+P,B3
1090 POKE CA+P,CL
1100 POKE VL,15
1110 POKE S2,200
1120 FOR Z=l TO 400:NEXT
1130 POKE S2,0:POKE VL,0
1140 NEXT I
1150 G=G+1:REM GAMES
1160 PRINT CHR$ (19) ',
1170 FOR I=1T021:PRINT" ";:NEXT
1180 PRINTCHR$(19) p^HOW MANY HEARTS "
1190 REM GET RESPONSE
1200 GOSUB 3000
1210 IF R$="QUIT" THEN Q=1:RETURN
1220 IF R$="TIME" THEN GOSUB 9000:RE
TURN
1230 REM O.K.?
1240 R=VAL(R$)
1250 IF RON THEN GOSUB 5000:GOTO 11
60
1260 IF R^N THEN GOSUB 7000
1270 RETURN
3000 REM TIMED RESPONSE
3010 T1==TI + SC*60
3020 R$=""
3030 REM TRY A KEY
3040 GET A$
3050 IF TI>T1 THEN R$="TIME" : RETURN
3060 IF A$="" THEN 3040
3070 IF ASC(A$)=133 THEN R$="QUIT":R
ETURN
3080 IF ASC(A$)=13 THEN RETURN
3090 IF ASC(A$)=20 AND LEN(R$)>0 THE
N GOSUB 3300:R$==LEFT$ (R$, (
LEN(R$)-1) ) :GOTO3040
3095 IF ASC(A$)=20 THEN 3040
3100 PRINT A$;
3110 IF A$<"0" OR A$>"9" THEN GOSUB '^
3300:GOTO 3040
3120 R$=R$+A$
3130 GOTO 3040
3300 REM BACKSPACE
3310 PRINT CHR$ (157) f
3 320 PRINT " ";
3330 PRINT CHR$ (157) ;
3340 RETURN
5000 REM WRONG
5 010 WR=WR+1
5030 REM UFO-VARIATION
5 040 POKE VL,15
5050 FOR L=l TO 15
5060 POKE SB, 42
5070 FOR M=200 TO 220+L*2
5080 POKE S3,M
5090 NEXT M
5100 POKE SB, 25
5110 FOR Z=1T0 25:NEXT Z
5120 NEXT L
5130 POKE VL,0:POKE S3,0
5140 POKE SB, 27
5150 RETURN
7000 REM RIGHT
7010 RI=RI+1
7020 REM BIRDS VARIATION
7025 PRINT CHR$(19);:F0R Z=l TO 21:P
RINT " "; :NEXT Z
7030 POKE VL,15
7040 FOR L=l TO 20
7050 PRINT CHR$ (19) ;SPC(5) ;CHRS (106)
;CHR$(113) ;CHR$(107) ;
= Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky Tutorials * Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky Tutorials * Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky
B -i
I ATARI (tm) GRAPHICS AND SOUND MADE EASY! I
I SANTA CRUZ EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE HAS WRITTEN A SERIES OF AFFORDABLE PROGRAMS THAT DEMONSTRATES MANY OF THE ^
I SPECIAL ''TRICKS'' THAT ONLY THE ATARI 400/800 COMPUTER IS CAPABLE OF DOING. WE OFFER EVERYTHING FROM A PROGRAM ^
■5 THAT DOES FANTASTIC HIGH RESOLUTION GRAPHICS TO ONE THAT ACTUALLY DIALS YOUR PHONE..... ;;
a ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• I
MASTER MEMORY MAP(lm) - This is really the key to us-
ing the ATARIS capabilities We start out by explaining
flow to PEEK and POKE values into memory so that even
new prograrrmers can use thts Then we give you over 1 5
pages of the memory locations that are the most useful , The
information is condensed from both the ATARI'S Operalmg
System Manual and var«ous articles and programs. It is. of
course, useful even for experienced programmers as a
reference Also we highly suggest that dealers offer this
Memory Map to customers wno request to be told how to
use the power o! the machine We guarantee it will answer
many ot the questions you have about the machine,
S6.95
TRICKY TUTORlALS(tm)
#1: DISPLAY LISTS - This program leaches you how to
alter the program in the ATARI that controls the format of
the screen, For example; when you say graphics 8 the
machine responds with a large graphics 8 area at the top of
the screen and a small text area at the bottom Now you
will be able to mix tne various modes on ihe screen al the
same time Just think how nice your programs could look
with a mix of large and small text, and both high and low
resolution graphics, this program has many examples plus
does all of the difficult caluculations'
12: HORiZONTAL/VERITCAL SCROLLING - The inform-
ation you put on the screen, either graphics or text, can be
moved up , down or sideways This can make some nice ef-
fects You could move only the text on the bottom half of the
screen or perhaps create a map and then move smoothly
over it by using the joystick
#3: PAGE FLIPPING - Normally you have to redraw the
screen every time you change the picture or text Now you
can learn how to have the computer draw the next page you
want to see while you are still looking at the previous page,
then flip to it instantly You won't see it being drawn, so a
complicated picture can seem to just appear Depending on
your memory size and how complicated the picture, you
could flip between many pages, thus allowing animat*on or
other special effects with your text
#4: BASICS OF ANIMATION - Shows you how to animate
simple shapes using the PRINT and PLOT commands, and
also has nice little PLAYER/MISSILE Graphics demo to
learn This would be an excellent way to start making your
programs come alive on the screen Recommended for new
owners
#5 PLAYER MISSILE GRAPHICS - This complex subject is
demonstrated by starting with simple examples, and
building up to a complete game and also an animated
' business chart on multiple pages' As always, the computer
does most of the calculations, Reauires 32K disk or tape
and costs S29.95
#6; SOUND — From explaining how to create single notes,
to demonstrating complex four channel sound effects, this
newest tutorial is great Even tnose experienced with
ATARI s sound capabilities will find the menu of sound ef-
fects a needed reference that can be used whenever you
are in tne need of a special sound for your programs
Everyone will learn something new! Written by Jerry
White
Tricky Tutorials (except #5) require 16K
memory for cassette orders and 24K for disk.
Ttie price is Si9,95each. You may order
1,2,3, & 4 for S64.95.AI[ six in a colorful
binder cost S99.95.
THE GRAPHICS MACHINE!! - Turn your computer into an
incredible graphics tool wilh advanced commands like cir-
cle box. fill, polygon line, heip, etc 3 colors in graphics 8
with instant text'" Create colorful business charts or
beautiful drawings and then save or retrieve them from
disk in 5 SECONDS YES, it's that fast Needs all 4BK,
disk, and costs S19.95
HSCaSESiQsCflaQi
MINI-WORD PROCESSOR - This is for those of you who
have a printer, but don t want to spend Si 00 or more for a
fancy word processor it is suitable for simple editing of
text, accepts most control characters for your printer, and
text IS stored on disk for easy retrieval. Holds 2'/? typed
pages at a time Requires 32K. disk or tape.$|9.95
BOB'S BUSfNESS - ^4 smalt business type programs for
home or office, all chosen from a n:ce menu Supports
printed output 169 sectors of output require 16K tape, or
32Kdisk $14.95
KID'S #1 " Includes the following \] TREASURE -
search for the lost treasure vi/hile trying to keep from failinq
into the sea fJice graphics if you find it' 2)DIAL0GUE —
talk back to the comouter about four subjects: 3) MATH
QUIZ — H\ce musical and graphical revifards for good
scores Parents tnput the level of difficulty
KID'S #2 - A spelling quiz, a scrabble ' type game, and
a version of Touch with the computer giving all the direc-
tions' Both Kids programs require 16K tape or 24K disk
and cost SI 4.95 each
MINI-OATABASE/OIALER - This unique new orogram
stores and edits up to 8 lines of information such as name,
address, and phone numbers, or messages, inventories or
anything you want It has the usual sort, search, and print
options, but It also has an unusual feature if your files m-
elude phone numbers and you have a touch-tone phone,
the program will DIAL THE PHONE NUMBERS FOR YOU'
This IS perfect for Ihose who make a lot of calls like
salesmen teens, or those trying to get through to busy
numbers {acts as an auto-redialer) It is also a lot of fun to
use Requires 16K cassette or 24K disk and costs S24.95
FONETONE - For those who only want to store name and
pnone numbers and have the dialer feature as above, we
offer this reduced version Same memory requirements,
but only costs S14.95. Dont forget you must havea touch-
tone phone
PLAYER PIANO - Turns your keyboard into a mini-piano
and more Multiple menu options provide the ability to
create your own songs, save or load data files using
cassette or diskette, ftx or change any of up to 400 notes in
memory, and play all or part of a song The screen displays
the keyboard and indicates each key as it is played from a
data fife or the notes you type. You don't have to be a musi-
cian to enjoy this educational and entertaining program
Requires 24K cassette or 32K disk $14.95
BOWLERS DATABASE - Provides the league bowler with
the ability to record and retrieve bowling scores providing
permanent records. The data may then be analyzed by the
program and displayed or printed in summary or detail
form Data may be stored on cassette or diskette and up*
dated quickly and efficiently The program proivdes such
information as highest and lowest scores by individual
game, (first, second, and third games tfiroughout the
season}, high and low series, current average, and more
The program listing and documentation provided are a
tutorial on ATARI basic and record keeeping Requires 1 6K
for cassette or 24K for disK, $14.95
By the time you read this atl computers (400/800) being
produced should have the fabled GTIA chips included
ATARI service may upgrade older computers call and ask
(It's easy lo do yourself) We have one and the im-
provements that graphics modes 9.10. and it offer are
great" To help you figure out what to do with the new
modes a new Tricky Tutorial will be offered in March on
Modes 9 to 1 1 Either give us a call or write around that-
time
a
«
SEE YOUR LOCAL DEALER
OR
ORDER FROM:
SANTA CRUZ EDUCATfONAL SOFTWARE
5425 Jigger Dr., Soquel, QA 95073
C.O.D. Orders cafi (408) 476-4901
*lnctudes $3.00 postage ($1.00 for Memory Map|
*ln California, include 6.5% tax
VISA and [MasterCard Accepted.
See US at the West Coast Computer Faire-Booth 1612.
If
Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky Tutorials * Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky Tutorials ' Santa Cruz Educational Software * Tricky
82
COMPUTfl
March, 1982, Issue 22
7055
)
7060
7070
7080
7090
7100
7110
7115'
)
7120
7130
714 0
7150
9000
9010
9020
9030
9040
9050
9060
9070
9080
9090
9100
9110
9120
9130
9140
9150
9160
9170
9180
9190
9200
9210
9220
9230
9240
9250
9260
30000
30010
30020
30030
30040
30050
30060
30070
30080
30090
30100
30110
30120
30130
30140
PRINT SPC(5) ;CHR$(117) ;CHR$(113
;CHR$(105) ;
FOR M=254 TO 240+RND ( 1 ) *10 STEP
-1
POKE S3,M
NEXT M
POKE S3,0
FOR M=l TO 100:NEXT M
PRINT CHR$(19) ;SPC(5) ;CHR$(117)
CHR${113) ;CHR$(105) ;
PRINT SPC(5) ;CHR$(106) ;CHR$(113
;CHR$(107) ;
FOR M=l TO 120*RND(1) :NEXT M
NEXT L
POKE S3,0:POKE VL,0
RETURN
REM TIME
TM=TM+1
VM=VA+253:CM=CA+253
REM TONE
POKE S3,240:POKE VL,15
J=0
FOR L=15 TO 0 STEP -2
POKE VM+J,81:P0KE CM+J,2
POKE VM-J,81:P0KE CM- J, 2
POKE VM+22*J,81:P0KE CM+22*J,2
POKE VM-22*J,81:P0KE CM-22*J,2
FOR Z=l TO 50: NEXT Z
POKE VM+J,32
POKE VM-J,32
POKE VM+22*J,32
POKE VM-22*J,32
FOR 2=1TO50:NEXT Z
POKE VL,L
J=J+1
NEXT L
POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE
POKE
FOR
VM-2,20;POKE CM-2,4
VM-1,9:P0KE CM-1,4
VM,13:P0KE CM, 4
VM+ 1,5: POKE CM+1,4
S3,0:POKE VL,0
Z=l TO 2000:NEXT Z
RETURN
REM HEARTS. BEGIN
REM CONSTANTS/VARS
VA=7702
CA=38422
SB=36879
VL-36878
32=36875
S3=36876
84=36877
L0=1
HI = 9
SC=120
G=0
TM=0
RI = 0
30150 WR=0
30160 Z=RND(-TI)
30170 PRINT CHR$ (147) ;
30180 PRINT SPC(8) ; "VIC-20"
30190 PRINT
30200 PRINT" COUNT THE HEARTS"
30210 PRINT:PRINT
30215 PRINT CHR$ (158) ;
30220 PRINT" COPYRIGHT 1981"
30230 PRINT" HOMESPUN SOFTWARE"
30235 PRINT CHR$ (31) ;
30240 PRINTrPRINT
30250 PRINT"ENTER NUMBER RANGE"
30260 INPUT"LOW NUMBER (1)";L0
30270 LO=ABS(INT(LO) )
30275 IF L0<1 OR LO>484 THEN PRINT
ORRy":LO=l:GOTO 30260
30280 INPUT"HIGH NUMBER (9)
30290 HI=ABS{INT(HI) )
30300 IF HI<=LO OR HI>484 THEN
SORRY": HI=9:G0T0 30260
30310 PRINT
30320 PRINT"TIME LIMIT PER
30330 INPUT"SECONDS (120)"
30340 SC=ABS(INT(SC) )
30345 IF SC<1 THEN PRINT "SORRY"
20:GOTO 30 3 30
"S
HI
PRINT"
SET;
SC
SC=1
30350
30360
30370
30380
30390
30400
31000
31010
31020
31030
31032
31034
31036
31040
31050
31060
31070
31080
PRINT:PRINT
PRINT"KEY Fl TO STOP"
PRINT:PRINT
PRINT"THANK YOU. HAVE FUNl
FOR Z=1TO2000:NEXT
RETURN
REM HEARTS. END
PRINT CHR$ (147)
PRINT"COUNT THE HEARTS"
PRINT:PRINT
PRINT"LOW #",L0
PRINT"HIGH #",HI
PRINT
"# GAMES", G
"# RIGHT", RI
"# WRONG" ,WR
"# TIME OUTS";TM
PRINT;
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
PRINT
RETURN
Program 2: Atari Version
160 REM ATARI 468/899
110 REM CrjJNT WE HEARTS
120 REM Ul.l 7/81
130 REM
200 m\
210 REt-l HEARTS. EEGIN
'220 i^lBUB 3KI00
230 REM PLAY GAMES
240 \JBl\B 1000
2^50 IF £1^0 im\ 248
NEW!
Student
Management System
for the
PET Professor
The Pet Professor Arithmetic Software
If you need to teach division of a 2-digit
decimal by a l-digit whole number, we have D-D-l.
This program teaches the concept step by step.
Since you probably need to keep student
interest high, we go very slowly with a moving
cursor. The student is comfortable and involved.
Do you need to drill subtraction of a fraction
from a mixed number? Just bypass the teaching part
of program F-S-Z and go directly to drill. The nice
part is if the student happens to forget, the teaching
is still available.
If a test on subtraction of whole numbers
with 4-digits, multiple zeros and borrowing is your
need, program WN'S-6 is your answer.
The 77 program series is available for $499 on
cassettes and diskettes. The Student Management
System is SI 50.
For more information send for a sample tape or
call (516) 365-4423 and tell us what you need.
COW BAY CO/MPUTING
BOX 575
MANHASSET, NY. 11030
Fantasy for your ATARI
All B^b^
3inb the fortvj thieves
By Stuart Smith
Ouide yi^^ur akt!r e^lo, Ali f^aha, throuj^h iKl- thieves rnnuntalit
den in an attempt to rescue the hcauirPul princess. Treasure,
ma^ic. and iireat danger await you! One or more human players
can (iuide up to scvenieen friendly characters throuj^h the many
rix>ms, halls, antj eaves. Some characters wander around
random K\ making each adventure a httle different.
AL] BABA \Sn THF. [()RT> TMIIIVES is written in Kijih
resokition color graphics and includes music and sound effccis.
Adventures can I>e saved to disk anti resumed at a later time.
I^equircs 52 K.
On Diskette Only -$52,95
Graphics for your ATARI
Character Maqic
6v Chris Hull *^
It's eosy to create your own choracter sets and save them to
diskette or cassette withi CHARACTER MAGfC But this is not just
another character editor CHARACTER IVIAGIC helps you us© all the
character types that the Atari is capable of, including descending
characters (8 x 10 dots) and two types of five-color character
graphics not supported by Atari's Operating System. DocurT>enta-
tion includes examples of display lists that let you use these "secret"
graphics modes. Requires 32K.
Cassette or Diskette - $29.95
FOR OUR COMPLETE LINE OF ATARI SOFTWARE
PLEASE WRITE FOR OUR CATALOG
ASK FOR QUALITY SOFTWARE products at your favorite computer store If neces-
sary you may order directly from us MasterCard and Visa cardholders may place
orders by calling us at (213) 344-6599, Or mail your check or bankcard numberto ttie
address above, California residents add 6% sales tax, Shipping Charges: Within
North America orders must include $1 50 for shipping and handfing. Outside North
America the charge for airmailshipping and handling is S5 OO, Pay in US, currency.
QUTiLiry
SOFTW71R€
6660 Reseda Blvd , Suite 105. Reseda, Ca 91335
i2Pl Mj:-6b^
•indicates trademarks of Atari
84
COMPUTE!
March, 1982. Issue 22
266 REri HEARTS. END
276 G0:5UB 31668
280 Effi
1066 FS1 PLAY GAT-IES
1010 i3?hPHICS l+16 = SETC0LnR 6. 8, 6 = POKE 7
56.. 226 ■■ DL=F-EEK( 569 >+25e;f:PEEK< 561 >+4 ^ POKE
DL-l,fab
101 5 L"A=PEEK':: m H256:¥:PEEK( 89 )+40
1826 REM DISPLAY HEARTS
1630 H=LO+ 1 HT< ( HI -Lu+ 1 ):-i=:RHD':: 6 > )
1840 FbV. 1=1 iO N
1050 P=IHT(446:mHD(i)>
1066 CL=INT(3$RMD': 1 )+l )
1070 T=F'EEK(UA+P>^IF T=64 OR T=12S OR T=
192 Tf£N 1050
1330 F"CKE i.iA+P..64:>a::L
1090 R£f1
1100 SOUND 0..18y.. 10;S
1110 REt1
1120 FOR 2=1 TO 100:r€XT Z
1136 SCilND 0..8.0;e
Ii4v1 fit,". I i
1150 G=G+l^REri GAriES
1160 FUKE S7.. OPPOSITION LO^Y "
";:|;£H 19 SPACES
lit® POSITION lAi:? "Hjw mnna hear-ts?";
lljti r-.bi bcl r:.b:'r ij!-i ot
1200 !^5UB 3000
1210 IF Rf="QUIT" THEM Q=l: RETURN
1220 IF RI="TIME" THEH QISUB 9860 = RETiJF54
1230 REM O.K.?
1240 r-10---(LEH(RI>-2):R=6 = FOR 1=2 TO LEH
■:: Rf > ■■ 9=9m. ffSC':; RrK I .. I ) :'-48 ::<*P ■ R=IHT( R+8 . @
5::-F-Fvla:HEXT I
1250 Ir RON THhH yJSUb 5800 = yjTU 1166
1260 IF R=H THEN POKE LL-i..70 = GCt;LB 7868
1270 RET'JRH
2000 STOP
3660 RbM Tli-ED RbSHOHSE
301 0 T1=PE£K( 26 >+256*PEEK( 19 >+SC:¥:b0
3820 Kt=" "
3030 F£M TR-Y A ffiY
3040 IF PEEK(28)+256:j:PEEK(ly»Ti THEN R$
3650 "iF PEEK( 53279 K7 T\±\\ FM-=" QUIT " ^ RET
UF:N
3060 IF PEEK( 764 ;.>=2j5 THEN 3846
3870 GET #1..A
36E;6 IF FF155 THEH RETURN
3090 IF H=126 AND LEtKRt))! THEN Gij-SUE 3
380 ■■ F:$=R-l-( 1 .. LEH< R* )- 1 ) ■■ UJTO 3848
3095 IF R=126 AHD LEN'::R$)=1 THEN 3026
3897 IF A=12'6 THEN 3846
3160 IF R<48 OR A>57 THEN 3846
3110 FflINT CHRt^A:-;
SlL-^ RK LEfK Rt- )+l )=CHh:J'.: A >
3130 GOTO 3840
3300 REM BACKSPACE
3310 F-RIHT CHF:$C 36 ■;■.:" ".;CW:$<38)j ^RETURN
5860 REM l-JROhC
5010 W?=WR+1
5630 REM IJFO-liARIATION
5040 FOR L=l TO 15
5050 FOR ri=lKi TO 146+L:>-.2 STEP 2
5060 mjm 6..M..10/S:POK£ 712.. F€EK< 53770)
5670 hEMT M
58b'0 FOR 2=1 TO lO^fCXT 2
5690 horr L
5160 SaiHD 9.6, 0.6 -POKE 712.6
5116 RETURN
7060 REM RIGHT
7616 RI=RI+1:P0KE 87.1
7020 REM BIRDS i^IATIGW
7025 COLOR 32:F10T 0.0^DF#il4TO 19.6
7640 FCf' L=l TO 5
7650 Fit: IT ION 5.8:? »6.:C^^:l;( i7:'jCHRff"20)
;CHF^(5::'j
7055 FUSITION 10.6 = ? #6.;CH?$(26)jCHRt<2e
\ • Q-S'if 3 ) ■
7060 Vk M=50 TO 10+10mCl( 1 ■;- STEP -1
7070 SOJHD 0.11.10.8
7080 f-EMT i1
7090 mkiD 8.6.0.8
7100 PCS? M=l TO 50:h£>:rr n
7110 FUSITION 5.8 = ? #6.;CHR'.tC26::';CFK$'::20;'
;C«;"$(3>.:
7 126 F-OS I T I il-^ 19.6 = ? #6 ; CWM 17); Cm$( 26
) ; Ql'''i'' 5 "' '
7136V6R'n=i TO ee^aCKDrCXT M
7140 f£MT L^PCiKE 87.6
7150 RETURN
9000 REM TIME
9005 FiSITIffl 1.0:? " Tir€
OUT ";
9010 T?t=TM+l
S02'0 UM=UA+229
9&3Q REM T&t£
9040 ESMCi 6.188.12.3
9850 J=0
9860 FOR L=15 TO 8 STEP -1
9670 POKE imj.i48
98£fi POf<E 1JM-J.14S
9090 FtKE i.f1+20:iJ. 148
9160 F1*:E i,iM-20*J. 14:5
9110 FOR: 2=1 TO 56 = NEXT 2
9120 fi:i::e urn-j.©
9130 ¥•&:£ UM-J.y
9146 P&(E U1+20*J.8
March, 1982, Issue 22
COMPUTEI
85
9156 F-OKE iJ1-20tJ.0
3168 fw. 2=1 TO 5@=r€>rr Z
9170 SOUND 0..U5,i2.L
9188 .>.J+< L/2< >IWT( L/2 ;■ >
9190 hOT L
9200 F£TUFW
380S8 m\ HEARTS. BEGIN
30810 REM CiMiTftNTS/UARS
30090 L0=1 = HI=9 : SC=120 = G=S ■■ J\\=Q ■■ RI=0 ■■ l-K=
8
38100 DIM R$<2@):uPEN #1.4,.0.. "K= "
30178 GRIhPHICS 0
38180 ? CHR^$(125);:puSITI0N 12,0--? " ATA
Rl 480--980"
30190 POSITICW 11..2^? "Count, the Hearts"
Copyf-isht 1931"
HiJf€3PUN SOFTWARE"
30210 •? ■■?
30220 ''' "
30230 ? "
30240 ? =?
3^50 ? "Enter niA-flber rr±nse:"
30260 TRAP .Ai25e:? "Ley mniber <:i;'";=li-f'
UT LO^TFftP 40000
30270 Lu=ABS( IHT< LO > )
30275 IF LCKl OF; LO>440 THEN ? "SORRY" =L
u=i=GOSUB ^j2€=e
302S10 Y "Hish nijiflba- ■;9)"i=TF:Hp 38238 -IH
Ptn HI = TRAF" 48000
382'90 HI=hBS< IHT( HI ) ')
30308 IF HI<=LU OR Hi:>440 TF€H ? "SORRY"
:HI=9:G0TU 302S0
38310 -^
30320 ? "TIt€ LIMIT FtR: SET="
30330 ? "Seconds ■; 120 ■;•".;= TRAP 36330 :I^PU
T SC = TFwP 49080
30348 SC=rBS( IHT( SC > >
30350 ? :?
30360 ? "PRESS EDPTIONl TO STOP"
30370 ? =?
30380 ? "THANK YOU. Hnye fm\"
30390 FOR 2-1 TO 180^ NEXT 2
30400 RETURN
31000 REM HEARTS. Em
31010 GRAPHICS 0
31020 ? "COUNT THE HEARTS"
31030 ? :•?
31832 ? "LObJ #".L0
31034 ? "HIGH r.HI
31836 ? :?
31840 ? "GAr€S".G
31058 ? "RIGHT ".RI
31068 ? ''l^RONi:"..l-IR
31870 ? "TIME OUTS ".sTM
SiefiS F£TURN
e
ALTERNATE REALITY
SOFTWARE
Presents for the Atari
THEICHING
THE ANCIENT CHINESE BOOK OF DIVINATION
• The complete text of ihe world's oldest book on disk
• 40K program
•73 disk files (155,000 bytes)
• Occupying 1211 disk sectors
• High Resolution Graphics
• Animation
• Music and Sound Effects
• instructional text material
• Calculates and Displays Hexagrams
• Displays Judgement, Image, Moving Lines for primary
& secondary Hexagrams
•$44.95
order from:
Alternate Reality Software
21 1 1 W. Arapahoe Drive
Littleton, Colorado 80120
Dealer inquiries invited
Atari is a T.M. of Atari, Inc.
fmS
Your VIC-20 Will Smile.
Fly a water-dropping helicopter, and
try to put out the high-rise fire
before It spreads.
Draw
Be an arlistl This high-resolution
drawing program mafces it easy to
create pictures on the screen, and then
save them on tape.
Race the computer, head-oni Simple
but fun.
The VIXEL #1 cassette costs only $12.95 in the US and
Canada. Foreign orders please add $3,00 for shipping. CA
residents add 6% tax. Visa and MasterCard welcome.
VtXEL Is a tradtmaHf of The Coda Works
VIC-20 is a trMtomaik of Commodore S<^ness MacNntts, Jnc.
TheCode>^rks
Box 550, Goleta. CA 93116 805/683-1585
CBM CERTIFIED
In-House Maintenance
from the DES
Business
Division . . .
Data Equipment Supply Corp.
8315 Firestone Blvd., Downey, CA 90241
^ commodore
The accounting program by an accountant, for REAL accounting!
Acc/Sys G A 1 600
» Simple to Use — No Computer Experience
Required
> Automatic Operation Speeds Work, Eliminates
Errors, and Creates an Audit Trail
ACC/SYS GA 1600 was developed for practical use for professional accountants, educators,
beginning and advanced students, and small business owners and managers.
The $25.00 price for the documentation, manual and printouts will be deducted when purchased.
AUTOMATED ACCOUNTING
FOR THE
COMMODORE COMPUTER
• Conforms with Recognized Accounting
Procedures and Formats
• Runs on Low-Cost, Highly Reliable Commodore
Computers
from the EDUCATION
DIVISION . . .
Revolutionary Software from
Germany ... By kavan®
We specialize in Microcomputers in Education
* SCHOOL STARTER KIT *
6 CBM 401 6 Microcomputers S5970-00
1 CBM 4040 Dual Disk Drive 1 295.00
1 CBM 4022 Tractor Drive Printer. 795.00
1 CBM C2N Cassette Drive 75.00
6 DES Orgaprozess 1080.00
1 PET to IEEE cable ..39.95
1 IEEE to IEEE cable...... ....49.95
1 Box (10) BASF 5%' Floppy Diskettes 45.00
1 Box Tractor Drive Paper 26.52
6 Copies HandS'on-Basic 77.70
6 Copies PET/CBM Personal ComputerGuide. ... 1 01 .94
6 Basic Documentation Pads 27,00
TOTAL: 9583.00
LESS Education Discount (20%) - 1916.60
School Pays ONLY $7666.40
DES VIDEO TEACHER , $39.95
Allows 1 computer to teach entire class
{Used with monitor with video input)
Ask for our Educational Software index —
programs are classified by grade and subject
DES "ORGAPROZESS" (for all CBM equipment)
Chain UNLIMITED number of computers to central disk and/or
printer devices — Need NO ram or free rom space!
TOTAL COST S180.00/unit Multi-Group Save $$
DES "4 Pass" Disk-Recovery
Program (Compiled) (4.o basic only) $39.95
• Every pass creates an information fite aboirt every block on disk
• Recovers COMPLETE damaged or crashed disk and scratched files
• Allows viewing of recovered files (HEX and ASCII)
• Renames File Type
"Super- Basic" Programmers' ROM (8K-4.0)
60 NEW Powerful Basic Commands $1 50.00
(FULL SCREEN Generator, sort, list any file to screen/printer without
changing program in RAM, makes programs unlistabie, scroll, rev. move,
define windows, print using, etc.
from NORELL DATA SYSTEMS . . .
"VISUALIZE" (CBM, APPLE, IBM) $1 00.00
"EASYDATA DBMS" (CBM, APPLE, IBM) $200.00
We*re dealers for: Commodore Business Machines - Chattsworth Data Corp. - Professional Software - AB Computers - MTU - Abacus Software
CMD - Micro Ed - Skyles Electric Works - Datatronics ab.
(714) 778-5455 (213) 923-9361 BuUt OH tt
8315 Firestone Blvd.
DOWNEY, CA.
Data Equipment Supply Corp.
8315 Firestone Blvd., Downey, CA 90241
^ commodore
from the DES
SUPPLY
DIVISION . . .
- ASK FOR OUR CATALOG -
DISKETTES (5V4 & 8")
• BASF, Memorex, Dysan,
Verbatim, Scotch 3M
DES "DATA-DISC"
SPECIAL - as tow as $2,00
Ribbons All Types
Mailing Labels- All Sizes
Printer Paper- All Sizes
VOLUMN PRICES for
SINGLE USERS
•SOFTWARE HOUSES!
Check us for Quanity $
from DES
''VIC-VILLE"^
(VIC 20) ,.,
ANNOUNCING!! DES 48 K Expansion Board Available in March fc3
Basic and Machine Language {3k expansion needed)
* RENUMBERS * AUTOLINE * FIND * TRACE * HELP
* DISASSEMBLE/ASSEMBLE * DUMP * APPEND/DELETE
* SPECIAL SOUND & VIDEO COMMANDS and more
by KAVAN of Germany
GAMES: From our young professionals {future genius programmers)
Robert Winter - Ralph Orion • Dan Haste - Robert Burnett
Goldbrick $12.95
Many levels of play,
sound and color.
Goggle $9.05
Computerized version
of Boggle. Great for
parlies. Keeps score
for 4 people.
A Maze Ing $10.95
Travel through the maze
game of skill and tense
action.
Baseball Strategy
$10.95
The excitement of base-
ball as a video strategic
game. Fun for family.
Gobbler $9.95
Sound Easy? You have
26 seconds to get him
and the time gets shorter
at each higher level.
Attack on Silo III
$10.95
You are the commander
of Siio [II. Defend your
base.
Hang-U $10.95
Traditional Hangman
plays against the VIC's
250 word dictionary
OR another person,
Yahtzee $10.95
Solitaire version of this
famous dice game, good
graphics & lots of fun.
ASK FOR DEALER DISCOUNT!!
from the DES LAB . . .
DES Master Switch. $59.95
4 ROMS in 1 Space
DES Portexpander $29.95
Dual use for the Users Port
From TYPE-SHARE . . .
Use Your Computer as a Typesetting Terminal!
• You create files on your computer complete with typesetting commands
• Transmit your tiles to one of our Type-Share Centers for processing.
• We will send you back camera-ready-copy at a minimal cost.
If you don't have a terminal system we'll sell you one complete with
software for as low as $475.00!!
Call or write TYPE-SHARE INC. for more details (division of DES}
Send for our pricing lists on all
supplies and peripherals.
DATA EQUIPMENT SUPPLY CORP.
831 5 Firestone Blvd., Downey, CA 90241
(2 1 3) 923-936 1 (714) 778-5455
PAYMENT
D CHECK*
D VISA
D MASTERCHARGE
Exp. Date.
Acct. # .
Name _
Address
City
State
Zip-
TNW Corp. - Jinr Micro Systems, Inc. - Micro Computer Industries Ltd. - Voicetek - The Code Works - CMC - Software bv Sasso - HES - Mcmore.x
Dysan - NEC - BASF
n. n J ^' , (714) 778-5455
firm foundation! riu) 923-9361
88
COMPUTE!
MarcM982. Issue 22
Family: A
Simulation In
Genetics
Andy Gamble
Columbia College
Vancouver Canada
Biology teachers know only too well the ptactical
problems of illustrating the effects of gene selection.
Mendel struck it lucky with his pea plants, but even
they are a little loo complicated for an introductory
class. Besides, any meaningful experiment would
take months, e\'en years, to condtict. Barring a few
thousand fruit-llies, what can one do?
Once again the mild-mannered computer
steps into the nearest telephone booth and saves
the dav. This program ligluheartedly illustraics the
genealogy of a Maitian couple.
Mars Genetics
A subject was clearly needed wiiich cotild be easily
displayed on the PF/F screen, with control over a
lew features. In this case, the Martians have either
white or gray hair (green or light gi een on some
PETs) and round or slanted eves. The gene for
white hair is dominant, as is the gene for round
eyes. Male and female Martians aie represented by
square and roiuid jawlines respectivelv.
1 he usual method of denoting dominanl and
recessive genes by upper and lower case letters is
not used here, as the PKl^ cannot display both with
the grapliics characters at the same lime.
Ihe program can be used in tw^o ways, first,
merely as a demonstration of the effects of gene
selection. Genes are chosen at random from the
parents, and control the facial features of their 24
children. The sexes are also randomly assigned.
The genes for the parents can be picked at random
by the program, or chosen by the user.
Altcrnati\ely the user may choose to have the
faces of the parents and children displayed, but
not their genes. The parents' genes can therefore
be determined from the features, giving practice
of a more experimental kind.
The instructions and the RUN of the program
should be self-explanatory. There are several
techniques used in the program which 1 think ate
quite interesting. 1 believe very strongly in making
programs as user-friendlv as possible, and this is
particularly important when dealing with INPUT
statements. When a yes/no answer is needed, the
easiest method is to use a trick INPUT .statement
(see lines 280-4 10).
Parts of this program need input which is less
obvious to the user: namely, the genes R,S,W and
G. It's perfectly po.ssible to remind the user of this
when necessary, but here a different method is
tised. When that input is called for, the genes are
displayed on the screen, as for example:
WG
The arrow is moved left or right by the < and >
keys; the genes are picked by pressing return. This
is foolproof as far as 1 can tell, and there is the
added advantage of it being obvious which genes
at e to be chosen (see lines 5 10-1080).
The program uses over 8K as given so, to run
it on 8K machines some editing is necessarv. Ihe
instructions can be lemoved (lines 280-3 10, 1.520-
1 870) and printed separately for student use.
Removing all the RKM statements also (none are
referenced) brings the memory needed down to
just over 6K. Family will run on all 40-column PETs.
mMizmM
''^<fti>f' t-'<i>ff'f\ i'r'f-ff-f<''t '^ff-fi-^-
.^C'f<-\ '<«<<:?■
ss^^ :«iii^ ss^ :^i^^ mi^ M*fesa m^ wgfefei
.*fM<*f-. j''*!5?W<"^ ,'WfKF'i iT-^t^i'-^^'i j'^^V- *<f<f<f\
IJ_I LU IJ_1 LLI LU IJIJ IJ:
mssSi :g«Ri=a S3^ jS^m m^ M^siea -m^ jgjgeta
0 S 0 B 0 0 f5D
misa ggaa ssisi^ is^^ )mm m^i 'ssss Mgaa
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
REM
REM
REM
AVE
REM
FAMILY
ANDY GAMBLE JUNE 81
COLUMBIA COLLEGE, 1619 W10
2A2
VANCOUVER BC V6J
GOTO1430
REM HP<=35,VP<=19
VT$="{HOME}{25 DOWN}"
X=RND(-RND{0) )
DEFFNR(X)=INT(2*RND(1)+1)
N0$="] '%]"
"J@@K":REM
':REM
CH$(1)'
CH$(2)="-@§='
EY$(1) ="];,]"
EY$(2)="]IU]"
HA$(1)="U""I"
HA$(2)="U((I"
FEM
MALE
BOOKS and
SOFTWARE
For ATARI - PET - OSI - APPLE M - 6502
ATARI BASIC - LeBrning by
Using
This new book is an "Action".
Book. You do moj-e than read U.
Lt^rn the iniricacy of ATARI-
BASIC thorugh the short programj
wtiich are provfded. The
suggestions challenge you lo
ctijnge and write program
rouiinei. Yes, it's exciting -
Many of the programs are
appropriate for beginners as well
ai experienced compjter users.
(Screen Drawings. Special Sounds,
Keys. Paddles ^ Jovsticks
Soeciali?ed Screen Routines,
Graphics and Sour>d, Peeks ar^d
Pake's and special siuff I.
Order. No. 164 59.95
G*mei for the ATARI-Comput«t
how ID program your own games
on the ATARI. Complete listings
in BASIC and Machine Language
of exciting games. Tricks and
hints.
Order No, 16Z £4.95
ATMONA-1
iVachine Language Monitor for
the ATAR I 4CX)/8O0.
This powerful monitor provides
you with the firmware support
that you need to get the most
out of your powerful system.
ATMONA-1 comes on a bootable
cassette. No cartridges required.
Disassemble, Memory Dump HEX
+ ASCII. [Change Memory
Locations, Block transfer. fill
rremofy block, save and load
machine larwjuage programs, start
rr.sch ,Lai>g, Progr. (Printer
opTionalL
Comes with introductionary
article on how tcf program the
ATARI computer fn machine
language. (Available also In ROM)
Ori*er-No.7022 KT9.95
ATMONA-2 Supenta^ptr
A very powerful Tracer to eKplort*
th*. ATARI ROM/RAV area Slop
ii! previously selt.*clt?d addresS-
Opcode or operand Icassellel.
Order No. 7049 S49.95
EDtTORm^EMBLER for
ATARI BOO, 3ZK RAM
Ex If tamely last and power I ul
Editor ^A^scmblcr IBK Source
codt.^ in about 5 seconcs} fncludes
ATMONA 1
Order-No. 7098 E49.95
MAC RO- Aim m bier
lof ATARI BOO. 48K HAM
Please specify your system. RAM,
disc or cassette.
Order. No, 7099 S89.00
Gurvfight - For ATARI 400/800
t6< RAM, needs two joysticks.
animation and sound (8K machine
language)
OrderNo, 7207 fi 19,96
EPROM BURNER for ATARI
400/800 Bare boards only with
description, schematic + software
(2776.2732).
Order-No. 7041 £99.00
Invoice Vifriting for very small
business with ATARI 400/600
T6< RAM.
Qrd«r-Mo, 7022, eeis, S29.9S
OderNo. 7200, diic. 09.99
Wordproe*MOr for ATARI 800,
48K RAM
Order-No. 7210 £29,95
How to connect your EPSON-
Printer to the ATARI 400/SOO.
Construction article with printed
circuit board and software,
fScreenprint and variable charac
ters per linel.
Order-No. 7210 $19.95
The Firjt Book of OfToSciwrnric
Introduction to OSI computers,
Diagrams, hardware and software
information not previously
available in one compact source.
192 pages.
Order. No. 157 £7.95
TKt S«Mnd Book of Ohio
Scientific
Very valuable information about
OSI microcomputer systems.
Introduction to OS-65 O and
0S-65U networking. Hardware
and software hints and tips.
Systems specifications. Business
applications.
Order -No. 159 £7.95
ELCOMP PublithJng, Inc., 53 Redrock Une
Pomona, CA 91766, Phone: (714) 623-8314
Payment Check. Money Order, VISA, Master charge. Eurocheck
POSTPAID PREPAID in USA £5.00 handling fee for CO.D. All
orders outside USA Add 15 % shipping, CA add 6.5 % sales tax.
ATARI Is a registefed trademark of ATARI Inc.
APPLE IJis a registered trademark of APPLE Inc.
The Third Book of Otrio Scientific
is now available!
Very important information for
the OSI system experimenter.
Interface techniques, system ex-
panslofis, accessories and much
more (EPROMBurner. 6522 I/O-
card vmh 1 < RAM. Soundooard,
EPROM/RAM board)
Ord«r-No. 159 £7,95
The Foufth Book of OHIO
VIPBook - Very Important
Programs. Many interesting pro-
grams for OSI computers. Sorting
(Binary TreeJ Differential Equi-
tation. Statist fcs. Astrology, Ga^
Consumption. Games a. s. o,
Order-No. 160 £9.95
VIP P*ck*(ie - Above book plus
J cdssttte with the program*.
Order-No. 100 A £19.95
The Frftti book of Ohio Scientific
Many exciting programs program
mlng hints and tricks, Tcxtwriter,
Debugger for CI P. Games. Utilities
and mjch more (polled keyboard I
Order-No. 161 £7.95
Invoice Writtng Program for OSl-
C1PMF, C4P Disk and Cassette,
8K RAM.
Order-No. 8234 £29.80
Meiling Lirt for C1PMF or
C4PMF 24 K RAM
250 addresses Incl, phone riumt>er
and parameiurs on one 5 1/4 disk)
Order-No, 8240 £29,80
8K Microsoft BASIC Reference
Menuel
Authoritative reference for the
original Microsoft 4K t 8K
BASIC developed I'orALTAIR
and Eater computers including
OS*,PET.TRSeO(ind VIC.
Order-No. 141 E9.95
Expemton Handbook for 6502
end 6802
S44 Caiti Manual descrtljes all ol
the 4.f) N 6.5 44 pin S 44 cards
mcl, schematics. A MUST for
every 650? System user (KIM,
SYM, AIM. VIC. PET. OSI}
Ofder-No. 152 £9 95
Microcomputer Applicatiort
Notes
Reprint ol In lei's most important
application notes including 270S,
B085. 825b, 6251 chips V*fry
necessary for the hardware buff,
Order-No. 153 £9.95
Complex Sourtd Generation
New revised applications manual
for the Texas Instruments SN
76477 Complex Sound Genera-
tor.
Order -No. 164 £6.95
Small Butineu Programi
Complete listings for the bi-siness
user. Inventory. Invoice Writing.
Mailirvg List and much more
Introduction to Business Appli-
cations.
Order- No. 156 £14.90
Micnooomputer Hwdwsr* Hand-
book
Descritionis, pinouts and specifi
cations of the most popular
microprocessor and support chips.
A MUST for the hardware buff
Ordar-Mo. 29 £14.95
CafB and Feeding of the
Commodore PET
Eight chapters exploring PET
hardware. Includes repair and
interfacing information. Pro-
gramming tricks and schematics.
Order -No. ISO £9.95
Prototype-Expansion Board for
VIC-20 l&44-BuiL
Order- No. 4844 £18.95
18K RAM/ROM boerd for S44-
bui. Any combination of RAM
and ROM on one board.
(SY2l28or27l6}
Order-N0.813 £39.95
Low cott expaniion boardi for
your APPLE II. Bare board comes
with extensive description and
software.
Prototyping card
Order -No. 604
6522 VfA-l/0 Exp.
Order No. 605
2716 EPROM-B^jmer
Order-No. 607
8K EPROM/RAM Card
Order -No. 609
£29.00
£39.00
£49,00
£29,00
MICROGRAMS
EDUCATIONAL
SOFTWARE
THE HEART
OF YOUR
CLASSROOM
COMPUTER
Expect more
from your PET". . .
PET is a registered trademark of Commodore Business Machines
MICROGRAMS
INCORPORATED
P.O. BOX 2146. LOVES PARK, IL 61 130
PHONE 81 5/965-2464
rn Please send me a free
K-8 catalog,
NAME
P^ PJease send me a sample
program and a free K-8
catalog. 1 have enclosed
S2.00 for postage and
handling.
ADDRFSR 1
rjTY
1
STATE
7IP 1
90
COMPUTEI
Morch. 1982. Issue 22
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
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610
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630
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650
660
670
down}do you
"{03 LEFT
NE
REM W OVER G, R OVER S
GE$="N"
INPUT" {CLEAR} {04
ED INSTRUCTIONS
LEFT}"; ZZ$
IFZZ$="^"THEN280
IFLEFT$(ZZ$,1)="Y"THEN1520
IFLEFT$ (ZZ$,1) <>"N"THEN280
GE$="N": PRINT" {CLEAR} {03 D0WN}D
0 YOU WANT TO GUESS THE GE
NOTYPES";
INPUT" (Y/N) _;;^{03 LEFT}";GE$
IFGE$ = "^"THEN320
GE$=LEFT$(GE$,1) : IFGE$="N"THEN3
70
GOTO430
PRINT" {CLEAR} {03 DOWN}ARE THE G
ENES FOR THE PARENTS TO BE
CHOSEN RANDOMLY ";
INPUT" (Y/N) ^[S3 LEFT}";ZZ$
IFZZ$ = "J^"THEN370
IFLEFT$(ZZ$,1)="N"THEN500
IFLEFT$ (ZZ$,1)<>"Y"THEN320
REM RANDOM
F0RI=1T02:FE$ (I)="R";
5THENFE$ (I) ="S"
FH$(I)="W":IFRND(1)>,
)="G"
NEXT
F0RI = 1T02:ME$ (I) ="R" ;
5THENME$ (I)="S"
MH$ (I) ="W": IFRNDCl) >.5THENMH$ (I
)="G"
NEXT
GOTO1090
PA=33067
PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}CHOOSE GE
NES FOR FATHER'S HAIR:"
PRINT" {03 DOWN} "TAB (19) "{REV}WG
IFRND(1)>.
5THENFH$(I
IFRND{1)>.
E$(1)="":E${2)=""
GOSUB2020
POKEPA,30
F0RI=1T02
GOSUB1960
FH$ (I) ="G" : IFPA=33067THENFH$ (I)
= "W"
H$(I)=FH$(I)
NEXT
VP=10:HP=18:SEX=2
GOSUB1920
GOSUB1360
GOSUB2040
PRINT" {02 DDWN}":GOSUB1890
PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}CHOOSE GE
NES FOR FATHER'S EYES:"
PRINT" {03 D0WN}"TAB(19)"{REV}RS
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850
860
870
880
890
900
910
920
930
940
950
960
POKEPA,30
F0RI=1T02
GOSUB1960
FE$(I)="S":IFPA=33067THENFE$ (I)
= "R"
E$(I)=FE$(I)
NEXT
VP=10:HP=18:SEX=2
GOSUB1920
GOSUB1360
GOSUB2040
PRINT" {02 DOWN}":GOSUB1890
PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}CHOOSE GE
NES FOR MOTHER'S HAIR:"
PRINT"{03 D0WN}"TAB(19) "{REV}WG
It
GOSUB2020
E$(1)="":E${2)=""
POKEPA,30
F0RI=1T02
GOSUB1960
MH$ (I) ="G" : IFPA=33067THENMH$ (I)
= "W"
H$(I)=MH$(I)
NEXT
VP=10:HP=18:SEX=1
GOSUB1920
GOSUB1360
GOSUB2040
PRINT" {02 DOWN}":GOSUB1890
PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}CHOOSE GE
NES FOR MOTHER'S EYES:"
PRINT" {03 D0WN}"TAB(19)"{REV}RS
680 GOSUB2020
970 GOSUB2020
980 POKEPA,30
990 F0RI=1T02
1000 GOSUB1960
1010 ME$(I)="S": IFPA=33067THENME$ (I)
= "R"
1020 E$(I)=ME$(I)
1030 NEXT
1040 VP=10:HP=18:SEX=1
1050 GOSUB1920
1060 GOSUB1360
1070 GOSUB2040
1080 PRINT" {02 DOWN}":GOSUB1890
1090 PRINTCHRS (147)TAB{10) "{REV}FATH
ER{09 RIGHT}M0THER"
1100 VP=1:HP=11:SEX=2
1110 F0RI=1T02:H$(I)=FH$(I) :E$(I)=FE
$ (I) :NEXT
1120 GOSUB1920
1130 GOSUB1360
1140 VP=1:HP=26:SEX=1
1150 F0RI = 1T02:H$ (I)=MH$ (I) :E$(I)=ME
$ (I) :NEXT
1160 GOSUB1920
1170 GOSUB1360
x^^
'^'?:
^^
f,^^^
.^'"f^^
.-^t'^^^'"
-.^^^
.^^
92
COMPUTEt
Mofch, 1982. Issue 22
1180 REM OFFSPRING
1190 FORI=1TO3:FORJ=0TO7
1200 VP-1+5*I ;HP=5*J
1210 H$ (1) =FH$ (FNR(l) } : H$ (2) =MH$ (FNR
(1)}
1220 E$(1)=FE$(FNR(1) ) : E$ (2) =ME$ (FNR
(D)
1230 HC=1:IF(H$(1)="G")AND(H$(2)-"G"
)THENHC=2
1240 EC=1:IF(E$(1)="S")AND(E$(2)="S"
)THENEC=2
1250 SEX=FNR(1)
1260 GOSUB1360
1270 NEXTJ,I
1280 IFGE$="Y"THENGOSUB2070
1290 PRINT" {DOWN} {REVlPRESS {0FF}E{R
REVlND, {0FF}N{REV}EW PARE
NTS OR {OFF}M{REV}ORE OFFS
PRING"
1300 GOSUB1900
1310 IFZZ$="N"THEN320
1320 IFZZ$="M"THEN1190
1330 IFZZ$<>"E"THEN1300
1340 PRINT" {HOME} "; :END
1350 REM DRAW FACE
1360 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$ , VP+1) TAB ( HP) ;
1370 PRINTHA$ (HC) "{04 LEFT} {DOWN} ";
1380 PRINTEY$(EC) "{04 LEFT} {DOWN} " ;
1390 PRINTNO$"{04 LEFT} {DOWN} "CH$ (BE
X) "{04 LEFT} {DOWN}";
1400 IFGE$-"N"THENPRINT" {REV} *'H$ (1) H
$(2)E$(1)E$(2)"{ OFF } " : RETU
RN
1410 IFGE$="Y"THENPRINT"
1420 RETURN
1430 PRINT" {CLEAR} " : FORI=32768TO3280
7 :POKEI, 224: POKE 1+96 0,224:
NEXT
1440 FORI=32808TO33688STEP4 0:POKEI,2
24:POKEI+39,224:NEXT
1450 PRINT" {HOME} {04 DOWN}"
1460 PRINTTAB(9)" 0# ^ L
1470 PRINTTAB(9)" L$ : : : : : :MNLLLLNM
1480 PRINT" {HOME} {10 DOWN} "TAB ( 16) "{
REV}FAMILY"
1490 PRINT" {HOME} {12 DOWN} "TAB ( 25) "A
NDY GAMBLE"
1500 PRINT" {07 DOWN}"; :GOSUB1890
1510 GOTO160
1520 PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN} "TAB ( 15) "
{REV} FAMILY {OFF} {02 DOWN}"
1530 PRINT"THIS PROGRAM SHOWS YOU A "'
TYPICAL FAMILY OF MARTIANS
: TWO PARENTS'*;
154 0 PRINT" AND ";
1550 PRINT"THEIR 24 CHILDREN. YOU ^
CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE"
1560 PRINT" BETWEEN MALE AND ";
1570 PRINT" FEMALE MARTIANS VERY EA
SILY. MALES HAVE SQUARE JA
WS AND"
1580 PRINT"FEMALES HAVE ";
1590 PRINT"ROUND ONES. OTHER THAN TH
ATTHEY HAVE WHITE OR GRAY "
HAIR, AND ROUND
1600 PRINT"OR SLANTED EYES. THESE "*
TRAITS ARE";
1610 PRINT" CONTROLLED BY GENES ^
W AND G FOR ";
1620 PRINT"THE HAIRAND R AND S FOR T
HE EYES. W IS DOMINANT OVE
R G AND R IS ";
1630 PRINT"DOMINANT OVER S. HERE A
RE TWO TYPICAL MARTIANS:"
1640 VP=17 : HP=15 s SEX=1 : H$ (1) ="G" : H$ (
2)="W":E$(1)="R'':E$(2)="S"
:EC=1;HC=1
1650 GOSUB1360
1660 VP=17:HP=22:SEX=2:H$(1)="G'':H$(
2)="G":E$(1):="S":E$(2)=="S"
;EC=2:HC=2
1670 GOSUB1360:PRINT"{DOWN}";
1680 GOSUB1890
1690 PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN}YOU MAY C
HOOSrE THE GENES FOR THE HA
IR"
1700 PRINT"AND EYES OF BOTH THE MOTH
ER AND THE"
1710 PRINT"FATHER WHEN THE PROGRAM R
EQUESTS IT,"
1720 PRINT"BY CHOOSING TWO GENES SU
CH AS 'GG'"
1730 PRINT"OR 'RR' - WHATEVER YOU LI
KE. YOU CAN"
1740 PRINT"ALSO LET THE PROGRAM CHOO
SE THE"
1750 PRINT"PARENTS' GENES RANDOMLY,"
1760 PRINT" {DOWN}AFTER YOU ARE SHOWN
THE OFFSPRING, YOU"
1770 PRINT"WILL HAVE A CHOICE AS TO "
MORE OFFSPRING"
1780 PRINT"BY THE SAME PARENTS, DIFF
ERENT PARENTS,"
1790 PRINT"OR ENDING THE PROGRAM. {02
DOWN}"
1800 GOSUB1890:PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN
DOWN}ALTERNATIVELY YOU CAN
CHOOSE TO BE SHOWN"
1810 PRINT" {UP} THE FACES, AND TRY TO
GUESS THE"
1820 PRINT"PARENTS' GENES (THEIR GEN
OTYPES) . "
1830 PRINT" {DOWN}NOTE THAT THE COMPU
TER HAS IN MIND ONE"
1840 PRINT"PARTICULAR SET OF GENES: "
OTHERS MAY BE"
MarcM982 Issue 22
COMPUTEl
93
1850 PRINT"POSSIBLE BUT WILL GIVE A '
WRONG ANSWER,"
1860 PRINT*' {03 DOWN} "; :GOSUB1890
1870 GOTO320
1880 REM GET-CONT
1890 PRINTTAB(8) "{REVlPRESS ANY KEY '
TO CONTINUE"
1900 GETZZ$:IFZZ$=""THEN1900
1910 RETURN
1920 HC=1:IF(H$(1)="G")AND(H$(2)="G"
)THENHC=2
1930 EC=1:IF(E$(1)="S")AND(E$(2)-"S"
)THENEC^2
1940 RETURN
1950 REM CHOOSE GENES
1960 GOSUB1900
1970 IFZZ$="<"ANDPA=33068THENPOKEPA,
32:PA=33067 :POKEPA,30
1980 IFZZ$=">"ANDPA=33067THENPOKEPA,
32:PA=3 3068:POKEPA,30
1990 IFZZ$<>CHR$ (13)THEN1960
2 0 00 RETURN
2010 REM MESSAGE
2020 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,19) ;"{REV}PRESS '
< TO MOVE LEFT, > TO MOVE ^
RIGHT "
2030 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,20) ? " {REV} PRE
SS RETURN WHEN GENE IS CHO
SEN ": RETURN
2040 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,19) ;"
ANDMH$(2)=HG$(
ANDMH$ (2)=HG$(
"FH$(1)FH$(2)
2230 FG=1
2240 GOTO2340
2250 IF MH$ (1)=HG$ (1)
2)THEN2290
2260 IF MH$(1)=HG$(2)
1)THEN2290
2270 GOTO2320
2280 REM MOTHER GUESS CORRECT
2290 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ;TAB(26) "{REV}
"MH$(1}MH$(2)
2300 GOTO2340
2 310 REM BOTH WRONG
2320 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;*'{REV}
SWER^IS WRONG: TRY AGAIN 0
R {OFF}E{REV}ND
2330 GOTO2090
2340 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;"{REV}
T GENES FOR HAIR OF OTHER "*
(W/G)
2350 GOSUB1900
IF2Z$="W"ORZZ$="G"THEN2 390
IFZZ$="E"THEN1340
GOSUB1900
HG$(1)^ZZ$
GOSUB19 00:IFZZ$="W"ORZZ$="G"THE
N2420
2410 GOSUB1900
2420 HG$(2)=ZZ$
2430 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;"
AN
INPU
2360
2370
2380
2390
2400
2050 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,20)
2060
2070
2080
2090
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
I
2150
2160
2170
N
": RETURN
REM HAIR GENE GUESS
PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;"{REV}lNPUT '
ENES FOR HAIR OF ONE PARE
T (W/G)"
FG-0
GOSUB1900
IFZZ$^"W"ORZZ$="G"THEN2130
IFZZ$="E"THEN1340
GOSUB1900
HG$ (1)=ZZ$
GOSUB1900:IFZZ$="W"ORZZ$="G"THE
2160
GOSUB1900
HG$(2)=ZZ$
PRINTLEFT$ (VT$ ,22) ; "
2180 IF FH$(1)=HG$(1) ANDFH$ ( 2) =HG$ (
2)THEN2220
2190 IF FH$ (1)=HG$(2) ANDFH$ (2) =HG$ (
1)THEN2220
2200 GOTO2250
2210 REM FATHER GUESS CORRECT
2220 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ?TAB(11) "{REV}
ANDFH$ (2)=HG$ (
ANDFH$ (2)=HG$ (
2440 IFFG=1THEN2520
2450 IF FH$ (1)=HG$(1)
2)THEN2500
2460 IF FH$(1)=HG$(2)
1)THEN2500
2470 IFFG=0THEN2590
2480 GOTO2520
2490 REM FATHER GUESS CORRECT
2 500 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ; TAB (11) "{REV}
"FH${1)FH$(2)
2510 GOTO2620
2520 IF MH$(1)=HG$ (1)
2)THEN2560
2530 IF MH$(1)=HG$(2)
1)THEN2560
2540 GOTO2590
2550 REM MOTHER GUESS CORRECT
2560 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$ ,6 ) ; TAB ( 26) "{REV}
"MH$ (1)MH$(2)
2570 GOTO2620
2580 REM BOTH WRONG
2590 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;"{REV} AN
SWER IS WRONG: TRY AGAIN 0
R {OFF}E{REV}ND "
2600 GOTO2350
2610 REM EYE GENE GUESS
2620 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,22) ;"{REV}INPUT "
ANDMH$(2)=HG$(
ANDMH$(2)=HG$(
94
COMPUTEI
March. 1982. Issue 22
GENES FOR EYES OF ONE PARE
NT (R/S) "
2630 FG=0
2640 GOSUB1900
2650 IFZZ$ = "R"ORZZ$ = "S''THEN2680
2660 IFZZ$="E"THEN1340
2670 GOSUB1900
2680 EG$(1)=ZZ$
2690 GOSUB1900:IFZZ$="R"ORZZ$="S"THE
N2710
2700 GOSUB1900
2710 EG$(2)=ZZ$
2720 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,22) ;"
2730 IF FE$(1)=EG$(1) ANDFE$ (2) =EG$ (
2)THEN2770
2740 IF FE$ (1}=EG$ (2) ANDFE$ (2) =EG$ (
1)THEN2770
2750 GOTO2800
2760 REM FATHER GUESS CORRECT
2770 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,6) ;TAB(13) "{REV}
"FE${1)FE$(2)
2780 FG=1
2790 GOTO2890
2800 IFME${1)=EG$(1)ANDME$(2)=EG$(2}
THEN2840
2810 IFME$ (1) =EG$ (2) ANDME$ (2) =EG$ (1)
THEN2840
2820 GOTO2870
2830 REM MOTHER GUESS CORRECT
2840 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ; TAB (28) "{REV}
"ME$(1)ME$(2)
2850 GOTO2890
2860 REM BOTH WRONG
2870 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,22) ;"{REV} AN
SWER IS WRONG: TRY AGAIN 0
R {OFF}E{REV}ND "
2880 GOTO2640
2890 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,22) ;"{REV} INP
UT GENES FOR EYES OF OTHER
(R/S) "
2900 GOSUB1900
2910 IFZZ$="R"ORZZ$="S"THEN2940
2920 IFZZ$="E"THEN1340
2930 GOSUB1900
2940 EG${1)=ZZ$
2950 GOSUB1900:IFZZ$ = "R"ORZZ$ = "S''THE
N2970
2960 GOSUB1900
2970 EG$(2)=ZZ$
2980 PRINTLEFT$(VT$,22) ;"
2990 IFFG=1THEN3070
3000 IF FE$(1)=EG$(1)ANDFE$(2)=EG$(2
)THEN3050
3010 IFFE$(1)=EG$(2)ANDFE$(2)=EG$ (1)
THEN3050
3020 IFFG=1THEN3140
3030 GOTO3070
3040 REM FATHER GUESS CORRECT
3050 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ;TAB(13) " {REV}
"FE$(1)FE$(2)
3060 GOTO3170
3 070 IFME$ (1) =EG$ (1)ANDME$ (2) =EG$ (2)
THEN3110
3 080 IFME$(1)=EG$(2)ANDME$(2)=EG$(1)
THEN3110
3090 GOTO3140
3100 REM MOTHER GUESS CORRECT
3110 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,6) ;TAB(28) "{REV}
"ME$(1)ME$(2)
3120 GOTO3170
3130 REM BOTH WRONG
3140 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ,-"{REV} AN
SWER IS WRONG: TRY AGAIN 0
R {OFF}E{REV}ND
3150 GOTO2900
3160 REM ALL CORRECT
3170 PRINTLEFT$ (VT$,22) ;"{REV}
CORRECT! TRY AGAIN? (Y/N
)
3180 GOSUB1900
3190 IPZZ$="Y"THEN320
3200 IFZZ$<>"N"THEN3180
3210 GOTO1340 ©
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96
COMPUTE!
March, 1982, issue 22
Learning With Computers
Word
Processing In
Ttie Ciossroom
Glenn Kleiman and Mary Humphrey
Teaching Tools: Microcomputer Services
PO. Box 50065
Palo AltQ CA 94303
".'\// rii^hf, class. Load the word jjrorrssiNi^
l^rogKUii and l>at your uamr at the toj) oj a
new fil(\ Wr'rr all ii^(nfio; lo wrdc thank you
Irttrrs to the PI A far huyiuir thr rampatvrs for
oar class/'
In recent months we have heard from a number of
teachers, students and researchers who have been
using compuleri/ed word processing in classrooms.
All have found it to be a successful and vaUiable
experience, even with children as young as second
grade. In this month's column we focus on word
processing - what it is, some ways it is being used in
classrooms, its effects on children's writing, and
how to get started with it.
Whof Is Word Processing?
W ord processing is the use of computer-controlled
writing systems. The computer system replaces not
only the typewriter, pen or pencil, but also the
scratch paper, eraser, scissors and tape, and, in
some advanced systems, the dictionary.
Programs are available to turn almost every
personal computer into a word processing system.
For most computers there is a choice ranging from
very simple word piocessing programs to programs
so sophisticated they match the capabilities of the
word processors found in many offices. While
there are important differences, even the simpler
programs provide valuable writing aids.
Word processing programs make it easy to
create and modify essays, notes, letters, outlines —
any form of written material. The text is typed on
the computer keyboard and appears on the screen.
All word processors provide ways to correct typing
errors, insert or delete words, save your writing for
later work, and print it when you arc iniished.
Moi e advanced word processors can search f oi' a
given sequence of letters in the text and replace it
with another sequence (great for correcting habitual
s|)elling errors, or replacing all instances of "utilize''
with "use"), fhey make it possible to move sections
of text, such as when you decide a paragraph you
put in the introduction would be better in the
conclusion. Thev also let vou format the print-out:
setting margins and spacing between lines, cen-
tering headings, numbering pages and so on. Very
advanced word processors add a dictionary so
spelling can be checked automatically. An on-line
thesaurus and systems that do some checking of
sentence syntax are being developed. Perhaps
some day we will have a computerized Strunk and
W' hite's Elements of Style program to point otu the
needless words we should omit.
How Can Word Processing Be Used In Education?
Teachers often report that children are unwilling
to write and even more unwilling to edit and revise
what they ha\e written. Writing reqmres both the
mental processes of composing text and the physical
proces.ses of producing it. Computerized word
|>rocessing makes the physical aspects ol producitig
and editing text much easier, so more attention can
be devoted to the mental aspects. Word processors
can also be used to create situations whic h stimulate
children's creativitv with language and motivate
them to write.
A fourth grade class in Oceanside, California,
has produced a school newsletter with their word
processing system. The well written, eleven i:»age
newsletter contains news stories, book reviews,
jokes, original stories, and letters to the editor, llie
newsletter reflects careful use of the formatting
capabilities of the word processing system. It has
centered headlines and is neatly divided into pages
with two columns of print on each page.
f he children in this class did most ol their
writing in pairs, helping each other both in tising
the computer and in creating and editing text. The
cliildren could access each other's working drafts
and offer comments on them. They used a word
processing progi am developed by researchers at
the L'niversitv of California at San Diego. It contains
some special features, such as a command that
aiuomatically arranges the text into a paragraph
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98
COMPUTEl
March, 1982, Issue 22
format or a sentence format. The ease of making
changes made editing and revising fun rather than
a chore. In a letter to the editor of the newsletter,
two of the children reported tliat writing with the
computer was "...funner and easier than writing
with pencil and paper. Also it does not hurt your
hand."
The potential of word processors to facilitate
children's writing has been further demonstrated
at the Trillium School, a special school for learning
disabled children in Ontario, (Canada. The students
range from 7 to 16 years old, but their reading
levels range from first grade to fifth grade. Many
of these children had previously refused lo do any
lorm (;( writing. The sciiool recently began using
computers in the classrooms and found the children
were eager to use them. VV' hen word processing
was introduced, the teachers were delighted to
find the students' enthusiasm for computers carried
through to using them for writing. These students
now write school reports, take essay exams and
do creadve wridng assignments with the word
processor.
In the East York schools in Ontario, Canada,
children from second to eighth grade are being
gi\ en the opportunity to use word processing
programs. Teachers of all grades indicate that
children are eager to write with the computer.
After some initial typing practice, the children find
it nuich ea.sier than using a pencil, pen or typewriter.
They write more, edit more, and pi oduce better
compositions.
The teachers and i esearchers who have ob-
served children using word processors report very
consistent patterns of change in the children's
writing. The most immediate result is that students
want to WTite more often and produce longer
compositions. Teachers of young children have
reported that the length of the average essay
doubles. The next change occttrs when the children
become familiar w^th the editing capabilities of the
word processor. First they start being more careful
to correct typing, spelling and punctuation errors.
Then they begin to change words and sentences.
Finally, they learn to reorganize the material,
moving, adding and deleting large sections of text.
They no longer just edit for details but also pay
more attention to the meaning of ideas and the
order of presentation.
Overall, tising word processors has been very
beneficial in the classes we have seen. The children
enjoy writing more, they are more willing to revise
their work, and they produce better essays. They
take pride in the quality of their writing, the final
neat print-outs, and the fact that they know how to
use a computer.
The potential of word processors as a creative
teaching resource is just beginning to be realized.
We have heard of a number of interesting ideas
that are now being developed or tested. The
Department of Education has coiuracted with Bolt
Beranek and Newman, Inc., a company in Cam-
bridge, Massachusetts, to develop a writing cm -
I iculum using computer technology. The aims of
the project are to develop tools to facilitate writing,
and environments to encourage and motivate
writing. One plan is to set up a within-school com-
puter based message system. Students can use this
to exchange information, take surveys of students'
and teachers' opinions, ask for information, and
other such uses. Using the message system will
require learning to use a computer and text editor.
Re.searchers from the University of California
at San Diego are developing a new use of computers
in schools. They will have children in California
exchange written messages with children in Alaska.
All of the writing w^il! be done on computers and
the messages will be sent via an electronic com-
munication system. This will allow immediate
responses and on-line interactions.
Another possibility fi>r using word jjrocessing
is interactive stories in which the child helps create
a story as he or she reads it. I'his can be done in
various ways. In one use of interacdve stories, the
cliildren are given incomplete stories. They then
use the word processor to fill in the missing patls
and perhaps change parts o( tlie original storv.
Another possibility is to give children paragraphs
describing various events. The children choose
which events to put in their stories, and how these
events should be sequenced and interrelated.
Getting Started With Word Processing
Once you have a computer, you need to add a
word processing program and a printer to use it
lor producing and editing text. There are manv
word processing programs available for each of die
widely sold computers. In a future colunm we may
review some of them with an eye towards classroom
rather than office use.
Two general points merit mentioning here.
One is that children seem best able to use programs
with what are known as scrtru editors. With a screen
editor, what you see on the screen is what voti get
on the printer, and making a change on the screen
atuomatically makes the same change in the com-
ptiter's memory. The otlier point is to remember
that for most classroom purposes you do not need
as sophisdcated and expensive a word processing
program as you would want in an office.
There are three classes of printers. 1 hernial
or electrostatic printers are the least expensive to
buy. They print quickly and are relativelv quiet.
Their disadvantage is tliat they require special
paper and, if they are to be used a great deal, this
March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPUTE!
99
can become very costly. T!ie next type is the dot
matrix printer. These are more expensive to Iniy
than tliermal printers, btit since they use legular
paper they may be more economical in the long
rtni. Dot matrix pi inters are widely used and are
the best choice lor most chissroom word processing
apphcations. Their main disadvantage is they tend
to be noisv. The third type is typewriter-(|iiaHiv
primers. Hiese produce the nicest print, but are
much more expensive. When checking into printers,
be sure to check the cost of the interface yoti will
need to attach the printer to your computer.
One worry is that children have to learn to
tvpe in ordcM- to tise word prf)cessing [programs.
We have (oinid dial withjusi a little practice most
children prefer typing to writing w ith a pen or
pencil. Also, sever al programs, such as Typing; Tutor
by Microsoft, are available to help master typing.
We do not have the space here to mention all
the relevant projects, ideas and prodticts. (Fortu-
nately, we do all our w riting on a woicl [processor,
so that when we realized we had written too much,
it was easv to edit and reorganize this article to fit
oin^ s|Xice.) We have co\ered just a few ol the many
possible uses ofWord processing programs in
edtication. We hope to hear from yoti abotu odier
innovative pi ()jects and ideas. ©
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100
COMPUTEl
March, 1982, Issue 22
Friends Of The
Turtle
Figure 3.
David D. Thornburg
Los Altos. CA
iz^
t=-
Figure 4.
V
FRIENDS OF THE TURTLE
Procedures And Pathways
All turtle languages incorporate at least two basic
commands -one to move the turtle forward and
another to make it turn. In Atari PILOT, for ex-
ample, one can have the turtle draw a 40 unit
square by entering the commands:
GR: DRAW 50
GR: TURN 90
GR: DRAW 40
GR: TURN 90
GR: DRAW 50
GR: TURN 90
GR: DRAW 40
GR: TURN 90
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
A
GR : DRAM 40
GR: TURN 3&
GR: DRQH 4e
GR : TURN 30
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
V
■^
GR: DRAM 48
GR : TURN ^e
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
GR
DRAM 40
GR
TURM 50
If you want lots of these squares, most turtle
environments will let you create a procedure which
can be used anytime you want to draw this figure.
In our case (using Atari PILOT), the procedure
starts with a name (for example, ^SQUARE). Next,
the commands shown above are entered, and
finally the end command is entered. In PILOT this
last command is simply E:.
Once a procedure is defined, it can be used to
create copies of squares at any screen location,
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S*A.T., P.S.A.T., N^M.S.Q.T. — Educator Edition set includes 25 programs covering Vocabulary, Word Relationships,
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^ ^ "^ Price $289.95
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This comprehensive set of programs consists of simulated exam modules, a thorough diagnostic package, and a
complete set of instructional programs. It is designed to teach concepts and operations, provide drill and practice and
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tured, sequential, curriculum encompassing mathematical, reading and writing instruction.
This program is designed for individual student use or use in a classroom setting. Programs provide optional printer
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Depending on the level chosen, problems range
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102
COMPUTit
March, 1982 Issue 22
orientation, or color you may desire. In our case,
one simply uses the procedure with the use com-
mand; e.g,, U: ^SQUARE. In this manner, proce-
dures let you extend the number of things the
turUe can "understand". To see how handy this is,
look at the following program which draws several
squares:
GR: PEN YELLOW
GR: GOTO -30,0
U: *SQUARE
GR: PEN BLUE
GR; TURN 30
U; *SQUARE
GR: GOTO 20,30
GR: TURN 40
U: *SQUARE
GR: PEN RED
GR: TURN 70
U: *SQUARE
Figure 9.
can make steady progress from the outline to the
final program without having to deal with massive
numbers of statements at a time. I tend to keep
procedures short and sweet - and to use lots
of them.
The next topic for this month is the idea of a
closed pathway. Closed turtle paths have some
interesting properties. If you look at the figures
shown above for the square, you might think that
we were done when we drew the fourth side (Figure
7). If you think about it some more, you will see
that the turtle is back at the place where it started,
but that it hasn't returned to its original orientation.
Closed turtle pathways have the property that the
turtle returns to its original location and orientation
at the end of the trip. This is a very important
point to remember.
Now^ that we have defined a pathway, let's look
at a simple way to create some special closed paths
in Atari PILOT. One type of closed path creates
geometric shapes called regular polygons. A regular
polygon is a closed figure which is made from
equal length sides and equal turning angles. While
we could repeat our DRAW and TURN commands
for each side and angle, this would make our proce-
dures very long and tedious to type out. Fortun-
ately, Atari PILOT allows some shorthand to make
this task easier. For example, the command:
GR: 4(DRAW 30; TURN 90)
will draw a square on the display screen. The
command says, in effect, "Repeat, four times, the
commands DRAW 30 and TURN 90".
Using this shorthand, we can create several
polygons to study.
GR: 4(DRAW 30; TURN 90)
GR: 5(DRAW 30; TURN 72)
GR: 6(DRAW 30; TURN 60)
Figure 10.
While this isn't a particularly pretty picture, it
does illustrate how to use procedures to save a lot
of typing! Procedures also make programs easier
to read.
An even greater value oi procedures is the
freedom they give you while you are w riting a
program. As you think about what you want your
program to do, you can write the program in oudine
form, with procedure names being used for those
activities you haven't fully defined. Next, you can
create each procedure and test it out independently
of the others to make sure it works. In this way you
GRs 4CDRAM 30;TURN ^03
GR: 5CE>RAM 3e;TURN VHJ
GR- eCDRAM 33; TURN 601
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
103
We have created three closed paths — a square, a
pentagon, and a hexagon. If you look at the com-
mands which created these figures, you will notice
that the only thing that changed was the number of
sides and angles, and the amount that was turned
each time. If you are really on your toes, you might
have noticed that the total amount turned for each
figure was the same: 4x90 = 360, 5x72 = 360, and
6x60 = 360. The total amount of turning for simple
closed paths is 360 degrees, regardless of the
nimiber of sides on the polygon. This is called the
Tut tie Total Trip Theorem, and it is a beaudful
unifying concept that makes turtle geometry quite
valuable-
If yoii would like some challenges until next
time, think about these two problems.
1 . Can yoti use the Turtle Total Trip Theorem
to help you make a figure which looks like a
circle?
2. Look at the picture which results from this
command:
GR 5(DRAW 50; TURN 144)
Figure 11,
How* inuch total turning did this figure require?
Why?
Until next time, keep those turtles moving,
and send me ideas, pictures, programs, and any-
thing else you want to share with your fellow
members. Friends of the Turtle chapters should be
started in your home town. Let ine know wiiat you
are doing.
Resource List
Turtle graphics is increasing in popularity both as
an educational and as an artistic tool. From time to
time, we will publish updates of books, languages,
and organizations which incorporate and/or de-
scribe turtle geometry. As you look at this list, you
might find that I have left some important referen-
ces out — please let me know what is missing! In the
meantime, here is a beginning list to get us started.
Books:
Mindstonns: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas by Seymour
Papert (Basic Books, 1980).
Turtle Geometry: The Computer as a Medium for Exploring Mathe-
matics, by Harold Abelson and Andrea diSessa (MIT Press,
1981).
Computer Languages and Products:
Big Trak (programmable robot vebicie from Milton Bradley)
Atari PILOT (language cartridge lor Atari 400 and 800 from
Atari)
77 LOGO (language cartridge Ibr the 11 99/4 and 99/4A from
Texas Instruments)
WSFN (language disk or tape for tbe Atari 400 and 800 from
Atari Program Exchange)
WSFN (language tape for the Conmiodore PET from Peninsula
School Computer Project. Peninsula Way, Menlo Park, CA
94025)
Organizations:
Young People's LOGO Association
1208 Hillsdale Drive
Richaidson/rX 74081
Friends of the Turtle
P.O. Box 1317
Los Altos, CA 94022 ©
MathetnaticSf Basic Skills
Paper Exercises in ArithtneHc
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104
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. fssue 22
Large Alphabet
For The VIC
Doug Ferguson
Elide. OH
There are many exciting applications for the 64
programmable characters on the VIC-20. David
Malmberg^s article in the first issue of Home aud
Educational COMPUTING! explains fully how the
VIC can generate programmable characters merely
by changing the contents of memory location 36869,
and by redefining the 64 eight-pixel tall characters
beginning at 7 1 68.
Another interesting memory location in the
VIC is nearby: 36867. (Changing its contents creates
double-sized characters. By POKEing a 47 into
36867, the bottom border of the screen drops out
cjf sight and vertically-paired characters occupy
"stt etched'' screen locations. After clearing the
screen, type an A and get l:. Actually, the VIC's
first character is the ''@ " (screen POKE 0) which
yields a. Continue to type the alphabet and see how
the stacked letters follow a pattern. To return to
normal, POKE 36867,46 or hit the RESTORE and
RUN/STOP keys simultaneously.
I set about to combine these two ideas so that I
could get a large alphabet. I painstakingly re-
programmed the B to look like the top of a stretched
"A" and the C to look like its matching ix)ttom hall.
Continuing on for nearly two hours, I made it to
the "O" and gave up for the night.
Somehow, the clear light of day the next
morning directed me toward a much simpler ap-
proach: if the characters already reside in ROM,
Just read each eighth of a character twice into the
RAM space for programmable characters to pro-
gram two letters at a time!
Clearly, only 32 stich stretched characters can
be made since only 64 unstretched characters can
be readily programmed. The space key and all the
numerals fall in the wrong half of the 64, but all 26
letters of the alphabet can be stretched with the
following, surprisingly short, program:
10 POKE 56,28: REM RELOCATE END-OF-MEMORY
POINTER
20 CH = 32776: REM LOCATION OF ALPHABET
IN ROM
30 FOR X = 7I84 TO 7600 STEP 2: REM ALPHABET
IN RAM
40 POKE X, PEEK(CH): POKE X+ 1, PEEK(CH):
REM STRETCH
50 CH = CH + 1: NEXT X: REM LOOP
60 POKE 36879,25: REM NO MORE BORDER
70 POKE 36869,255: REM PROGRAMMABLE
CHARACTERS
80 POKE 36867,47: REM STRETCHED CHARACTERS
90 PRINT **(clear)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUV
WXY2'*: END
Lines 20 through 50 read the normal alphabet
(8x8 pixels) out of ROM and into RAM. Since
RAM is also where a longer program will do its
work, line 10 tells the computer not to g{) beyond
7 1 34 (28 times 256). Line 60 is for the purist who
notices the lack of a bottom border with the
'^normal" screen.
Simple? Certainly. The biggest drawback is the
lack of numerals and spaces. In string variables
with spaces, e.g., A$=:"HELLO THERF;\ the
space can be replaced by the symbol for cursor-
right.
The applications of this large alphabet pro-
gram are left to the reader. Although it is obvious
that any characters can be prt)grammed for
stretching, only the alphabet (and a few insignificant
symbols) can be programmed in a way that an
exact keyboard-to-character correspondence can
be realized.
I would appreciate hearing from anyone who
can expand on this or who has a clever application.©
Discover how easy it is
for you to get useful
results from your VIC.
Understanding Your VIC Volume 1: Basic
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A cassette tape with two demonstration programs
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^ ADDRESS
^ CiTy
• 3431 H POMONA BLVD. • POMONA, CA 91768 • PHONE (714) 594-1351 •
VIC 20 and PET are Regtatered TfacJemarks of Commodor© Business Machines
106
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
Concentration
Charles Brannon
Editorial Assistant
One application of a user-definable character set is
high-resolution, five-color games in GRAPHICS
modes one and two. For example, the invaders in
Atari*$ Space Invaders game are GRAPHICS I
characters. The illusion of smooth motion is per-
formed with the aid of a special feature of the
Atari, horizontal fine scrolling. Although my game
is less ambitious, it shows what you can do with
minimum effort - I spent no more than three
hours programming — from the design to the
finished game.
The game is based on the card game "Concen-
tration.'' Two decks of cards are thoroughly
shuffled together, then laid out in a matrix of 8 by
13 cards. Each player takes his turn by turning
over two cards. If they match, they are removed
from the set and this "point" is credited to the
player. If not, they are flipped back over. The
game continues until all the cards have been
matched and removed.
The Atari Version Is Siightiy Different
The Atari version of the game is rather different,
but the idea is similar. Nineteen different graphics
symbols (people, sailboats, "happy faces,'' cars, etc.)
are randomly hidden in a 16 by 20 array. When
the game is run, the computer draws the "board," a
solid green rectangle. It then Hashes the prompt
"START/SELECT" at the bottom of the screen.
Press [SELECT] to change the number of players,
and [START] to begin play. A solid red cursor is
placed at the top left corner of the board. Move the
cursor with joystick #1 (everyone uses the same
joystick). When you wish to "flip" a card, press the
red button. Then try to match the revealed symbol
by selecting another. If successful, your score is
increased by one. The play then passes to the next
player. Since the array is 16 by 20 elements, (a total
of 320) there could be as many as 160 matches.
Unlike the card game version, there are multiple
pairs of each symbol. This could make for a very
long game, so, instead, the first player to get ten
matches wins. SuperFont (COMPUTE! #20) could
be used to design other gaming characters.
lee REti
t Concentration 1
lie REM
120 REH
(C) 1981
Si!i-ill Systetiis
Ser-
'-'ices. Inc.
130 REM
Ckarles
Brannon 12/03/31
140 F£f-1
150 055UB 740
160 bRAP'rilCo l+lb-POKE .•ob-BHSt
170 POKE < PEEK':: 560 >+25b:=f:PEEK( 561 ;'+i).' = +6
4
180 SETCOlOk 2.y;l«-5ETC0L0R 4.b..0 = SETC:u
LOP: 1..12..6
190 IP 1=9 THEH Din A(l&..2e)..CHI(2@>.'SC(
4:>.-PRGMPTJ(24:'
290 FOR 1=1 TO 4:SD;i::=0:NtXT I
210 CH-|= " n+ ..-./=; <=>?§[■■ ■.>•_"
220 CCLDR 1
230 F'RuMPT$="iSTART ISELECTSTART t SELECT
i u
I
240 FCK Y=l TO 20 = FOR >-=i TO lb = H(K.-Y)=I
HT< 1 a^RHD:: 0 )+ 1) ^ PLOT X+ 1 . Y+2 ^ NEXT X ■■ HtKT
T
250 FfS I T 1 ON !■■ y ■ ? #6 ; ''■ 1 concentrat i on i "
260 HP=1 ^PGilTIGH 2..2:? %.: "rBCDEFGH.IJKL
f-t.ji-iP":Frif;' 1=1 TG 20: COLOR 224+1= PLOT i..I
+2=NEKT I
270 F"0:BITIOr4 S.-l^? #6; 'MPLRVtSSi '■ ; rfr' = FHi
KE 53279..8:F"0KE 2S;26:K=0
280 IF PEEK(29)>25 THEM POSITION 4.2^^?
#b ; PRur-1PT$( 1+K*12; 12+K^a2;> = POKE 28.- 8 = K=l
-K
290 IF T THEH 318
300 T=F'EEK(53279;:'aF T=7 THtH T=0mXTO 2
310 IF PEEKC 53279 >=T TF€h 319
320 IF T=5 THEN NP=tft<f|:*<4)+l :T=8 = P=T:G
OTO 2f'0
330 IF T06 THEH 388
340 FiKITIOH 4/23 = ? 16; "
350 m\ mm loop
36.0 P=P-;-.(P<HP>+l= POSITION 2;1=? #6;"iFiR
YERi ^";P.;" score "=SC(P::'
■ii'Q lOSUB 619 = >U=K = Yi=Y = Ul=U
380 GOSUB 619= IF U=U1 THEH 458
390 SOJHD 0.20.-2;8 = SOUNO 1.- 198. 12.-3 = FLf;
l-^l TO 50 = NEXT W= SOUND 0.- 8; 9. 9 = SOUND 1.-8
.. 8.. 8 = POSI T ION 5,- 23_;_? #6 = " I PRESS h IRt I "
490 IF STRr'^=;0)=l iHEH 489
410 IF STRIG(9>=S THEH 419
420 POSITION 5/23 = ? #6.= " "
439 CCiOR l^FiOT K+i;V+2 = PL0T >=;i+l ■Yl+2 =
SiX>HO 0:12. 12.8 = F&R bF=i TO 29 = NEXT 14
440 SilJND 8.,y,-0:O = GOTO 369
458 FOR I=i TO 15 STEP 0.4 = SOUND 9.. 1*17,
12;I = SGUH0 l.-I-?:l7.-i2.:I=r-EXT I = SOUNO 0..9,.
9.. 8 = SOUND l;y.'0..8
P>:rOK 1=1 TO iS-POKE 799 ;PEEK( 53778 )-rO
Kt 53279-3
470 FQP t'i=l TO le^iMEKT v^NEXT I ^ POKE 709
J Xj70 ■ ir C'v'. r .'~ik} ! liLn -jao
,198= IF SC(P>=i8 THEN 528
THE MOSAIC 32K RAM FOR ATARI
THE MOSAIC
ADVANTAGE
Works in both Atari 400 & 800
Gofd edge conneaors for better
reliability
Fits Atari 400 without
modification
Custom components for better
performance & refiability
Highest quality components for
the best screen clarity
Full year warranty
Designed to take advantage of
Atari 800's superior bus structure.
Can be used with SK, 16K and
future products.
Allows Atari 800 to have 2 slots
for future expansion
Designed so there's no danger of
damaging your computer
Designed for inter-board
communication in Atari BOO
Easy to follow instrualons for
simpler no-solder Installation in
Atari 400
Available companion board [S5) to
allow running 32K board
independent of other boards
Full flexible memory configuration
MOSAIC
32KRAM
OTHER
32KRAMS
1^ DESIGN
i^ MATERIALS
1^ SAFETY
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THE ONLY CHOICE
You own the best micro computer available, the Atari"^. At
Mosaic we've made Atari computers our only business and
have made our products the best anywhere. You Ve seen the
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RAM is the only board designed to meet your needs now
and in the future too. It has designed-in flexibility to be
compatible with products available in the near future. See
for yourself. Mosaic is the only choice for the serious
Atari owner
THE BEST SCREEN CLARrTY
Here's what ANA.LO.G, magazine had to say: "Mosaic
uses, what we feel are the highest quality components,
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Atari 800
Memory
Conflguratfofi
wtththe
MOSAIC
32KRAM
wtth
other 32K
Boards
Atari 800
Memory
Configuration
wfththe
MOSAIC
32KRAM
wfth
other 3m ■
Boards
4eK RAM
40K With BASIC
Cartridge
Mbk ■
40K RAM
Oangerl This
Configuration Can
Damage Computer
|32j^^J
B"Emp^^^H
40KRAM
Danger 1 Thjs
Configuration Can
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■^f^^^^^H 4flK RAM
B^j^^^^^B Cartridge
Danger 1 ThJS
Configuration Can
Damage Computer
■ l6K ■
48Kf?AM
40KWfth8ASiC
CArtndge
Danger PThrs
Cnnffgurarjon Car>
Damage Computer
■ Emp^^^H
■ companion ■ i2K l?AM
Dangerf Tnt^
Confrguration Can
Damage Computer
^^^1
JstT^
Novy from your
nearest Mosaic dealer
$179.95
Direct from Mosaic S 189,95
*Trade Mark of Atan, fnc.
i^mosmc
ELECTRONICS
RO. Box 748 Oregon City, Oregon 97045 503/655-9574
108
OOMFUTi!
March, 1982. Issue 22
486 FOSITIQH 5.-23^-'- *b;'MPRESS FIRE!"
490 IF STRIG<@)=1 THlH 49i?
see IF STRIG(5>=0 THEN 598
516 POSITION 5.23-'^ #6;*' " = GOTu
3bS
526 POSITION ^;2^? #b;"pU!iier riijfitber "'jp
I" ijijin^!'' -POKE 53273.^8
536 FOR 1=8 TO 15 SThP 6 4'SbTCOLOR 4^1;
b"T i F'-i f '■. H- tKnlA %} ' / * buU- tJ *- ; ^'^ ..'t-Kri .,''-, -j .' ■ i. c* .* ^
:30!jHU 1.50+10*1.12, 8 rB^T I
540 SOUnID ''i : 0 ,• S; S : 30UHD i .■ 8 .. S . y • SET COLOR
4.. b.-S
550 T=PEEk( 53279 )aF T=? THEN 550
560 IF T03 THEhJ IS?
578 rOR VpI ;0 l€-i-OR Y-l TO 28
580 LiXftTE K-tLY+v.Z^IF ZOl THEN COLOR
2- i 29 • PLOT >■;+ 1 ; y+2 ■ GOTO fm
590 CCLOR A^SC'- CH?< H. ■•• • V > ;> )+ 1 28 ■ PLOT M+1 ..
V+2
see nekt v-rtxi k^gotc -ue
619 M=l:Y=i
620 locate X+1 ; y+2; Z- color c:+32-16y*<2>i
):pLnT X+LY+2 = TK=X^TY=Y
f.~,0 ST=ST I CK< 0 ) : TR=3TRI U. 6 ) = I r TR=0 At-iO
Z=l then 728
646 IF PElK( 53279 Kr^ ThEH COLOR Z = PLOT X
+1.. Y+2 ■•GOTO 550
650 IF ST=15 TFEN 630
660 T=lHT(100:M^D(S)+50>: SOUND Q.T.IS.S^
D ft^POKh I /A: POKE
ri.A. ly.'C-N
670 IF ST=14 OR ST=i8 OR ST=6 THE'r-i Y=Y-i
^F Yd THEN Y=2y
686 IF ST=9 OR ST=D OR S'!=l.i WBA V=Y+i ^
IF Y>20 THEN Y=i
690 IF ST>8 Ai:^D ST<12 iHtN M=K-MF M<1
T^£N K=ie
700 IF ST>4 AND ST<8 THbH X=K+Mh >Oib
T^£N X=i
710 ClUJR Z:pLOT iX+1.. TY+2-:;0UNU 0..0,. 0..y
: SOUND 1 ! a .■ 0 .: 8 • GOT 0 620
720 FOR 1=1 TO 7: COLOR l+rPLOT K+l/v'+2:
SOUND 0.100+iti0.. 12.8 = FL!F" w=1 TO 20 ^ NEXT
W^NEMT INBOUND 0.0.. 0.0
73y i. teiii; X /r ) : COLOR A3C( CH$( U . U ) )+ 128 : PLO
T M+l.. Y+2 = RETURN
740 REM IHITIALIZE CHARACTER SET
750 BrSE=PEEK/: 106 )-8 • CHSh i =BHSEt256
760 GRAPH I CS 2+ 1 6 ■ POS I T I ON 3 .•■ 4 ^ ? #6 ; " i C I
LirilcEiNtir-AiTiioHi"
770 POS I T I ON 2 . 6 = ? #6 ; " pat i en.i'i p i eise '■
780 FOR I=CHSET TO CHSET+ 127 = READ A ^ POKE
i,A = POKE 712.. A: SOUND 6; A.. 10. 8 = NEXT I
790 FOR I=CHSET+26t8 TO CHSET+i2:=f:8+7:REA
D A ■■ POKE I . A •• POKE 7 1 2 .. A = SOUND 0 .- A .. 1 0 .. 8 = H
EMT I '
800 FOR I=CHSET+59?S iO CHSEi+63^'3+f':R£A
C.'-. ! 1
810 FOR 1=123 TO 2y?:A=F'hbK( jf344+I ;-POK
E CHSET+LA^POf^E 7!2.A^S0UND 0.A-13..84£
At .1
828 FOR 1=264 TO 471 • A=PEEK( of'-544H-I > : kOK
E CHSET+I.i4:pOKE 712 -h^ SOUND y;H.lS;S-t€
h ! ±
i"i A i~j r*~*'*.T /*, rj r% i"j 1*+ i"j i\ \~t. A
O^yj L'M i ri Q .> i3 :■ b .' -' ■ 'i- .■ ^j-j -.'■ .- K.'
C*^ri fSuTCr O^^ -1'^;=^ 0"=^ , 'T-^-~, vS^ 'T'~Pi V^S T^^^^'
Ti^fj rii'''T."-. Tj j— i^ "iTr^ t'^." 1'^^. Okk j^" O^m
A"? A r*»/'.T/-, A ;~j "lETiT '"iC" -*t^sr ■~!irn' *""i~c" -^s^cr
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i~n~iKt i_•^^l 'i h ■■_' " *"J ; *■!■ ■ lU J _- ." :! -' J ; ill ,' _* .■ ^JJ .' s^-J J
^6 DhTh S:6j 6 = 6 = 6. 255/ 255. 255
910 DATA 6.^ 6/ 0.- 6 '6.- 6 -255 .-255
936 DATA 24.24. 19' 124* 88. 24. 26. 54
940 iJATfi 6; 6.0; 23; 26; 127.34.0
950 Of^Tq 129. o6; 68.36.36. 66. Sb. 129
960 DATA 6.6t6-96.95.101,'5.6
97y yqTipi 6*16.46.68.254.12^.0.6
99i3 Qftift 6' 102; 162.0. 129.66.66/6
1600 DATA 6. 6 .68. 34. 63; 34. 68.0
1610 DATA 6495; 102.66. 126.36.6.6
1 620 DATA 66 = 255. 1 82 ^ 96 = 96 .■ 1 62 ; 255 . 66
1030 DATA i6.16. 16.56-56.56. 124.254
1049 DATA 0.6. 56. 68. 84. 68; 56.0
1050 unip^ 6. 16.- 46. 68. 254; 68. 46. 16
1070 DATA 170. 85.. 17S.^ 35.- 170.. 85.. 178.. 95
1080 DATA 16 . 56 • 124.. 254.. 84. 16.. 16.- 124
■i fi~ii~i pi A~ ,*■*, 4 A v~i i ~i A G ^l7 "J '"'A *'' O
1 b:rd UH 1 I-; i 4 ; O ; i C . O . O ; Jt* :- I C*-L- . ^O
i ■} A A r:AT/j A t'^^c: A Accr i"j ac~ a jcrn;
11"' '""t riLi~'i: ■** J, =iH 1 Vl^ --' ^--I 1 "^H 1 ""'^ f^^'
Scotch Diskettes
Rely on Scotch* diskettes to keep your valu-
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tmn In (■* till
Dealer ingu
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|Wlil)S<4^ 'iXf*! .,r
inviied
iw»«.iVii i'H:
ARCADE PRO FOOTBALr
®Q®@®Q®Q%^Q^e%QQQeQ0^QQ^
410 510
CHARGERS
28
K
(4TH QTR] RAMS
:00 1:12 18
An Armchair Quarterback's
Dream Come True!
It's 4th down and 14 on your opponent's 44 yard line. You're out of time outs with just over
a minute left in the game. You call it. . .sweep right, screen pass left or go for the bomb!
Arcade Pro Football® puts you in the middle of 60 minutes of exciting gridiron play.
You control the action and call all the shots. It's the most realistic computer sports game
available and it's designed exclusively for the Atari 400/800® personal computers by
Arcade PLUS.
With features like these, Arcade Pro Football® is in a league of its own!
• Play offense and defense head-to-head against the computer or against another
player!
• Control two full-color, animated teams in 3-D perspective on a 100 yard, scrolling
field!
• 4 game variations, including player handicapping!
• Over 25 offensive and defensive play possibilities. . .passing, and catching, running
and kicking!
• All the fiin and excitement of real Pro Football. . .penalties, interceptions, fumbles,
bad snaps, 30 second clock — even 4-channel sound and a crowd to cheer you on!
Arcade Pro Football® is available on cassette or disk for Atari® 400/800® computers
with 16K minimum memory from your local Atari computer dealer. Or send $29.95
(cassette)/$34.95 (disk) plus $2.50 postage and handling (California residents please
add 6% sales tax).
© 1981. Arcade PLUS
Atari 400/800 is a trademark of Atari, inc.
Arcade Pro Football is a trademark of Arcade PLUS.
5276 Hollister Avenue Suite 208 Santa Barbara, CA 93111 {805)683-2305
110
COMPUIEI
MarchJ982. Issue 22
Comment Your
Catalog
Richard Cornelius
Department of Chennistry
Wichita State University
Wichita KS
Since the first day that I had my Apple II, I have
been frustrated by the inabihty to fully identify
stored programs and files except by using long
names. Wouldn't it be nice, for example, to have
the date of the latest revision of a program stored
along with its name? Of course, a person can always
make the date part of the name, but I thought that
there ought to be a better way. There is a better
way. I have written a program to make writing
comments in the catalog easy.
Control Characters
You may have already discovered that some control
characters can be part of program and file names
in the catalog. For example, a CTRL-J at the end
of a program name is helpful in formatUng the
catalog. The CTRL-J is a linefeed which, when
entered as the last character in a program name,
has the effect of leaving an empty Hne between that
program name and the next one when the catalog
is listed. Another control character which can be
inserted into a program name is CTRL-G which
will make the Apple beep when the name of the
program is listed in the catalog-
Most of the other control characters can be
entered into program names, but generally they
are not particularly useful. One applicadon they
do have is based on the fact that control characters
in a name do not actually appear on the screen in
the catalog, but they must be used in order to
access the program on the disk. Their invisibihty
can provide a measure of security by preventing
someone else from readily loading programs off of
your disk. (See your Apple DOS manual for a
program to detect most of these control charac-
ters.)
The control character that I have found useful
in creating comments for the catalog is CTRL-H,
the backspace character. This character cannot
easily be entered directly into a program name.
Typing CTRL-H is the same as pressing the left
arrow; you can backspace over characters, but the
character that you backspace over is deleted from
the name as you backspace. The solution to this
difficulty is to put CHR$(8) into a string variable
that you use as the program name. In immediate
mode, [not in a program —just type it on the screen
directly] try going through the routine below using
an initialized disk with only the HELLO program
on it:
]CATALOG
DISK VOLUME 254
A 002 HELLO
]D$ = CHR$(4)
]N AME$ = "ABC" + CHR$(8) + CHR$(8) + "DEF"
]?D$**SAVE";NAME$
]CATALOG
DISK VOLUME 254
A 002 HELLO
A 004 ADEF
]LOAD ADEF
FILE NOT FOUND
]
The hnes that start with a "]" prompt are the ones
that I typed into the Apple. The others are those
that the computer wrote. When 1 try to load ADEF
the computer tells me FILE NOT FOUND because
the name is not ADEF, but ^' ABC" + CHR$(8) +
CHR$(8) + "DEF". Although the program name in
the catalog appears to be four characters long, if
you were to ask ?LEN(NAME$) you would find
that it is actually eight characters long.
This information about CHR$(8) is really all
that you need in order to be able to write comments
into your catalog. You simply create a string variable
that contains enough backspace characters to back-
space over the letter that idendfies the file type and
the number that gives how many sectors are occu-
pied on the disk by the file. Once ail of that infor-
mation is backspaced over, the desired conmient is
entered into the string. The string variable is then
used as shown above to SAVE a program - any
program. The "comment" is actually the name of a
program — whatever program you had in memory
when you do the SAVEing - but it doesn't look like
a program name because the file type and sector-
count information is missing.
Some Limitations
This commenting technique does have its limita-
tions. Names of programs are limited to 30 charac-
ters by DOS. Since the first character of a name
cannot be a control character, seven backspaces are
needed to erase the information that is normally
printed- The first character, plus these backspaces,
consume eight of the available 30 characters, so
only 22 characters can go into a comment. In addi-
March. 1 982 Jssue 22
COMPUTE!
^11
tion, you have only limited control over where in
the catalog the comment appears. This kind of
comment is best used for disks on which people are
not going to be making many changes. As long as
you start with a fresh disk and put the files, pro-
grams, and comments onto the disk in the order
you wish them to appear, the catalog will come out
fine. If you modify programs in such a way as to
change their length, then the order of items in the
catalog may be changed and the comments will no
longer be adjacent to the program name. One
more limitation is that hard copies of the catalog
are harder to make appear as nice as the screen
listing of the commented catalog. If you try to
print the catalog directly, the printer will backspace
and overstrike the original characters.
This difficulty can be overcome by listing the
catalog on the screen and then, using a program
such as that by jeffSchnioyer (COMPUTE! #6) to
route the screen image to the printer. In spite of
these limitations, I have prepared commented
catalogs such as the one in Figure 1 . Each line of
letters is actually a ptogram name, but the onlv
programs of inteiest are the ones that have the File
type and sector count next to them. The other
program names serve only as comments, and the
actual programs could be anything (or nothing).
Clearly typing all of these naiues with the
CHR$(8) feature inserted could be quite a chore at
the keyboard, so 1 wrote a program to enter the
comments into the catalog. The program is called
simply ^'Catalog Commenter'' and is a short BASIC
(Applesoft) program, I he program shows just how
long the name can be and lets you cither erase or
write names. It then gets a catalog so that you can
see what you have done. Hitting anv kev clears the
screen and takes you back to the begiiming of the
program. This program is the one Uiat was used to
prepare tlie catalog Figure I . After the backspace
characters, two spaces are inserted into the initial
part of the string variable tiscd for the name. This
spacing makes the comments appear lined up with
the sector count of the 'Veal" program names in
the catalog, bui further limits the length of the
comments to 20 characters.
Figure 1.
DISK UOLUHE 254
ft 025 PH PLOT-BUFFER CflPflCITV
(Hhin prohrpih which
loads other files >
^B 002 OR LOfiDER & LINE ERfiSE
(OUERLflVS HIRES PAGE
2 ONTO Pfi6E 1 AND
ERASES HIRES TEXT
LINES. A$300i H$325>
*B 027 MZCHAR3
(SPECIAL WHITE CHAR-
ACTER SET. A$6000)
^B 006 INSTRUCTIONS
<BINARV TEXT FILE OF
I NSTRUCT IONS. A$8000 )
*B 034 COUER PA6E
(BINARV HIRES FILE.
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
REM ** CATALOG COMMENTER**
REM BY RICHARD CORNELIUS
REM CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT
REM WICHITA STATE UNIV,
REM WICHITA, KB 67208
REM (316) 689-3120
REM ** INITIALIZATION**
D$= CHR$ (13) + CHR$ (4)
REM D$ SIGNALS DOS COMMAND
N$= CHR$(8) + CHR$(8) + CHR$(8)
REM CHR$(8) IS BACKSPACE
N$="A"+N$+N$+CHR$(8)+" "
HOME: VTAB 5
REM **GET COMMENT**
PRINT "TYPE IN COMMENT"
PRINT" UP TO THIS LONG — "
INPUT" ";C$
PRINT
PRINT"WRITE(W) , ERASE(E), OR QU
IT(Q)?";
GET G$
IF G$= "Q" THEN 410
IF G$ <> "E" AND G$ <>"W" THEN "
GOTO 220
REM **CREATE PROGRAM NAME**
N$= N$ + C$
REM **WRITE TO DISK**
IF G$= "E" THEN 370
PRINT D$"SAVE";N$:GOTO 380
PRINT D$"DELETE";N$
PRINT D$ "CATALOG"
GET G$
IF G$ <> "Q" THEN 220
PRINT:PRINT"THE END" ©
112
COMPUTEt
Morch, 1982, Issue 22
STARFIGHT3
David R Mizner
Houston, TX
STARFICxHT3 is a program that will let you fight
off Klingons to save the Federation, Before you
start typing away, a little word ol warning is needed.
This program loves memory. In fact, STARFIGHT3
will use it all up; so he careful entering the program.
An extra space added now may cause a "no
memorv" nie.ssage later.
Havefun!!f
Program Description
A new Cialaxy is generated each time the program
is RUN. A random number of stars (maximum of
25) and Klingons (maximum ol 3) are generated
and, along with the Fnterprise, are randomly
placed in a 10x10 Galaxy.
Fhe Fnierprise is e(]uipped with three j^hoton
torpedos for every Klingon, and three shield units.
Fhree liits on the Enterprise from Klingon attacks
will deplete its shielcL a fourth hit will destroy the
enterprise. Fhere will be seli-destruction if the
Enterprise runs into a star or Klingon while traveling
around the (ialaxy.
Klingons (all that have not been destroyed)
will fire at the Enterprise if your response time for
a command is too slow or if your torp misses. Only
one hit on the Enterprise is allowed per attack.
Take note that the Klingons fire their lorps in
eight directions while the good gtivs can onlv fire
in one direction at a time. However, neither side
can fn e through a star.
The Stat s and Klingons retnain stationary
ihioughout the game.
Progrom Directions
1. Observe operating procedures for VIC20.
2. Commands
a. Move: VIC will recjuest direction arrd dis-
tance. Direction is a nmnber Irom 1 ihiough
8, while distance is the number of spaces you
want to move.
b. 1 orp: \ IC: will retiuest a direction. For])
does not have a distance since a photon torpedo
will travel tmtil it hits a star, Klingon, or Cialaxv
botmdarv.
c. End: This command ends the game. ^^You
surrendered" is the real meaning of **end/'
3. Scan
a, A scan is generated before each command
request.
b. fhe Cialaxv is displayed so yoti tan see the
actual location of stars, Klingons, and the
Enterprise. At the same time, the direction
code is printed out.
c. Scan code.
Enterprise
Klingon
♦£ h:
Star
*
Direction
fhe direction for moving the Enterprise or
fning a photon torpedo is given by entering a
nimiber from 1 through 8. Ihese mmibers
will let yoti move or lire a torp every forty-live
degrees.
^- 3
Changing the game's difficulty
a. You can change the number o( torps allowed
by modifving line 120.
b. Another wav is to change the time you at e
allowed before the Klingons fire. The value of
TIS is changed bv modil ving lint s 450,545,
and/or 15:iO.
10 PRINT" {CLEAR} ** STARFIGHT3 **"
20 PRINT:PRINT"DAVID R t^IZNER , SEP81"
3 0 X=PEEK{56)-2:POKE5 2,X:POKE56,X:POKE51
,PEEK(55) :CLR
40 CS=256*PEEK(52)+PEEK(51)
50 F0RI=CST0CS+511:P0KEI ,PEEK (I+32768-CS
) :NEXT
6 0 FORI=7168T0717 5:READJ:POKEI,J:NEXT
7 0 DATA15,68,228,254,228,6 8,15,0
8 0 FORI=7448T07455:READJ:POKEI,J:NEXT
90 DATA7, 12, 204, 252, 204, 12, 7,0
100 POKE36869,255
110 DIMA% (10,10) ,KL(6)
120 FORI=1TO10
130 FORJ=1TO10
140 A%{I,J)=0
150 NEXTJ
160 NEXTI
170 K=INT(RND(l)*3+i) : S=INT (RND ( 1 ) *25+l)
180 KC=K:T = 3*K:H==3
190 FORI^ITOS
200 GOSUB840
210 IFA%(C1,C2)<>0THEN200
VIC20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC.20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20
NEW uin^po ^0^™^^^
General Purooi^e ^" ^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ thouahthatfiowefvnunBcitrpinifinkc
General Purpose
' Character Generator
Design your own special symbols tor
any mathematioal or engineering ap-
plication with your own unique fi-
gures, create excellent low resolution
graphics for your garnes, The pro-
gram comes on a cassette wUh a
sample run that includes many
strange game creatures,
Pfice. , $12-50
* Mailing List
Create files, enter your mailing lists,
names, addresses and pfione num-
bers with this user fnenoly program,
Use one keystroke commands to sort
by name or zip code, modify, delete or
add new entries, and store them on
tape. Recall entries by name or phone
number. Print out mailing lists. Its
Simple! Requires at least 10k bytes of
memory to be used effectivety.
Price . , , S16/00
* Bold Face
This program tets you create titles,
banners, and headlines in almost any
shape or size Create b(g banners,
headlines, feetlmes. all kinds of
lines. Imagine a ten foot long "Happy
Birthday", for instance.
Price , S9.00
' Text Editor
At last! The indespensable ■ An easy
to use single load text editor for your
VIC, Don't wait any longer.
Price ,S16 00
Mathematics
MathPak
• Complex Function Calculator: Use
your VIC as a handy complete number
calculator with eight registers to
store complex numbers, recall them,
operate on them, and restore them,
• Matrix Operations: Add. subtract,
muilipty, find the inverse and deter-
minant of any matrices with this
menu driven program.
• Systems of Linear Equations: Solve
any system of linear equations with
this menu driven program
• Function Analysis; Finds zeros.
mm,, max,, derivative, or integral of
any user supplied polynomial func-
tion.
Statistics I and 11: Compuies mean
^rc standard deviation Performs
iir-eaf ana nonlinear regression on a
ubff' suppitco aata set as wen as his
• Special Functions: Use trigonomet-
ric functions not found m VIC'S tn-
siruction set with this easy to use
program.
• Data and Function Plotting: Plots
any user supplied functions or data
set with labets on the VIC printer,
Each program S9.50
Complete MathPak $49.50
Educational
* us Quiz Set
■ States of the Union
' Revolutionary War Battles
' Civil War Batties
This series of four tutorial programs
helps teach rmportant facts about
US History. Learn the who, when,
where, and how long of two centuries
of American Presidents Learn when
each stale entered the Union, where
it IS, what lis capital and population
are Learn about the battles of the
Revolutionary and Civil wars that
changed the course of history, when
and where they were fought, who the
commanding generals were, and who
won'
Single . 58.00
Pack S25.00
• Qui! Kit
Create your own quizes with this han-
dy quiz progfammmg kit Compile the
questions and answers and the com-
puter program does the rest. This
flexible program al lows you to design
custom quiz sets for home or class-
room use. A great way to teach or to
study
Pnce $14,00
' Spelling Bee
I You are the spelling bee, and
though that flower you nestfe in looks
beautiful, if you miss the word, it's
deadly The program contains a dic-
tionary of often misspelled words for
you to practice on.
II. Included on the same tape is an ad-
vanced version of the above program
that allows teachers and parents to
make their own lists of hard to spell
words to use with this program.
Pnce $12,50
Games & Entertainment
' Road Rally
■ Wipeout
* Hidden Code
* Alien Descent
' Labyrinth
' Pods
* Blackjack
■ Kaliedescope
Each
Any three
Color
Sound
Graphics
S7.00
SI 7.00
Order today or ask for our
free catalogue;
MDS
47 Dearborn PI. #18
Goleta, CA 93117
Please add $1,50 for shipping.
Californta residents add 6% sates
tax
VtC-20 (S a Registered Trademark of
Commodore Business lyachines.
VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC.20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20 VIC-20
220 A% (C1,C2)=1
230 NEXTI
240 FORI=1TOK
250 GOSUB840
260 IFA% {C1,C2)<>0THEN250
270 A% (C1,C2)=2:KL(I)==C1:KL(I + 3)=C2
280 NEXTI
290 GOSUB840
300 IFA% (C1,C2) O0THEN290
310 A% (C1,C2)=3:E1=C1:E2=C2
3 20 PRINT :PRI NT :P HINT" KLINGONS",K
330 PRINT:PRINT"TORPS" ,T
340 PRINT:PRINT"STARS" ,S
350 FORI=1TO3000:NEXT
360 GOSUB860
370 PRINT: PRINT"ENTER YOUR COMMAND"
380 PRINT" 1=M0VE 2=T0RP 3=END"
390 TI$="000000"
400 INPUTC
410 IFTI$<"000015"THEN440
420 GOSUB1130
430 GOTO360
440 ONCGOTO470,580
450 PRINT" >YOU SURRENDERED"
460 GOTO1420
470 PRINT:PRINT"ENTER DIRECTION , DISTANCE"
4 80 C1=E1:C2=E2:TI$=" 000000"
490 INPUTC, D
500 IFTIS<"000015"THEN530
510 GOSUB1130
520 GOTO350
530 IFC>8ORD>14THEN490
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
720
730
740
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
A% (E1,E2)=0:GOSUB670
E1=T1:E2=T2
IFA% (E1,E2)=10RA% (El , E2) =2THENPRINT" >
HIT A STAR OR KLINGON'* ; GOTO1420
A% (E1,E2)=3:GOTO360
IFT>0THENGOSUB1270
IFT>0ANDKC>K0THEN36 0
PRINT" >N0 MORE TORPS"
IFKO1THEN640
PRINT">RAM LAST KLINGON"
GOTO470
PRINT" >YOU' RE OUTNUMBERED"
PRINT">FEDERATION IS LOST"
GOTO1420
ONCGOTO690,7 00,710,7 20,7 30,740,7 50
U=-1:V=-1:GOTO760
U=-'1:V=0:GOTO760
U=-1:V^1:GOTO760
U=0:V=1:GOTO760
U=1:V=1:GOTO760
U=1:V=0:GOTO760
U=1:V=-1:GOTO760
U=0:V=-1
F0RI=1T0D
T1=C1 + I*U:T2=^C2+I*V
IFT1<1ORT1>10ORT2<1DRT2>10THEN8 20
IFA% (T1,T2) >0THEN830
NEXTI
GOTO830
T1=C1+(I-1) *U:T2=C2+(r-l) *V
RETURN
C1^INT(RND(1) *10+1) :C2=INT(RND(1) *10+
1)
114
COMPUTEI
March, 1982 Issue 22
850
RETURN
1160
PRINT" >KLINGON SHOOTING"
860
PRINT: PRINT" *** SCAN ***"
1170
F0RC=1T08
870
PRINT: PRINT" ++++++++++++"
1180
GOSUB670
880
FORI=1TO10
1190
IFA%{T1,T2)=3THEN1230
890
PRINT" +";
1200
NEXTC
900
FORJ^1TO10
1210
NEXTM
910
ONA% {I ,J)+1GOTO940,960,980
1220
GOTO1260
920
PRINT" @";
1230
H=H-1:IFH<0THEN650
930
GOTO990
1240
PRrNT:PRINT">ENTERPRISE IS HIT"
940
PRINT" ";
1250
PRINTH"SHIELD UNITS LEFT"
950
GOTO990
1260
RETURN
960
PRINT"*";
1270
PRINT:PRINT"PH0TON TORP DIRECTION"
970
GOTO990
1280
TI$="000000"
9 80
PRINT" #";
1290
INPUTC
990
NEXTJ
1300
IFTI$<" 000015 "THENl 330
1000
ONIGOTO1020, 10 30, 104 0,1 050, 106 0,107 0,
1310
GOSUB1130
1080
1320
GOTO1410
1010
GOTO1090
1330
C1-E1:C2=E2;T=T-1:D=14
1020
PRINT"+ COURSE" :GOTO1100
1340
IFO8THEN1270
1030
PRINT"+":GOTO1100
1350
GOSUB670
1040
PRINT"+ 1":GOTO1100
1360
IFA%(T1,T2)<>2THEN1400
1050
PRINT"+ 8 2":GOTO1100
1370
A% (T1,T2)=0;KC=KC-1
1060
PRINT"+ 7 3":GOTO1100
1380
IFKC=0THENPRINT"> FEDERATION SAVED <"
1070
PRINT"+ 6 4":GOTO1100
GOTO1420
1080
PRINT"+ 5":GOTO1100
1390
GOTO1410
1090
PRINT"+"
1400
GOSUB1130
1100
NEXTI
1410
RETURN
1110
PRINT" 4- + + + + + + + 4- + + + "
1420
PRINT:PRINT
1120
RETURN
1430
INPUT" ANOTHER GAME 1=YES";Z
1130
F0RM=1T0K
1440
IFZ=1THEN120
1140
C1=KL(M) :C2=KL(M+3) :D=14
1450
END ©
1150
IFA% {C1,C2)=0THEN1210
"Probably the best-documented
programs I've seen for the PET/CBM."
Robert Baker, Sept. 1981 KILOBAUD/Microcomputing
HESBAL : Assembler/editor for PET and VIC
HESCOUNT, ^ . ■ , , s OCT ^ v/r^
HESLISTER • '^^'^^gging tools for PET and VIC
HESPLOT : Hi-res graphics subroutines for VIC
HESCAT : Disk cataloging system for PET
HESCOM : Exchange data, programs between PET and VIC
V
I
c
Also, many games for the VIC
Write today for your free catalog
Human €ngineered SoFtuuare (213) 398-7259
3748 Ingleuuood Blvd. Room 1 1 24 HOURS
Los flngeles, Colifornio 90066
PET, CBM, and VIC are trademarks of Commodore
Dealer Inquiries invited
SOURCE ID:
TCK308
March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPUTEl
115
Swirl And Scribble
Matt Giwer
AnnandaleVA
Swirl produces extremely complex designs in
Graphics 8 which have to be seen to be appreciated.
These are not simple sinusoidal or trigonometric
plots, but ratlier are of some artistic ineiit and may
be suitable for logos, letterheads and the like.
The basis for these plots is the set of equations
in lines 230 and 235. They arise irom the study of
modern control theory and are of interest in that a
very small change in the two input constants, A
and C, can produce a very large change in the
shape and character of the plots. The program is
easily adaptable to computers other than the Atari
by simply plotting the values of X and Y as in line
250. The values of R and V merely center the plot
on the screen.
On your first few plots you will notice that, for
the first minute or so, the points will all be in a
small area in the center. REM lines 2249 and 2250
show how to change line 250 to show this region.
To get you stalled the 501 through 660 REM lines
show pairs of valties for A and C respectively.
A note of caution: since this irses Giaphics
H + 1 6, if the program should end, the display will
go back to Graphics 0 and tell yoti that it is ready.
This is why the 1 loop in line 215 is set to 3000.
Although a few hundred would be more than
cnotigh to fill enough to fill the scrceti tire extra
hundreds Iiurt nothing and permit imexpected
phone calls and the like.
Scribble
A computer program should be scaled to its ttsers.
Scril>ble is a simple program thrown together at
the insistance of my six year old who remembei*ed
that oin^ last comptiter had a btiilt in game called
scribbling. The Atari would never be up to his
standards until there was a w^ay to scribble on the
screen. So in order to keep down the heated dis-
cussions as to which comptiter to hook ti|j to the
rV I threw this short program together. To my
surpri.se this little program is held higher in his
estimation than Star Raiders and is second only to
his favorite sea serpent. I offer it here for your
child's enjovment.
To use, a joystick is inserted into position
number one and this draws a line on the screen.
Pushing the trigger erases the screen. No other
provision for operator interaction is made. Keeping
it simple kept it popular.
Scribble
1 m\ WtE SO^lIBBLE
1108 GRAPHICS 5+16
U02 COLOR 1
1210 A=3Tia(C0::'
1220 IF R=7 THBI X=X+1
1238 IF R=:ll im\ X=X-1
1240 IF H=14 THEN Y=Y-1
1250 IF R=13 THEN Y=:Y+1
1260 IF H=£ THEN X=X+^Y=Y-1
1270 IF H=5 im\ X^K+1:Y=Y+1
1280 IF A=y ThEN X=X-1:Y^Y+1
1236 IF ft=10 THEN X=X-1:Y=Y-1
1400 IF X<0 T^€H X=e
1410 IF X>75 T^EH X=79
1420 IF Y<0 imi Y=9
1430 IF Y>47 TfEN Y=47
1500 FIOT
1510 IF S
1550 GOTO 1210
11 II
TRIG<0;'=a THEN GRhPHIi
5+16
. ti
Swirl
58 GRAPHICS 9
89 V :? :? :•?
90 ? "INPUT A Arc C
190 ItPUT A.C
110 ? "R=".:h;" C=".;C
151 lRAPHICS 8+ib color 1
152 R=150
153 T^-S
154 SETCGltJR 2.. L8
155 SETC0LI3R 1.-4.13
170 :k=i
180 Y=i
215 F(S< 1=1 to 3868
22& S=X
230 >=:=A:¥:V+C:*:K+S$K*?=*i: l-C>/( 1+K*K>
235 Y=-S+C:>'X+2*K*X*': 1-C )/( l-m'A >
250 TRAP 315 = FIOT >=:+R..Y+T^TRftP 40809
315 f-SKT I
326 GOTO 220
330 Bli
501 REM 1.W1..-1
502 RS1 1.01.-95
503 PB1 1.01; -.92
504 FS1 UERY QJOD.. BLACK HOLE 1.8i..+0.S
505 Rei 1.01.-.1
600 REM 1.0001. .-2
601 REM A RmGE .9?9 AM: .952; C RAHUt -
2.0055 AMD -1.9
650 F£M 1.01..0
651 REM 1. 003. +.0810-. 001
S6Q Rfil 1.008;+.05<>-.05
2249 REM TO SEE THE CEHTER OF THESE PLOT
SCHAHGE LINE 250 TO
2250 REM LINE 250 TRAF' 315 -PLOT :=ai8+R..¥
:^ly+T ■■ TRAP •46000
4900 ErC
5000 t3FsPHICS 0LI3T 1.338
COMPUTE!
The Resource.
Software for
Personal Computers
A collection
of 10 choHengirg progfomi created to provide a
i/nique
enterta
irfT.ent value — and 2 penonol busineii pfogroms with
broad
functio
not volue. In diik ord of coiietfe at indtcafed.
GAMES •
HELICOPTER BATTLE Req, -16K RAM Coisette
S 9.95
- 16K BAM Dfsfc
14.95
HORSE RACING Req.-14K RAM Cosiette
9.95
- 16K RAM DIjk
14.95
KENO Req.- BK RAM Coi^ette
9,95
- )6K RAM Disk
14.95
LIGHTNING fiOLTS Req, -16K RAM CosieH*?
9.95
ond REACTION -24K RAM Disk
14.95
THE MAD MARSIE Req, - BK RAM Cossette
9.95
- IdK RAM'Dhk
14.95
MUSIGAME f2 Gomel) Req, - 16K RAM Coiiette
9.95
-24K RAM Disk
14.95
SUPEHMASTER Req. - 3K RAM Cosiette
9.95
^16K RAM Disk
14.95
TAG Req— 16K HAM Cosieite
9.95
~\6K RAM Disk
14.95 1
TRACTOR BEAM Req. - BK RAM Cossette
9.95
- 16K RAM Disk
14.95
WAR AT SEA Req.- I6K RAM Cajsette
1'«.95
-24K RAM Disk
19.95
BUSINESS •
CCA Dafo
Maragement System Req, - 49K RAM Disk
99.95
•
LETTER WRITER Req - 24PC RAM Disk
19.95
® Tr»d*m » rk Qt AT A R 1 , Inc.
I^^S DIVISION OF CUSTOM f LECTBONICS. INC
s^ SaFT\A/ARE
23B Exchonge St,, Chicop*e. Mcjtochgiein 01013
(413) 592 4761
Moitercard i VISA Atccpled
• Deo^er Artd Disffihutor InqoirJes Invited
^^^
• Clo
led Mondavi — Open Doily 'Til 530— Fridoys 'IW S
^^J^
Every PET
Needs a Friend.
CURSOFT-^ is the best friend your Commodore PET will
ever have. Since Ju!y, 1978 we have published 170 of the
most user-friendly programs for the PET available any-
where. When we write or edit a program, we spend lots of
time fusstng about how it will treat you. We pay attention to
all the little things that help make using a computer a plea-
sure instead of a patn.
Naturally, CURSOR programs are technically excellent.
Each program that we publish is extensively edited or re-
written by a professional programmer. But imagination is
just as important as being user-friendly and technically
good! We delight in bringing you off-beat, unusual programs
that "show off" the abilities of your PET or CBM.
CURSOR is user-friendly, technically great and full of im-
aginative programs. And every issue of CURSOR is still
available! We continue to upgrade previously published
programs so that they'll work on the four varieties of Com-
modore ROMs. All issues from #23 on also work on the 80
column CBM.
For only $5,95 you can buy a sample issue and judge for
yourself, or send $20.00 and we'll mail you the four most
recent issues of CURSOR (over 20 excellent programs for
your PET), Each C-30 cassette tape includes five prog-
rams, a graphic Front Cover, ready to LOAD and RUN on
your PET VISA and Mastercard welcome.
Who knows? After your PET meets CURSOR, things may
never be the same!
CURSOR IS 3 trademaili of The Code Works.
AUTHORIZED DISTRIBLTTORSt
Great Brftaifi
AUDlOCENrC, Lid
P.O. Box 66
Reading, Berkshire
HoHind
coprmONics
Bergeme ester
Van Suchrelen^iraai 46
7413 XP Deventer
fapin
SYSTEMS FORMULATE CORP.
Shin-Mikicho Bidg, VB-IJ
Vaeiu, Chuo-ku. Tokyo 103
Autlriladj
MICROCOMPUTER
HOUSE, LTD.
133 Regent Sireet
Chfppendale. Sydney
NSW Auslrafra 2006
theCODE
WORKS
Box 550
Coleia, CA 93116
805-683-1585
MofCh, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTi!
117
WEBS
Loran Gruman
Burnsville, MN
Here is a one-player game for a 40-column PET
[or an 80 column machine with the program in
COMPUTE! #12. pg. 130 loaded — Ed.]. If your
machine has sound, turn it on.
100 REM WEB WRITTEN 1980 BY LORAN G
RUMAN 2300 SO SKYLINE DR. "■
BURNSVILLE
110 REM MINNESOTA, 55337
120 POKE59467,0
130 PRINT" {CLEAR} {02 DOWN} {08 RIGHT
RIGHT} {REV}WEB INSTRUCTION
S:{OFF}"
14 0 PRINT" {02 DOWN} YOU ARE THE NUMB
ER."
150 PRINT"KEEP THE MOVING NUMBER FR
OM TOUCHING ANYWEB ON THE ~
SCREEN."
160 PRINT" {DOWN}THE NUMBER IS CONTR
OLLED BY PUSHING:
170 PRINT" {DOWN} {03 RIGHT} 8=UP
8"
180 PRINT" {03 RIGHT}4=LEFT
B"
190 PRINT" {03 RIGHT}6=RIGHT
4C5C6"
200 PRINT" {03 RIGHT} 2=D0WN
B"
210 PRINT" {03 RIGHT} 5=ST0P
2"
220 PRINT" {DOWN} TEN HITS A
ND YOUR OUT. {DOWN}"
230 PRINT" {02 DOWN} {04 RIGHT}PUSH A
NY KEY WHEN READY TO START
n
240 GETK$:IFK$=""THEN240
250 PRINT" {CLEAR} ":A=32768:F=49
260 R=INT(RND(1)*500)+1:Q=A+R
270 GETB$
280 IFB$="4"THENC=-1:S=1
290 IFB$="6"THENC=1:S=1
300 IFB$="8"THENC=-40:S=1
310 IFB$="2"THENC=40:S=1
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
390
400
410
420
430
440
450
460
470
480
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
560
570
580
590
600
610
620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690
700
710
IFB$="5"THENC=0:S=0
IFC=40ORC=-40THEN360
IFP+C>39ORP+C<0THENC=0:S=0:GOTO
360
P=P+C
IFAA=ETHENE=INT(RND(1) *25)+l;I=
TT:TT=INT{RND{1)*4)+1:AA=0
IFTT=1THENQ=Q+1
IFTT=2THENQ=Q-1
IFTT=3THENQ=Q-40
IFTT=4THENQ=Q4-40
IFTT=4ANDI=3THENQ=Q+1
IFTT=3ANDI=4THENQ=Q-1
IFQ>33768THENTT=3:GOTO360
IFQ<32768THENTT=4:GOTO360
LETAA=AA+1
P0KEQ,81
IFA+C>33767ORA+C<32768THENS=0:G
OTO270
T=T+S:IFS<>0THEN GOSUB680
A=A+C
V=PEEK(A)
IFV<>32ANDDV<>FTHENN=1
IFV=FTHENN=1
IFC=0THENN=0
IFN=1THENGOSUB650
F=F+N:IFF=58THEN570
N=0:POKEA,F:GOTO270
PRINT" YOU SCORED A TOTAL OF";T"
{LEFT} ":PRINT:GOSUB690
PRINTTAB(30) ;" ";
PRINT"
{02 LEPT}{0
2 UP}"
PRINT"DO YOU WISH TO PLAY AGAIN
(Y/N)";
GETPG$:IFPG$=""THEN610
IFPG$="Y"THENCLR:GOTO250
IFPG$="N"THENPRINT" {CLEAR}THANK
S FOR PLAYING " : END
IFPG$<>"Y"ORPG$<>"N"THEN610
POKE59466,0:POKE59467,16:POKE59
466,15
FORNN=30TO9 0STEP6:POKE59464,NN:
NEXT
POKE59467,0:RETURN
POKE59464,150:POKE59467,16:POKE
59466 , 15 : FORZ=1TO10 :NEXT: P
OKE59467,0:RETURN
POKE59466,0:POKE59467,16:POKE59
466,51
FORNN=225TO120STEP-2:POKE59464,
NN:NEXT:FORNN=120TO255STEP
2
POKE59464,NN:NEXT:POKE59467,0:R
ETURN C
118
COMPUTEI
March, 1982 Issue 22
Review:
Votrax
Type 'n Talk:
TNT
Charles Brannon
Editorial Assistar^t
The concept oi the Votrax Type *ii Talk speech
synthesizer is simple: you send the device a word,
and it pronounces it. For example, the command
PRINT#1, ^' HELLO" would cause the Votrax to
say "hello/* This makes programming it simple
and fun. Other synthesizers can require you to
construct words from one or two letter phonemes,
the simplest units of speech. For example, the
word "hello" might he coded as: "H EH3 L O" or
''[(aX&Z' Yet another kind of synthesizer lets you
send English words, but has a memorized vocabu-
lary which is limited by memoiy size. What makes
Votrax imicjue is the combination of ease-of-use
and flexibility.
The voice is distinct and iniderstandable, biU
it is obviously artiFical. It sounds robotic, similar to
the voice synthesizers found in many arcade and
electronic pin ball games. Both volume and fre-
quency (pitch) can be adjusted with knobs. The
voice sounds most natural at its lower frequency.
Built into the unit is a "text-to-speech'' algo-
rithm that converts Enghsh words into phonemes
that can be pronounced by the device — no easy
task. C'onsidering the coniplexily of ihe English
language, it is a remarkably good algorithm, per-
mitting you to generate speech with straightforward
PRINT statements. Its arbitrary methods can cause
some problems. "COMPUTE!" sounds like "com-
put/' "HELLO" sounds a bit slurred, "HUH LO"
sounds better. It is sometimes necessary to inten-
tionally misspell. "COMPUTE!" sounds excellent
when spelled "COM PEWT." The space breaks
longer words into distinct syllables. Some few
words are tougher to generate; for example,
MOUSE becomes "mus" (the ous is treated like the
ous in dangerow.v). Spelling it MOWSE doesn't help;
it comes out "mose" as in most. To solve any such
problems you can also program speech directly
with phonemes.
Is Votrax for you? It depends on the applica-
tion. Votrax can be the basis for some fascinating
dialogue games, such as ELIZA and Adventure. It
can liven up arcade games with threats, taunts, and
warnings (We Are The MURLOD Invaders).
Voice synthesis is an alternate (superior?)
man-machine iiuerface; it can streamline business
(can you imagine your computer saying "Please
insert the Word Processing Disk?"). It would be of
tremendous aid to the blind, where every character
typed could be spoken and, when SPACE was
pressed, the preceeding word spoken.
Votrax can be attached to almost any computer,
via an RS-232 interface. It can even be attached
between the computer and another device, permit-
ting data to be spoken automatically (CompuServe
becomes TalkuServe?). Although a one-watt
amplifier is built in, you must provide a speaker
(eight-ohm).
The significance of the Votrax Type 'n Talk is
its text-to-s[)eech routine. It permits beginners to
use it immediately, and relieves professionals of
the tedium of phoneme construction. The Votrax
deserves its acronym - any device that can pack so
much power into such a small box is truly TNT!
Vfflrax Divisiofi oj Federal Screiv Works
5(H) Stephenson Ifi^lnvay
'nm\Mirhiiran ^hSOS^f'
S375 ' ©
EPROM
PROGRAMMER
Shown assembled. EPROM not included.
rtifffifvfvv
For single supply 2516. 2716 & 2758 EPROMs. Connects through
a user supplied interface to any computer system. Inter-
facing requires two 8-bit ports plus hand-shake lines. One of the
ports must be software controllable for input or output. Timing is
done via hardware, thus is independent of MPU clock rate. Verify
erased. Program — entire or partial. Auto verify after program-
ming. Transfer contents to RAM for modifying or duplicating.
Select Documentation for Interface to:
6502 6820 PI A or 6522 VIA
6800 6820 PI A
6809 6820 PI A
8080/8085/Z80 8255 PPI
Cofnprehenstvedocunrieriiation booklet contains schematic, instfuciions lor construe
lion, checkout and use. and a. vveli commented assembly listing for ihe specified MPU
Complete kit of parts (includes Z!F socket) S 45.00
Bare PC board and Documentation ,.__,.. $ 25.00
Software listings for additional MPUs
(wilh purchase of Kit or PC board) $ 5.00
Ordering: Spccily MPU. Add 5"^ tor P&H Overseas add 10%, An;, residents add 5% tax
Micro Technical Products, Inc. mjm
814 W. Keating Ave.. Dept. M mSl^
Mesa. Arizona 85202 • 602-839-8902
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTEI
t19
Review:
Olympia's
ES 100 KRO
Typewriter/
Printer
Richard Mansfield
Assistant Editor
The ESI 00, one of a line of Olynipia printer-
typewriter combinations, can serve as an advanced,
stand-alone typewriter with correction facilities or
as a computer printer. It contains a built-in RS
232-C serial interface and will work with most
personal computers. As one of the new "intelligent"
typew riters, it operates somewhat differently from
the venerable machines so common only a few
years ago.
The first thing you notice is that veiy little is
mechanical- you don't move margin stops» you
simply set them with left and right margin keys. All
keys are repeating, w hen used with the "repeat"
key. Reverse vertical half-line spacing (for super-
scripts), choice of two pitches, reverse tabulation,
CR without LF, and several line spacings are all
key-selected. Unlike the older generation of elec-
trics, most of the formatting and spacing is done
f Tom the ke\ board. As when using a word proces-
sor, you can move around the page w ithoul taking
vour fingers from the kevs.
Another feature of this latest generation of
typewriters is their feel. They resemble a computer
keyboard in layout, versatility, and touch. Instead
of a direct mechanical relationship between a
pressed key and struck paper, the keys simply click
to let you know that they've been acknowledged by
the system. The 96-character typewheel responds
at 16 characters per second (if you could type that
fast). 1 his separation of the mechanical from the
keyboard activities makes sense when the printing
mechanism does not care whether it gets informa-
tion from the keys or from a computer.
A green LED shows, on a numbered scale, the
precise typing position. The value of some of these
features might not be immediately obvious, but, in
use, their utility becomes clear. The carriage return
without line feed, for example, makes under lining
easier. Reverse tabulation means that you don't
need to return to the left hand margin to access the
tab stops - you can move left through the stops as
well as tabbing right, the traditional direction.
Specifications
The typewriter stores functions in an accumulator
with the margin release and tab settings "remem-
bered" for 70 to 90 hours. A "correction memory"
allows the revision of up to eight characters if the
mistake is noticed at once. Depending on the platen
size (13/15 inches) the printer supports a maximum
paper width of 12:9/15.3 inches and a line length
of 1 1.6/15.5 inches. The unit weighs 30.3/36.3
pounds.
There are 92 characters on the keyboard and
line spacing can be either I, 1 V2, or double. Hori-
zontal spacing (keyboard selected) is between ten
and twelve characters per inch. A variety of type-
styles are available on the printwheels and there
are five types of ribbon cartridges (black, black/red,
carbon, correctable film, or multi-strike).
Using a standard Type D 25 connector, the
interface permits odd, even, or no parity bits and
the data rate is jumper selectable between 1 10,
134.5, 150, or 300 baud.
There are a variety of "daisy wheel" printers
on the market. These printers feature excellent,
crisp lettering and typefaces w hich are easily and
quickly changed. The Olympia ES 100 KRO de-
serves to be considered even if the intent is simply
to upgrade an older electric typewriter to the new
generation of intelligent electrics. If you ever want
computerized, full word processing — the purchase
of one of the state-of-the-art electrics would make
the transition painless.
Ohmpia USA, Inc.
Box 22
Sonmviiitu NJ 08896
$1680
G
MEMOREX
FLEXIBLE DISCS
WE WILL NOT BE UNDER^
SOLDn Call Free (800)235-4137
^ for prices and information. Dealer
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120
COMFUTEl
March. 1982. Issue 22
RPL: A FOm'H Sequel?
Jim Butterfield
Toronto, Canada
RPL is a FORTH-related language produced by
Samurai Software. There are versions for all PET/
CBM machines, and it will fit in systems as small as
8K. It is similar to FORTH in many ways ... but
there are fundamental differences.
RPL stands for Reverse Polish Language. This
is the backwards-type of coding which calls for you
to write X + Y as X Y + and PRINT M as M PRINT.
Owners of Hewlitt- Packard calculators will be used
to this kind of thing by now and, in fact, it makes
good coding sense to do it this way.
Proprietary
Since RPL is a proprietary system, the language
must be considered in a different category from
FORTH, FORTRAN, or BASIC. It seems unlikely
that competing RPL's would be generated by vari-
ous sources, and RPL literature will be confined to
a relatively small community of purchasers.
IMmothy Stryker, the author of the language
and compiler, has taken many of the characteristics
of FORTH, rebuilding and reconceptualizing as he
saw desirable. The result will not please FORTH
traditionalists - it has a different style from FORTH
- but it does form an interesdng new language.
Faster? Simpler?
One-to-one comparisons of FORTH versus RPL
programs shows that RPL fits in slighdy less space
and runs slightly faster. This is surprising, since
FORTH is known for its compactness and high
speed.
Savings in time and memory are achieved, at
least in part, by reducing the generality of the
language. FORTH works interactively with a user;
each program module can be checked out the
moment it is typed in, and the user can try things
out as he builds his program. RPL is less interactive:
the user writes code and then gives the command
COMPILE to generate a runnable program. This
allows RPL to be more efficient, but reduces user
interaction; however, RPL has features to offset
this problem during debugging.
Another reason for RPL's speed and compact-
ness is in the internal representation of the pro-
gram. FORTH uses threaded code, where each
"action" of a command is represented by a subrou-
tine address; RPL uses p-code, with each action
represented by a token value.
RPL has a streamlined vocabulary of operators;
slightly over forty commands are implemented,
and all are useful. This compares well with FORTH,
which seems to the beginner to be cluttered up
with hundreds of commands, many of which are
seldom needed by the programmer. The commands
are nicely chosen for newcomers; many closely
parallel BASIC keywords.
PET/CBM owners will be pleased to see that
their machine*s characteristics are well supported
by RPL. BASIC can co-exist with RPL, and file
input/output capabilities are preserved. There's a
danger, of course: Programs using "custom" fea-
tures won't transport w^ell to other computers.
SIM, a symbolic debugger, is sold as a separate
package. It allows users to try out sequences of
commands before writing them into a program. It
has a nice way of presenting the stack visually
which may help give users an intuitive feel for how
RPL works.
Considerable documentation comes with RPL
(60 pages) and SIM (12 pages). The material is
nicely written and is quite well done; the approach
is tutorial in nature and uses examples liberally.
We've been comparing RPL to FORTH be-
cause of the similarides in the languages. RPL
deserves to be rated on its own merits.
It's not as easy as BASIC or as pretty as APL.
But RPL is fast, compact, and relarively straight-
forward to program. Users will have to learn to
cope with stacks and the backwards-like Reverse
Polish Notation- It may take a particular mentality
to get hot in an RPL-like language; but the payoff
in efficiency can be very good.
Samurai Software, P.O. Box 2902. Pompano Beach, fL 33062.
RPL Compiln\ $49.95 on disk, $44,95 on cassette; Debugger
Compiler and Debugger are ordered together. Specify comput£r ROM
system and disk type. ©
March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPtfTEl
121
Review:
Ricochet
Richard Mansfield
Assistant Editor
An intriguing new game from Automated Simula-
tions, Ricochet (for the Apple, Atari, or TRS-80)
demonstrates why there is so much new interest in
games. With the advent of the computer, suddenly
there are entirely new categories of games: simula-
tions, interactive adventure stories, exciting hybrids
which combine the preplanning involved in tradi-
tional strategy games like chess with the visual,
physical action of games like pinball.
Ricochet falls into the hybrid category; it has
to be seen to be understood, but it's something of a
combination of pool and checkers. Each player
(you vs. the computer or you vs. a friend) has nine
"bars" which initially appear in front of a set of
"bumpers." The bars start out in a 4-3-2 pattern,
guarding your bumpers, since your opponent can
score points by landing in your bumpers.
There are two possible ways to react during
your turn. You can change the arrangement of
your bars or you can launch which sends a ball out
from one of your corners ricocheting off walls,
bars, and bumpers, and gaining points for each
one hit. The ball continues to ricochet until it goes
past a bumper into space or hits a corner launcher.
Hitting a corner, aside from ringing up points, can
render that particular launcher useless for the
remainder of a game. You make your moves and
launches either from the keyboard or with
joysticks.
Broadly defined, the idea is to arrange your
bars (which toggle between vertical and horizontal
orientation, when hit) so that you best protect your
bumpers and launchers. Likewise, you attempt to
launch in such a way as to maximize the damage to
your opponent-
A Smart Clock
Ricochet takes full advantage of the computer's
ability to handle many variations of play. If you
play against the computer, it can take on four
distinct "personalities" each of which use different
strategies. Beyond this, there are five variations of
the game itself. In variant two, you can win extra
launches, and variant three adds two extra bumpers
to each side. Variant five removes all the position
markers from the playfield and it becomes more
difficult to predict the ricochet effects of a launch.
If a player takes too much time planning or
arranging his bars, a smart clock starts giving points
to the opponent. It is smart because it determines
how much is "too much time" by averaging the
opponent's decision-making time. In effect, if you
make your moves quickly, you force your opponent
to move quickly too.
The game is "inteUigent" in several senses. If
you lose a game, the next game adds point value to
your opponent's bumpers while your bumpers
retain their original value. This evens things up
since you will score more points when you hit the
opponent's bumpers.
In the past few years, with computers becoming
widely available in homes and game arcades, a
variety of new types of games have appeared.
Ricochet is an excellent example of this emerging
art form.
Automated Simulations ^ Inc.
P.O. Box 4247
Mountain View, CA 94040
Apple, Atari, TRS-80. $19. 95 ©
Memory Expansion Boards
for the ATARI* Computer
Completely compatible with ATARI
hardware and software
No modifications necessary
Fully assembled and tested
Clser installable — simply plug it in
One year warranty
Gold connector tabs
16K Memory Board — ^49^^
32 K Memory Board — *124^^
Build Your Own Memory
16K board ■ no components — *10^^
32K board - no components — ^30^*^
Add *2 Shipping & Handling per board
* ATARI is a trademark of Atari Inc.
Anderson Peripherals, Inc,
P.O. Box 629 • Rktardson, TX 75080 • 214-231-6866
122
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
Review:
Atari IVIicrosoft
BASiC (Part I)
Jerry White
Levittown, NY
Editors Note: This revieiv is in three parts. The second
and third parts luill appear in COMPUTE! April and
May.—RTM
Not long ago, the Atari Personal Computer owner
had two prograniiiiing alternatives: 8K Atari
BASIC and Assembler Language. Now there are
three versions of BASIC from which to choose,
plus PILOT and PASCAL.
The most recent Basic on the market is called
Atari Microsoft BASIC (AMSB). Those of you
familiar with other versions of Microsoft will feel
right at home with the Atari version. It is said to be
the most powerful Microsoft of them all and will
certainly make program conversion much easier.
The manual provides all the information needed
for converting from many other versions of BASIC
including PET BASIC, Apple and Applesoft
BASIC, Radio Shack Level II BASIC, and Atari
8K BASIC.
This series of articles is being written to help
vou decide if AMSB is for you. If the Atari is the
only computer you've ever had, and 8K Atari
BASIC is the onlv version yoifve ever used, you
will need some specific comparisons to understand
the advantages and disadvantages of using AMSB.
Disadvantages??? Yes, although AMSB pro-
vides dozens of advantages over 8K Atari BASIC,
there are always two sides to every story. So let's
get the bad news out of the way first.
The most obvious oi the bad news is cost,
about $80.00. You'll also need at least 32 K RAM
and a disk drive since, as of this writing, AMSB is
available only on diskette and requires 1 1,252
bytes more than 8K Atari BASIC. Since the lan-
guage must load from disk, there's 40 seconds of
boot and load time.
Some Tradeoffs
If you can live with the previously mentioned
disadvantages, you'll surely find the power and
flexibility of AMSB worth looking into. There are,
however, a few other sacrifices that must be made
bv the 8K BASIC user. AMSB has no immediate
syntax error checking and permits only two abbre-
viations, ? = PRINT and ! = REM. Oh how I miss
typing CR.O. You also must give up that unlimited
lengili siring in trade for string arrays. The 8K
STICK, STRIG, PADDLE, and PTRIG commands
are not included, but thev are easily replaced with
PEEK and POKE.
Now for the good news! Here are a few of the
most significant advantages AMSB has to offer:
COMMAND PROVIDES...
AUTO Automatic line numbering.
COM MON Variable values are passed from one program
run ro another,
nt ^' Defme integer, single, and double precision.
DKL Delete range of lines from program.
DIM Three Dimensional Alpha/Numeric Arrays
ELSE IF THEN ELSE decisions.
INS IR Search for a small string within a larger string.
MOV E MOV E a number of bytes from one area of
memory to another.
OPTION Reserve RAM for Assembler Routines, Player
Missile Graphics, Redefined Character Sets,
PRINT AT specified coordinates.
PRINT (TAB)and(SPC) positioning.
PRINT USING for formatting output such as right
justified currency amounts.
RENUM Renumber lines and references.
T [ M E I n 60i h s o f ■ a secon d .
Tl M ES Current time in H H :MM :SS format.
TRON Current line nimiber trace display on.
Turn off trace function.
V ER I FY Veri fy Program i n memory with program on
tape or disk.
WAIT Loop until specified conditions exist.
Many commands are identical in both Atari
BASICS. Some commands perform identical func-
tions but are formatted differently. For example,
8K BASIC uses the XIO command for many useful
functions. AMSB makes things easier to remember
with commands like FILL, KILL, LOCK, MERGE,
NAME, and UNLOCK. ASMB uses PLOT TO in-
stead of DRAWTO, CLS instead of ?CHR$(I25),
and SCRN$ instead of LOCATE.
Some of the other commands availal^le in
AMSB include AFTER, CLEAR STACK, EOF,
ERL, ERR, ERROR, INKEY$, LEFTS, LINE
INPUT, MIDI, ON ERROR, RANDOMIZE,
SAVE with LOCK. STACK, and STRIN(;(n,X$).
One beautiful feattire was added to the
SOUND command. An optional fifth variable for
duration has been added. The dtiration is a value
of up to 255 JIFFIES (60ths of a second). Up to 25
SOUND commands may be stored on the STACK,
eliminating the need for many time delay loops.
AMSB can go on to calculations or display work
while SOUND commands execute at previously
specified intervals.
March. 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
123
The ability to define integers allows floating
point routines to be bypassed. This can accotint for
significantly faster execution. How mucli faster,
yoti ask? Til get into speed comparisons and routine
examples in part two of this series.
I Use Ail Three
Belore closing this segment, fd like to voice some
of my own personal opinions. AMSB will certainly
fnid ils place in the rapidly growing Atari software
market. Both the beginner and experienced pro-
grammer can benefit from the wide range of com-
mands offered. The buyer should also be aware of
another alternative called BASIC A + .
Anything yoti can do using AMSB can be done
in 8K BASIC with occasional help from an As-
sembler subroutine. AMSB offers a great deal to
the BASIC only programmer; but cannot be used
bv those with less than 32 K RAM or without a disk
drive. Personally, I've grown to really appreciate
the amazing number of features Atari BASIC has
squeezed intt) an 8K ROM cartridge. Tve also
learned to appreciate fast binary I/O and the DIR
(Disk Directory) feature available in BASIC A + , as
well as the speed made possible by the AMSB in-
teger feature. Tliey all have their advantages and
disadvantages. Which one do I recommend you
ask? I use all three. ©
HAVE YOUR CAKE
AND EAT moo
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RAM memory which cm be uiili/ed as an .iddiiional disk
device or bank selectable RAM memory! The DOS supplied
wiih the system allows you to utilize the RAMDISK Memory
System as a disk device in conjunction with your Atari 810*.
The system is up to 20 times faster than the Atari 810 and is
compatible with existing Atari 80O software. As user
memory, the RAMDISK Memory System is organized as
eight (8) 16K banks. The system is installed with two 16K
RAM modules giving you a 160K Atari 800 system. Drop
by your local computer store for a demonstration or contact
Axlon Inc. for more information.
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• Plug-in Compatibtiity
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AXLON
124
COMPUTII
March, 1982 Issue 22
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Modem
Applications
Michael E. Day
Chief Engineer
Edge Technology
/// COMPUTE!. Svptnnhe)\ 1981, #16, Mr, Day dis-
cussed technical specif icaf ions for MODEAFs, Here
he explores several uses for MODEM s in everyday
compiiling, — The Editors
One of the questions I am often asked is: "Why do
I need a modem?" It is interesting that this question
would be asked rather than just '*Do I need a
modem?" since this indicates several things. The
need for the modem is already felt.
The feeling of the need for the modem comes
about because of the large amount of information
presented to the person about telecommunications
both in magazines such as this one and in talking to
other computer users. This tends U) lead to the
belief that if you do not have a modem you are not
using your computer to its fullest potendal. Unfor-
tunately, the reasoning for this belief is not readily
apparent. Analysis of the information generally
presented on telecommunications shows why this is
so. The most common type of information that is
presented is of a technical nature. This assumes
that yoii already know w^hy you do or do not need a
modem, and are simply after '*how does it work"
information. The other type of information that is
presented is applications information. Again this
assumes that you already know^ why the modem is
needed, and that you are simply after the informa-
tion on how to tise it for a particular type of
application.
The question why is one of the hardest of this
type to answer. It cannot be answered directly.
When you ask why, what you are really saying is
give me more information so that I can decide if I
really need it. The information that is normally
provided is reference information with which you
are familiar. In answer to "Why do I need a car?",
one might answer "In order to get to and from
work." This provides a base point that you can
expand upon to gain the information needed to
determine how the car w^ould fit into your lifestyle.
A response could be "But I can take the bus." with
a return of "But what if you work odd hours when
the bus doesn't run?" This generates the pros and
cons necessary to make a final decision.
The problem that we have with the modem is
the same problem that the computer has experi-
enced — a lack of readily discernible common
reference points. In answer to why do I need a
computer, the easily determined reference points
tended to be rather weak, such as to balance your
checkbook, or keep records of your gas mileage.
Since these could be done far more cheaply with
existing alternative methods, they hardly generate
a decision in favor of the computer. The computer
is slowly overcoming this problem by creating its
own reference points. The computer is doing
things that were not possible before (controlling
heating and lighting to minimize utility bills, or
writing letters (or magazine articles) with greater
ease than ever before, even playing exciting new
games and, as a side benefit, you can balance your
checkbook too.
The modem is going through the same stage
of development of use. It is a device that has entirely
new uses and concepts that are not currently real-
ized, and it must "create" these in our awareness so
that they can be realized of their own accord.
Comptiterized Bulletin Boards
Originally the quesdon was easy to answer, the
modem was for the purpose of operating a com-
puter from a remote location. If you had to do this,
you had to have the modem. If you did not have
to, then you did not need a modem.
Now, however, that use of the modem has
been radically altered. With the advent of the
personal computer we can put the computer at the
remote location along with the user.
If you are only going to use the computer to
play games or balance your checkbook, you prob-
ably don't need a modem. If you want to communi-
cate with otlier computer users, however, there is a
very good probability that, at some point, you will
need a modem.
One of the new uses is the Computerized
Bulletin Board Systems that appeared. These are
public access message systems which can be used by
anyone to post messages or read those left by others.
These tenci to be messages that don't fit into normal
modes of communication and include calls for
help, general notices of information, advertise-
ments, classifieds, and personal messages. There is
no charge for the use of these systems, they are
s
B
B
Atari
Compu Math Decjmals (disk)
Comp Magpc Kayos (disk)
All Baba & 40 Thieves
Arcade - Ghost Hunter (cass )
Arcade - Ghosi Hunter [disk^
Comp Magic Kayos Icass I
Epyx Crush Crumble Chomp
(cassette or diskj
Creative ATC (cass )
MousKattack
The Next Step
Poker Solitaire (cassj
Gomoku (cass )
Reversj (cass J
Cypher Bowl tcass )
Rescue at Rigel (cass,} S29 95 ww
Star Warrior (cass ) S39 95 m?w
Invasion Onon (cass.} £24 95 rtow
Daiestonesof Ryn(cass.| Sl9 95 fww
ConHici 2500 [cass ) Si5 00 r»w
Empire of Ihe OverrrurKj idisk) , . S35 00 now
Tanktics (cass ) S2^ OO
>39 95rww
£34 95mj*
S3? 95 f>ow
S29 95 WW
Sa* 95 now
S34 95 now
S29 95 fww
51 1 95 rtow
S39 95 now
S39 95 ftpw
514 95 now
519 95 now
S19 95 now
S29 95 WW
saigsrww
S19 95 now
S99 95 rtow
S15 95 fww
539 95 now
S19 95 oow
S19 95 now
524 95 mjw
539 95 now
S39 95 no-
Atari ' Mailing List (disk)
Alan' Character Ger^rator (disk)
Text Wizard [diski
Alan" Character Gen (cass )
Le Stick
Checker King (cass )
MicroChess (cass )
Survivals Adventure (disk)
3-D SLipergraphics(d(sk)
3D Supergraphics (cass)
MindBoggfers I (diskj S19 95 no*,
Mind-Bogglers i (cass J 5t5 95 now
Versa Writer Graphics TaDtet S300 00 no*
Hidden Words 517 50 now
Spatial Relations St 7.50 no*
Word-Scramble St 5 00 no*
Preschool Fun St 5 00 no*
Fastgammon tcass ) Si9 95 no*
Assembler (cass ) 524 95 now
6502 Disassembler [cass ) St l 95 no*
6502 Disassemblef [disk) Si 4 95 now
Tank Trap (cass J Si i 95 no*
Tank Trap (disk) S14.95 now
Tan Trek (cass.) Si 1 95 now
OS Form (disk) 579.95 now
Startase Hyperk>n [disk) 522 95
Name That Song (cass. J
$35.14
fM.T4
$3«.ff4
Sl«.34
$»,74
«»«.74
$ 19.44
$39.14
$33.14
$1^T4
$14.94
$14.94
$2Sv44
$13j«4
$33.94
$ai.l4
$1«.94
$13.74
$19.44
$30jM
$31.34
$14.94
Pet
AVALON HILL GAME COMPANY
B'1 Nuc lea' Bomoeri cass ( Si500now
M idway Campaign I cass t S 1 5 00 no*
No Atlantic Convoy Raider icass I 515 rio*
Nuhewar (cass I 515 00 now
Confitcl 2500 icass j Si 5 00 now
Planet Miners icass ) Si 5 00 now
Compuier Acquire (cass J S20 OQ now
Lords ol Karma (cass ) S20 00 now
VIC SOFTWARE
57 95 no*
Sl6 95no*
Si8 95no*
S29 95 no*
UMI Kiddie Checkers
UMl Siar Wars
UMI AMOK
UMl Clobber
Teacher sPei (diskj
Teacher s Pet (cass i
Vaults of Zurich (diskj
518 95 now
514 95 now
S25 95 no*
$13.77
$13.77
$13.77
$13.77
$13.77
$13.77
$14.97
$14.97
$4.47
$14.^7
$14.47
$31.47
$14.47
$13.47
$33.77
TRS-80
BIG FIVE SOFTWARE
Super Nova (cass J Sl5 95no*
Galaxy Invasion (cass 1 515 95 no*
Attaci Force {cass l 515 95 no*
Cosmic Fighter (cass ) 515 95 no*
Meteor MiSSiOn 11 [casS J S15 95 no*
ADVENTURE INTERNATIONAL
Adv 4-5 6(diskj 539 95 no*
Adv 12-3 [disk) S39 95no*
Adv 7.8-9 [disk) 539 95 no*
ARTWOflX
Teacher s Pet (disk) id 95 no*
Nominoes Jigsaw (disk) color S21 95 now
Nommoes Jigsaw (cass t color 51 7 95 no*
Budge 2 0 icass ) S 1 7 95 now
Hearts (disk) Sl9 95no*
BRODERBUND SOFTWARE
IHlLNTINeT'ON C€MIPlLTIINe I
Now Selling Atari®, PET®, TRS-80® Software s
B
B
a
a
0
9
B
s
B
9
B
9
B
9
B
9
B
$13.S4
$33.94
$14.94
$14.94
$31.34
$33.94
$33.94
$14.94
$13.54
$354.44
$ISj«4
$19j«4
$13.54
$13.54
$14.94
$31.14
$14.14
$13.44
$14.14
$11.44
$14.14
$47.94
$19.44
$13.44
$35.44
$35.44
$44.94
$43.44
$35.44
$44,94
$34Ja4
$54.94
$25.44
$13.34
$19.74
$14.44
$14.44
$15.44
AUTOMATED SIMULATIONS
lntroductorv3Pack (disk) S49 95 no*
(Rescue Mortoc s. and Daiestones]
Rescue at Rigehcass ) 529 95 no*
TempleotApshaMcass I S39 95no*
HeNfire Warrior [cass J S39 95 no*
Starlleet Onon (cass j 524 95 no*
Invasion Onon (cass ) 524 95 f>on
MOrlOCS Tower (CaSS ) Sl9 95now
Daiestones ot Ryn tcass ) Si9 95 now
PERSONAL SOFTWARE
Checkef King (cass j Si9 95 no*
Gammon Gambler (cass I Si9 95 no*
MicroChess [cass ) Si9 95 no*
Bridge Panner [cass t Si 9 95 no*
Time Trek icass J S19 95 no*
UNITED SOFTWARE OF AMERICA
KRAM (diSKj 599 95 no*
Super KRAM (disk) 5175 00 no* $153.97
Request (disk) 5225 00 no- $191.37
Thinker [disk) 5495 00 no* $434.77
Space Intruders (cass ) 519 95 no* $14.97
$39.97
$35j47
$33.97
$33.97
$31.37
$31.17
$14.97
$14.97
$14,97
$14.97
$14.97
$14.97
$ 14.97
$44.97
$13.54
$13.54
$13.54
$13.54
$13.54
$35.44
$35.44
$35.04
$ 14.54
$ 1*.14
$19.74
$15.74
$17,44
$33.94
$ 13.44
$13.44
$13.44
$14.99
$31.14
$11.14
$11.14
$14.94
$14.94
$14.94
$15.34
$19.34
All MICRO ED
l»%OffLltt
All Microcompuier Workshops
19%OHi.ltt
VIC SOFTWARE
Addcom Missile Commander
$14.44
Channel V-c Oaia Logger
13.14
MMA Star Command
$4.94
TIS Basic Programming 1
$17j$4
514.95 now
Jaw Breaker (djskj 529 95 rww
Pornopoly (disk) 529 95 now
The Broker (CCl) (disk) 599 95 now
Super Modem Pak (CCl) (disk) 5^9 95 now
Atari' Snufi (CCl) (disk) 529.95 w*
Utility Man (CCl) (disk) S99 95 no*
Tanktjcs (cass) S24.00 no*
Fantasyland [disk) S59 95 nom
Empire of the Overmtnd (cass.) 530.00 now
Bndge 2.0 (cass) Si7 95no*
Nominoes Jigsaw (cass) .... . Si7 95no*
Intruder Alen (cass) ........ St 6 95 now
Alpha Fighter (disk) SiB95now
Compu-read (disk) 529 95 now
Letter Perfect (disk J 5 1 50 00 now $ 1 37.44
Sammy Sea Serpent (cass) PDI S16 95 no* $14,34
Cridbage (Thesis) (cass ) S15 00 no* $13.54
Visicalc S200 (X) now $ 149.44
Kross N Quotes PDI (cass.} S 1 6 95 now $ 14.34
Star Raiders (car^ J S39-95 no* $33.94
Stock Charting 524 95 n^w $31.14
Adventure international .10% • 15% off sug. retail
Atan' Safan (CDS) [disk) $33.94
Atari- Satan (COS) [cass } $35.44
Compuiatton iTtiesis) [cass ) 515 CW now $13.94
Order by Phone
800-344-5109
800-692-4146
In California
Apple
See (uU page of AppJe ' products elsewhere m this
magajtne
Gorgon 539 95 no* $33.99
WordStar $375 00 now $349.44
Mail Merge $125 00 now $144.19
Super Sort S200 00now $149.99
VisiCalc3 3 S200 00no- $149.44
Wurst of Huntington Computing .$ 19.99
Nibble Express 512 95 no* $11.99
Galactic Tniogy [disk) 539 95 now
Galactic Empire [cass ) 5i4 95 no*
Galactic Trader [cass ) 5i4 95 no*
Galactic Revolution (cass ) 514 95 no*
Tawala s Last Redoubt icass ) 519 95 no*
DATASOFT
I ago (disk) 524 95 no*
Fooibaii Classics idiskj S24 95 now
Afcade-80 [diskj S24 95 no*
lagofcass) 519 95 no*
FooibaU Classes icass ) 5 19 95 no*
Arcade 80 [cass j Si9 95 no*
Sigmon iCOLQRi icass t S29 95 no*
S ECS I C OLOR } (cass J 529 95 no*
ACORN SOFTWARE
Invaders From Space (diskj 52095 no* $17.74
DuelNDroidSidiSK) 52095 no* $17.74
Pinball idiSk) S20 95no* $17.74
Pigsk.nidiSh) S20 95no* $17.74
Quad 1 disk I S20 95no* $17.74
Basketball [disk} S20 95 no* $i7.7t
Gammon Challenger [disk) S20 95 no* $17.74
Everest Explorer (disk) S20 95no* $17.74
Superscript (disk) 529 95 no* $15.34
System Savers icass J 514 95 no* $13.44
invaders From Space i cass ) 5 1 4 95 no* $ 1 3.44
Due" NDroids icass ) 514 95 no* $13.44
PinbaHicasS) Si-i95no* $13.44
Pigsk^in icass I 514 95 no* $13.44
Quad icass ) 514 95 no* $13.44
BasKeibaii icass i 5i4 95 no* $13.44
Gammon ChaJtenger tcass i 5i4 95 no* $13.44
Everest Explorer (cass ) 514 95 no* $13.44
AiJ Automated Simulations 14% f* ts% ©« Llit
All AvalQn Hilt 14%t« IS% Off Ll«t
AH Hay den 14^ t« 15% Off U«t
AllMtcrOSOtt 14%t« fS^Off Ui«
Nibble E)(pre
Soft Porn Adventure
Time Lord
French Hangman
Aiicia-Sp bilingual reader
HSH Slock Trader
Grow (CIA) . .
Ad Edu-Ware
VersaCalc
Hebrew
All Serendipity
All Sinus
AN Sybex Courses
Win at the Races
Disk Prt-p
PLE Chip
529 95 no- $15.39
529 95 now $39.39
529 95 now $35.39
529 95 no* $35.39
5190 00 now $141.49
535 00 now $31j49
14%t«15%0ff Uet
5100 00 no* $44.99
560 00 no* $54.99
14% t* 15%OHU««
l5%OffUit
14% t« 15%Off Uef
539 95 now $33.99
525 00 no* $31.19
S60 00 now $54.99
We maintiin a huge tnventorv of software for Apple* and
hardware Call us toil free tor the latest programs We also
stock a large supply of computer books Visit us m person at
our new 3300-square foot store at 1945 Soutti Dairy m Cor-
coran. Calit
Great Grandma Huntington
Great Grandma Huntington always said to
try harder - and we do. We will soon have tee
shtrts for sale with Great Grandnna Hunting-
ton s picture on them. Watch for Granny'
FOREIGN ORDERS
We regret that we can no longer accept
checks (bank charges were sometimes
greater than the amount of the check). We
will gladly accept U.S. currency, VISA,
MasterCard or American Express at no
extra charge, or you may make direct wire
transfers to our bank. Security Pacific,
Corcoran. CA 93212. for a S6.00 charge.
All overseas orders are shipped by air.
VISCALC
Special for Pet ' , Atari ' & Apple "
Regular S200.00 List
New $ia9.00
0
0
B
0
I
9
0
0
HUNYINGTON COMPUTING
Post Off ice Box 1235
Corcoran, Calrlornia 93212
Order by Phone 800-344-5109
In California 800-692-4146
Apple ' IS a registered! irademarh ol Apple Computer, inc
Pet * (S a registered trademark ol Commodore
TflS-eO • IS a registered trademark of Tandy Corp
Atart* IS a registered trademark of Atari, Inc
(209)992-5411
We take MasterCard, American Express or
VISA (Include card # and expiration date).
California residents add 6% lax. Include
S2.00 for postage. Foreign and hardware
extra. Send for free catalog. Prices subject to
change.
126
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
wholly supported through donations and out-of-
pocket expenses by the owners.
As an outgrowth of the BBS's are the remote
computer systems and database systems. Ah hough
many ol them are open to the general public, they
are not readily usable due to the technical know-
ledge needed. Additionally, these systems tend to
be very specific in the application to which they are
oriented and are genet ally of little or no use to the
general public.
Because the bulletin boards are privately sup-
ported, they are limited in the scope of services
they can provide. For those who ai e willing to pay,
there are more elaborate systems available. The
most widely-known are CompuServe, Ihe Sou tee,
and Micronet. These systems provide a wider
range of services including message transfer, infor-
mation retrieval (stock reports, news, etc.), confet-
encing, program storage and retrieval, and rimning
programs.
Often there is a need to find information ol a
more extensive or technical nature than can be
provided by the general services systems. 1 his
need is provided for by the technical information
database systems. These systems are usually
oriented around a particular subject area ot group
of areas. The technical data systetiis, by being ver\
specific can carry a much wider range of inff)rma-
tion on a subject than is possible on a general infor-
mation system. Because this information is also the
most expensive to obtain, these systems are the
most expensive to use. They can cost over S 100
an hoin.
Multiuser Systems
Finally we come to the original nuiltiuser computer
systems, time-share computer svstenis. These
systems are rented on a usage basis ttj anyone who
needs a computer, but, for some reason, does not
have a computer of his or her own available. I'hese
are generally used for overflow work, temporary,
or occasional applications where it is not possible
or practical to use one's own computer. The cost of
using these systems can vary widely depending on
how the usage is determined.
It is interesting that now that the personal
computer has come into being, another application
appears to be evolving. This can best be understood
liy describing the need that has been generated.
If you wish to say something to tieorge who
lives down the street, you could go to his house and
speak to him directly, or you could call him up on
the telephone and talk to him. In the fn st ca.se
there was no equipment involved in ui Iking to (ieorge,
you went to his house. This is direct conuniniications.
In the second instance you used the telephone to
talk to him. Rather than expend the energy to go
to George, you used a device which allowed you to
talk to George without actually going to his house
and thus you were romfnuftirniiNg at a dislaftre.
If you and (ieorge both liave a computer and
you wish to share programs you have written,
there are many ways this could be done. You could
put a copy of the program on a cassette oi- floppy
disk and give it to George to read into his computer.
This works great if (George has a similar computer
and can read the tape or disk.
If the two systems are not compatible, another
way will have to be found. One wa\ that has been
used a lot is for vou to simply provide (ieorge with
a written copy of the program and let him type it
into his system. This isn't U)o bad if the program
isn\ very long and is in human- readable form.
This is the way most magazines provide programs
as it is the suiest way to cover a wide t ange of com-
puters. But, as mentioned, if the program is not in
a human-readable form, or is excessively long, this
method does not work very well.
Computers Talking To Computers
A method of comnuniication thai computer hob-
bists have often used is U) directly tie tlieir com-
puters back to back. This is a form oidirecl communi-
cation. This allows the computers to talk to each
other, but has the disadvantage of requiring that
both computers be next to each other. lb date, it
has also meant that the computer operator be ( uUv
knowledgable of the way the computer internals
work as well as the programming needed to allow
the two computers to talk to each other. Fhis can
be a bit much for the general user and, in fact, has
baffled quite a few experienced computer
technicians.
I'he modem provides a common link that both
computers can comnumicate through. By defming
a staiulard of how the interconnection between the
computers is to be accomplished, the problem of
how to hook the two computers together is elimi-
nated. What is occuring now is a definition of the
method of communication between the computers.
Although there are some conununicalions pro-
grams in use already, they at e ciureiuly machine-
type dependent. An Apple can talk to another
Apple, but it can t talk to an A hair. Most f)f the
programs that ai e used to allow one computer to
conuuunicate to another are in the earlv stages of
development: they allow the communication to
occur, but there is little or no provision for options
or alternatives. They tend to be verv restrictive in
their use.
As tlie need toconnnunicate Ixnween different
types of computers grows, the conmiunications
programs will become simultaneously more com-
prehensive and easier to use. ©
r
7 ATARI PRODUCTS
THE
MONKEY
WRENCH
Th« Monk«v Wfvnch it a machine Itnquage ROM cartridge ivhtch exiends thr Dperatirrg ta^biNiy o1
ih* ATARI 800 computer. The Monkey Wrench proviOej 9 new BASIC commands. They a'c
v(d*s new Jirte nurnberj kvnen eniermg BASIC pfogram hn*i.
Renrows a range of BASIC Ime numoeri.
- Ftervjmtitn BASIC'S ime number j (ncludtrtg tniernil r«ter«nee».
- Allcwt uu9eQF ihe cur^r keyt vyiir>oui holOtngdo^^n ihe CTRL ifev.
- Provtttei the upabilii/ lo eaury change in* tcreen m*rgint.
- Provid*! the uoability 10 test RAM memory
- ConvffU a hpmd*ciina! numMr to i Oecirmil numbef .
- ConirtTtj a cSecimal nLjmbir 10 « hejodecimii number
- £ni«T the machine langijage rmniior. In »ckliijon w \he @ASIC com-
m^fl^di.the Monkey Wrench alto ccniainia maefiine iarvguige morntor with tS cominandv uied lo
■nier»ei with ihe i>avv«rtul I eat u ret of me 6502 mtuoptocessoi
Crtrk*^ and M.nu*l - U9.9S
Auto Lme Number tn^
D«l*t« Lme Numbers
Renurrtier
Curtor ^KcKirH)*
Ctunigc Martini
Memo<ry Tttt
MtK Conwriion
Oecimil Convvrtron
MDniior
MAE (MacfO AMn»M«r Editor J
MAE coniamt the rrxMl powerlul e&03 asiembter arvd t*it editor currently on th« mark«t. If yOu aft
loakjng lor a p*ofeiiiOnjl deyelopirteni tool that can greaTly tntreu* (he pfoductivilv oi youJ- pro-
(rrammkng itaH, then MAE may be the answer. The faHowjh^ are jutt lom* of MAE't laaturti - Write
for cteiail^ed i.oec iheei
MAE wai wniien entirely in machine \artg\age - not in Ba»ic like sorir>e atsemblari n* knoT^of,
Thus you get very fast and accurate asse^nbliei.
Qjniami a macMiFve tar^aage moriitor with numerouJ commsndi for d^juning rrwcriin* code.
38 error cod«, 27 coTimjTidi. 26 pseudo op», and 5 conditional auembly operaiof i>
- Conlams a word pfocettor, exarnpte Uiti, atvJ learning aid,
fl«;tiir« at (eatl 33K of meirvory.
All comrnandi oriented lor diih operation with ATARI 810 ditk dnvm.
Macro, Conditional AuembJy^and |nterictiveAi«mbly capatii I ity .
Sorted Symtxjfl Tadle,
Opiionjily crealet e»ecutable obiect code in rrwmory or relocatable obiect code on duk.
50 pa^e manual. 810 Qii4c«tn aad M*nLt« J - $1^9. IK
MACRO ASSEMBLER AND TEXT EDITOR lA^M/TEDl
ASSM/TED It <t htgh powered Macro asjembler and text editor for uic with ATARI SOO computers
with at leait 40< of rnemory .
Wniten entirely m Machine Language - Not m Batic like tome we know of, Thui you got «fy
fatt Jind accurate aitcmbhe*.
J6 Error Codct. 26 Commands. 22 Pteudo opt,
<- Macro and Cortdiiional Aiiembly Caprabiltiy,
Inpui/Oiitpui o! source files to cassette deck.
- Mulnpk source files on cassette m^y be assembled,
Buih-m machine language monitor . Cuaatt* and Mtnuat - JMS.&S
810 Disfcatta and MBmiat - S&3,9«
MACHINE LANGUAGE MONJTOR FOR ATARI
The Mac^irw Lvngua^e Moniiar for AJAR) provides 21 commands vy*nch allo*v» the user the abiNty to
interact with the 6602 rnicfo processor. It is com^patible with ATARI BASIC and lonce loaded) is
ready for yogr use at anyiirTw. The monitor comes on cassette or co dukeiie for the ATARI 810 disk,
Cauatt* varuon - $24.95 Onkett* vtrttmn - £29.^
MEMORY TEST FOR ATARI
When you purchase a new ATARI or add On new RAM modules, you need to bo »,ure thai the rrwmory
It wprkmg properly Rememijer. you only have a short guarantee on your memory. Memory Test
performs the moti emenjiv* n-temory check available . Caoctta a(»d Manual — S8,96
TYPING EXERCISE FOR ATARI
TyOjng Exercriie is a flfeat tducaticnai program for thote wrso wish to improve neir typmq skiHs
Typing Exercise consul of iv« pfoqrams. TYPING 1 contains 13 typing drills. 9 drills progress thru
alphabet and 4 thru nurrtencs, TYPING 2 js a tjrr«d lypri^ test. Time and wordt per mmute are
calculated far you , BIO Diiketta - t12.9S
EPROM CARTRIDGE
The EPROM cartridge ii a specially tl*signed printed crcui! tjojfa wnici
hit or her own E Pf^OM soft ware Uses 2716, 2S32. 2732, tvpeEPROMs
Eastern house Software
3239 Linda Drive
Winston-Saiem, N.C. 27106 U.S.A.
will alFow tire user lO install
Cartridge and Manual - S19,95
OTHER N(CE STUFF
Atari 400 16K Memory .,..,.- S34S.00
Atari 800 16K Memory , , t779 00
Commodore UIC 20 Computet .,,,,..,..,., ...>.. , .1265.00
Syncom or Memorcn 5 V." disks , .,,..,.. 10 for $30.00
Mini Fi»» disk File C#je (holds 50 B'-i" djskil . S24.9[i
Ribbon Cartridge For Siarwntei, Diablo, etc . MyJar -S6.00, Cloth - $6.00
Starwriter 25 cpt printer with tractors Parallel Interface. ,..,..,,,.,.,, S1645-00
Call Orders: (919)924-2889
We Pay Postage on Prepaid
USA/Canada Orders. Add
$7,50 TO Cover ShipinenT Elsewhere
WS4-
V
/MostwCofdJ
^^^:;^^!y^^j:^^^^^^
?l^^?^^^^l^?^
OLYMPIC SALES COMPANY
[appkz computer
NEW APPLE FAMILY SYSTEM
LARGE *4flK Apple 11+ Ret3>i%2ASbOQ
Diikw/conlfollef j^g^ ^^^
INVENTORY
LOWER.THAN- * RF Modulator ^^„ ^ . ,
EVER PRICES , 7 Personal & game disks ^^^1 Pncel
m^
Second Oisfc Drnrrt
fiscal -Fortrin-Cobol Lin^uiqiii
Dow JgnH A Ouott reporter
Giaphia Tabtitt
Vibcalclor Apple II SMI
Smart trm tO column cird
M«cromoi)im II by DC Kiyet
WE A LSOr CAR HV SOFTWARE'
Piruntl Soltwait Innovativt
Pttch Tttt Softwtrt Amerjan
MicTonh Syilem Rus
Mcrooro ind mort.
Wli ttt MT^^^iulliDriftd HnrKint Ap^lt dHltr lor Appk h & Jll
IffliMdutt dilivifv on iN rnddfls-wit carry tn tnoimcv) invtfliorv
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128
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
Machine
Language:
Loops And
Quality
Jim Butterfiefd
Toronto, Canada
Program loops seem to be a byproduct of laziness.
When a programmer tires of writing a series of
instructions, he produces a loop to save coding
time and pi'ocessor memory. Yet something more
profound happens at the same time: the program
iistially becomes more gencrahzed.
Su|j]x>se I wanted to place the vahic hexade-
cimal 20 into locations $8000 to $8027. My first
instinct is to code: LDA #$20 : STA $8000 : S TA
$8001 : STA $8002 .„ and so on. Around the time
I reach $800B, it will probably occur to me that Vm
writing a lot of essentially similar code, (aeative
sloth comes into play. 1 observe that the repeated
instruction is STA $something. Racking my brains,
I decide that if I could vary the "something" part, 1
could then do most of the job with a variable
instruction.
'indexing!", I cry, and pioceed to tear u|j the
old sheets aird code LDX #$00: LDA #$20: (loop)
STA $8()()0,X: INX: CPX #$28: BNE (loop). This
drops coding lo six instructions instead of fortv-one
and memory usage to twelve bytes instead ol One
hunch'ed and twenty-two; but the running time
increases from 102 to 443 microseconds. There's
no use crying over spilt microseconds: the time
difference is less than a three-thousandth t)f a
second, and I'll usually happily take it rather than a
case of writer's cramp.
But something more important has happened
than jtist mechanics. If I want to convert my first
("hard way') program so tliat it stored into 04
locations, or stored to address $0400 and up. I
have no choice but to rewrite. On the second pro-
gram which uses loops, it's a snap. A mere sti oke
of the coding pen, a one or two byte change, and
the Job's done. WeVe somehow created a pi ogram
that s more general and more applicable to a range
of tasks.
As we consolidate our program, we have to
generalize. And as we generalize, we not only
shorten the code: we create sturdier and more
broadly applicable code.
A word to those ]:>icky l^it-aiid-microsecond
counters who will point oiu that we could save two
bytes and a few dozen microseconds by starting
our index X at 39 and counting it down to zero.
Sure you can. But that kind of picking is not what
makes sounder code. We want to k>ok (or methods
that generalize; they are the ones that will produce
sturdy and reliable code ... and perhaps save us a
few coding lines and bytes.
A Larger Scale
The same ideas apply to coding that repeats several
lines. When you fnid yourself writing tlie same
code, look for a generalization. Take these two sets
of coding:
ONE LDX #$09
PHA
ONEl BIT CLKRDI
BPL ONEl
LDA #126
STA CLKIT
LDA #$A7
STA SBD
ZRO LDX #$06
PHA
ZROl BIT CLKRDI
BPL ZROl
LDA #195
STA CLKIT
LDA #$A7
STA SBD
The above subroutines are from the tape write
program of the KIM. ONE writes a logic 1 to tape;
ZR(3 writes a logic 0 to tape. They are very similar.
The only differences are: nine versus six on the first
line, and 126 versus 195 on tlu fifth line. How might
we consolidate these two pieces of program?
At the moment, the Y register doesn't seem to
be used. We could ask the calling rotitine to set Y to
zero or one, depending on whether we wanted to
call ZRO or ONE activities: and then write a
common routine:
ZONE LDX TABLE,Y
PHA
ZONEl BIT CLRKRDI
BPL ZONEl
LDA TIMING,Y
STA CLKIT
...etc.
We have now consolidated the two roiuines.
The values 6 and 9 which count the number ol cycles
in each signal are now stored in a table 1 ABIT, The
values 126 and 195 which set the timing of each cycle
are in a second table TIMING.
Have we accomplished anything other than
saving a few bytes of code? Yes, almost accidentally.
Now that the number of cycles are stored neatly in a
table, we can easily adjust them to change the tvpe of
signal we write. In fact, this particular coding was
part of the sequence that lead to the introduction of
the high speed tape format known as Hvpertape.
Deeper...
The programmer doesn't always have free registers,
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTEl
129
of course; but the methodology of saving registers
isn't hard to do.
Where addresses within a program cliange
from routine to routine, the best way to handle this
is via inchrect addresses. If program 1 searches table
U and program 2 searches table 2 and so forth,
indirect address.
(x)nsider: if you have written a game wiili planes
and tanks moving arouiid the screen, you may find
that, with a little work, a single subroutine can move
both craft around. Once you have geneialized, all
sorts of bonuses arrive: the bombs and shells can
likely be folded into the same subroutine. Collisions
and other effects can now be handled in their gener-
alized form rather than as special coding (did a
bomb hit a shell? did a plane hit a bomb? did a shell
go offscreen? etc..)
What seems to start out as laziness or conven-
ience develops into something more important. In
reaching for the general solution, we write much
better code.
Many programmers cjften find themselves very
pleased with a program they have written; it seems
"good" to them, although they don't know exactly
why. It*s usually because they have solved more than
the specific problem — they have solved a whole class
of problems. ©
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130
COMPUTE!
MorchJ982, Issue 22
INSIGHT: ATARI
Bill Wilkinson
Optinnizecl Systenns SoflKA/are
Good news! I have finally found out how and
where you will be able to obtain copies of D^' Re
Atari ... and it won't even cost you your left thumb.
The Atari Program Exchange now has it available
for $19.95 plus shipping. The part number for it is
APX-9()()08, and vou can order it through 800-538-
1 862 (8()(M>72- 1 850 in California). There are
several changes and improvements from earlier
versic^ns, including a section on the GTI A. One
disappointment is that an appendix on random
access Files has been deleted. Oh well, leaves room
for me to do a future article.
The How^ and Why articles on Atari BASIC
that appeared in the last two issues were the result
of requests for ways of "hooking into" BASIC, in
order to add conmiands» etc. I am trying to gently
break the news that you can'( add commands u> a
RUNning program (though direct, keyboard com-
mands can be done by intercepting keyboard input,
as I presume the Eastern House "Monkey Wrench"
does.). But I have been trying to lead up to why you
can't add commands, so that people won't waste
time on false leads in trying to prove me wrong.
However, i am suspending the How and Why
series this month in order to take a look at the USR
function. It is my belief that the USR function will
give most of you access to all the added comands
you could w^rite, which lessens somewhat the impact
of not being able to integrate your own commands.
In addition to some suggestions on usage, this
month we implement a really powerful USR func-
tion: one whicli will play a song (or most any kind
of sound) in tlie background while your BASIC'
program continues to chug aw ay (zapping Klingons,
etc.). Naturally, there will also be the usual mix of
tricks» etc.
In order to deliver on my promi.se to the BASIC
users regarding the song-playing USR function, 1
nmst first lead the assembly language fanatics
through a short intro to the Atari s interrupt system.
As far as 1 know, the Atari is the only Icjw-end
personal computer that gives you such complete
access to a fully-integrated, usable interrupt system.
The Atari OS is structured to take advantage of
several of these interrupts; and, more importandy,
the user is invited to gain full or partial control of
most interrupt routines. This despite the fact that
Atari's interrupt service routines are in ROM.
The 6502 microprocessor supports two types
of interrupts: NMI (Non-Maskable Interrupt) and
IRQ (Interrupt ReQuest). A bit in the CPU status
byte controls whether IRQ's will generate inter-
rupts, but if an NMI signal is presented to it the
6502 will always call in interrupt service routine.
Atari, however, allows the user to prevent NMI's
from reaching the CPU (except for the RESET
button), thus gi\ ing even greater control. Once
again, 1 must reier you to the Atari Technical
Manual for full details, but herewith is a sunnnary
of the availal)le interrupts.
Table 1. Available Interrupts
Type
Description
NMI
Reset Button (the only uncontrollable interrupt)
NMI
Display List Interrupt
NMI
Vertical Blank Interrupt (60 times per second)
IRQ
BREAK key
IRQ
any other key
IRQ
Serial Input (for SIO communication with disk, etc.)
IRQ
Serial Output (ditto)
IRQ
Serial Transmission Completed (ditto)
IRQ
Timer #4
IRQ
Timer #2
IRQ
Timer #1
IRQ
6520 parallel port "A"
IRQ
6520 parallel port "B"
IRQ
BRK instruction encountered (internal to 6502)
Each of the available interrupts, except the
Reset Button and the BREAK key (and Timer #4
on all except newest machines), has a vector (two
byte pointer) through RAM. To take control of an
interrupt, simply put the address of your routine
in the vectoi% and OS will call you instead of the
default routine. The only exception is the Vertical
Blank Interrupt, which is handled slightly differ-
ently and is the real subject of this article.
The Vertical Blank Interrupt (VBI) is really
the key to many of Atari's unique features. It occurs
60 times per second, at the bottom of each scan of
the TV screen, and is used by the OS ROMs to do
all sorts of things. First, and perhaps most obvious,
it drives the three-bvte clock at locations
$12J13,$14 (18,19/20 decimal) as well as several
other usable event timers (e.g., serial bus timeotit).
most of which are accessible to the user. Second,
and most useful, it allows changes to the graphics-
related hardware at a time when nothing is being
displayed on the screen: it moves all the "shadow"
locations (see the technical manual) to their corre-
sponding hardware pot ts.
Of necessity, then, the user would not normally
want to interfere with the operations ol the VBI
routines. Biu, once again, the Atari software design
team thotight ahead: they provided not one, but
two, VBI vectors. Thus, upon receipt of a VBI
request, the ROM code first calls the routine pointed
^o
5?
-'a
-?fc
TAe above is a graphics 8 screen printout on the EPSON, with our new AESD II (tm)
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132
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
A Real, Live Example
The example program this month
is designed lo be used via USR
from BASIC, but ihere is a sim-
plified entry point from assembly
language. You could lift this
program as is and plunk it into
any assembled game, etc. The
idea behind the program is simple:
a routine is passed a seqtience of
bytes which are interpreted to be
commands to the sound genera-
Main Assembly Listing
0000
to by vector VVBLKI (at $0222) and then calls via
the vector VVBLKD (at §0224). The T and *D*
stand for 'immediate" and "Deferred," respectively.
Normally, the user routine would not replace
the vector at VVBLKI. Thus the Atari ROM code
can update its clocks and move its "shadow'' regis-
ters in confidence tliat it will finish its job before
the screen starts displaying tfie next TV frame.
The user may replace VVBLKD to
cause his routine to execute di-
rectly after the Atari system code.
Some cautions are in order:
(1) Disaster will strike if your V'BI
routine is not done before the
next V^BI occurs. If you simply
need to synchronize your routine
to a vertical blank, just w ait for
the system clock to tick before
starling (see the label WAITVB
in this month's example program).
(2) As with most Atari vectors, the
safest way to use these is to move
them somewhere in yoiu' ow n
data area, replace them with your
pointer, and have your code
f i n i s 1 1 u p by j Li m p i n g bac k via the
original Atari routine. I his is
particularly important to do with
interrupt handlers, else the inter-
rupt system may not be properly
reset.
Finally, let me note that you
may, if you really have to, steal
the entire VBI processing for
yourself. This is not necessarily
bad (especially if you are writing a
dedicated game, etc.). but be
forewarned that you w ill have to
worry about shadow registers,
etc., yourself. There is a lot more
to this subject, including what
Atari refers to as time-critical I/O,
biu for most piu' poses you should
be able to work w ithin the rules I
have outlinecL
tors of the Atari hardware. The routine examines
tfie bytes and performs the requests. One of the
available requests is to "play" sound(s) for' a speci-
fied lenglli of time; upon encountering [his request,
the routine waits the appropriate time before
processing the next byte. Simple.
Except that this routine will opeiate (invisible
to a running BASIC program) merrily playing
0600
0000
OOFF
0100
D200
02 01
001^
OOCE
OOFF
OOFE
OOf'D
oorc
0000
D600
06 0 0 AB
0601 C9 0 1
0603 DOF-EI
060^1 6R
0606 AEl
0607 68
0 60£}
tK.08 A6M
060A E^l^
06DC: Forc
060E: ascE
PLAYIT
Mritteri by Bill Wilkinson
for March, 1982, COMPUTE!
lODO
1010
1020
1030
lO^Q
1050
1060
1070
lOBU
1090 :
110 0 ;;;;;;;;;;
HID ;
1120 ORIGIN ^
1130 «^
114 0 ;
1150 L(3H
1160 HIGH
1170 ;
118 0 AUDFl -
0)
1190 AUOCl =-*
llMin \
1210 yVE:LKD -
122 0 ;
1230 CLQCIU.SB =
1240 \
12*^0 PLAYAODFt =
1260 ;
1270 JtlWIIfrl
1280 :
1290 \ Equ3te->
1300 ;
1310 CMOft
1320 DMDS
133n CMDN
1340 CMQTU -
13!H1 CHDE
1360 ;
PAGE-:
equates, oricjiri«5^
\ \ *f \ t t \\ \ * t i i \ *i t ) i * i t
etc*
> t t t f t t
3 demons tratiori of perforMing
c 1 ocke d t i ri t e r r ks f* t - rj r 1 v €> r >
tasks under At^iri 05*
tititttitttftt
10600
OF^IGIN
SFF
t-100
$D200
$D201
i0224
$1^
$0(]CE
Frequency » iiudio chsnriel 1 (sound
Chann*?l 1 cofittMjl *; voluno
Dt^lci-^jt^d M*?rtlc*d)I Blank routine
the system clock » LSB of 3
2 byte pointer in safe pjl^kce
fiw uur private^ -sound coMfi^nds
255
254
253
252
Repeat
Stop sound (keep routine going)
NuMber of voices
set Tone and "Jolurte
End (but sound not turned off)
1370
130n
1390
140 D
141D
1^20
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
14(30
1490
150C
151tl
152 0
1530
154(1
155ft
1560
1570
15£J0
1590
16t)0
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
1600
1690
1700
♦PAGE " install our PLAYIT routine "
INSTALL is the entry point called froM BASIC
Tht» BASIC proqran calls us via
USR< INSTALL, ADR<p lay it-coMMeind-str ing) >
The routine nix^i be called froM
assenbly langus'se at INSTALLl
by placing the addross of the
conwand string in A,Y (LSB, MSB)
INSTAl-L
PL A
CMP *i
GOOF BNE GOOF
PL A
TAY
PL A
INSTALLl --= «
; firstt we wait for
* ...to ensure we don't
; interrupt while we
BASIC tell^i uti liow Many paraneters
b e 1 1 e r j u s t li a v e ori e '
el<se only RESET will get hin out!
MSB
LSB
to Y
to A
regi^iter
register
assembly l^inguage entry point
vertical blank
get 3 UBLANK
are working?
LDX CLOCKLSB
WAITUB
CPX
BED
CLOCKLSB
WAITVB
has clock
no . . . keep
ticked"^
waiting
OKAY TO PROCEED
STA PLAYADDR
we preempted a zero page spot
254 ($FE) CMDS
253 ($FD) CMDN
along while BASIC continues
what it is doing. To accomplish
this, we have hooked into
VVBLKD (as described above).
The user specifies the note dura-
tion as a number of "jiffies" (60ths
of a second), and we let the VBI
count dowTi the duration for us.
The commands are imbedded
in a string of bytes passed to the
routine. Playit recognizes six
command types, as shown in
Table 2. Playit is not pardcularly
sophisticated. For example, all
voices must play sounds for the
same duration and, when chang-
Table 2. Playit Command Codes
Byte value Name Description
255 ($FF) CMDR Repeat the entire
sound command
string
Stop all sounds (do
nol end command
string)
Number of voices is
specified in next
byte (0-4)
252 ($FC) CMDTV Specify Tone and
Volume (as in
SOUND 0,freq,
TONE,VOLUME).
Must be followed by
0-4 bytes (one per
each voice as speci-
fied by CMDN),
each of which
specifies a Tone/
Volume for one
channel.
End command,
unhook from
VVBLKD. Does not
turn off sound, so is
usually preceded by
CMDS.
Any other value is
assumed to be a
duration, given in
^jiffies' (60ths of a
second). Must be
followed by 0-4
bytes (one per voice
as specified by
CMDN), each of
which specifies the
frequency of the
sound for one
channel (as in
SOUND 0,FREQ,
tone, volume).
0 ($00) CMDE
any other
SPRING SALE
^m-'
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YAHTMAN is a computerized version of a dice game which has been popular
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Cat. No. 3405 16K, cass, joystick $19.95
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This is what it's all about. P/M Graphics Is what set the Atari computer a cut
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Cat. No. 3400 32 K, cass $29.95
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^i
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Mention this ad and we pay sfiipping (UPS
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HW Electronics
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WHEN IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA,
VISIT OUR RETAIL STORES
ELECn^NICS
19511 Business Center Dr.
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2301 Artesia Blvd.
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134
COMPUTE!
March, 1982, Issue 22
ing volume or tone quality, all
voices must be respecified. A
more sophisticated sound inter-
preter would presumably mean
smaller command strings but a
bigger interpreter. If you go to
the trouble to type in both Playit
and Playit From BASIC, you will
see that some more than accept-
able sounds can be accomodated,
so I am reasonably happy with the
results.
Some interesting projects
remain: Why not convert Atari's
Music Composer disk files to
Play it-compatible strings? Or how
about a real Music Compiler
written in BASIC? How about
making Playit relocatable, a la last
month's article? Please write and
tell of yotir successes (or
failures?).
Last but not least, another
caution: since I/O to anything but
the screen or keyboard uses the
SIO set ial bus driver, and since
the serial bus uses the sound
generators to get its baud rates,
etc., you MUST turn off sound
generation (commands CMDS,
CMDE) before doing such I/O.
Atari BASIC: On Sounds, Hex
Numbers, And The USR Function
The featured idea and program
in this issue is the Playit From
BASIC listing w hich follows. The
program itself is not very sophisti-
cated: it simply allows the one-
character command codes (R,S,
N,T,E) and hex data bytes to be
translated into characters in a
string. It then passes the address
of the string to Playit (the assembly
language program) and comes
back to the user, ready to compile
the next string of commands. If
you intend to emulate this scheme,
rather than use the program
as is, you might be advised to |:>ut
the sound command string into
memory yoti have reserved (e.g.,
via the "Simplest Method" given
in previous articles in this series).
Putting the command in a string
is inviting trouble: if your pro-
gram stops, if you ENl ER new
O&IO
8D[;2n6
1710
0613
84CF
1720
0615
8CC306
173 0
17^10
061E1
An2'}n2
1750
061E:
AC2502
1760
061E
c9:jg
1770
0620
D004
1780
0622
C006
1790
0624
FOlO
laoo
1310
1820
0626
8DC406
1G30
0629
BCC506
la^o
1850
062C
A93C
1860
062E
8D2402
1870
just in case of s repeat end
STA REPEAT j
STY RLAYAt)DR + l
GTY REF-'EAT+i J sirtilarly for MSB
t
LDA "^UBLKD t prepare to save tht? ptr
LDY yUFiLKD-t'l
CMP #PLAYITaLQW J already saved?
BNE NQHINSTALL I no
CPY +PLAYIT/MIGH
E;EQ INSTALLED J yes
NDHINSTALL
STA SAUEUBLK
STY SA^EyBLK+l J save systen vectot-
LDA #PLAYIT&LOH
STA UUBLKD j and install our own
0631 A906 1880 LDA #PLAYIT/HIGH
0633 8D2502 1890 STA U^BLKD+l
190 0 INSTALLED
0636 A901 1910 LDA *1 I A single clock tick
0638 8Dn706 1920 STA DURATION ; until we start playing
063E 60 1930 RTS ; done with install!
19'»0 ;
063C
1950
.PAGE! " The
actual PLAYIT routine"
1960
1970
; PLAYIT is
the entry point for our Delayed
1980
; 'v'ertica
1 Blank routine
1990
20 0 0
J PLAYIT 'reads' the sound coHMand string
2010
t d
nd pi
ijys our 'song'
2020
2030
; SAM
is simply the looping point for CMd'S
2040
2050
PLAYIT
063C
CEC7 06
2060
DEC
DURATION
keep on playing?
063F
D029
2070
2080
Z090
SAM
BN£
EXIT
yep . * *^iO cl\ai-iges
06^1
206706
2100
JSR
GETCMD
get a byte fron connand string
064^
C900
2110
CMP
tCMDE
End it now?
0646
F0 53
2120
BEQ
DOEND
yes
0648
C9FF
2130
CMP
♦CMDR
D.C* al Fine''
064A
F05E
2140
BEO
DORPT
yt?s
064C
C9FE
2150
CMP
*CMD5
Stop all sound ?
064E
F03F
2160
BEQ
DOSTOP
yep
0650
C9FC
2170
CHP
*CMDTy
Tone and Uoluwe on TV?
0652
F02A
2180
BED
DGTM
yeah
0654
C9FD
2190
CMP
fCMDN
NuMber of voices change?
0656
F015
2200
2210
2220
BEQ
DONIJM
uh-huh
t t 1 t f *
t t t t t
ttttrtttttt
2230
2240
t if none o
f the above
Must be duration
2250
2260
DOnURATION
0658
BDC7 0 6
2270
STA
DURATION
we assune *30
065B
AEC606
2280
LDX
NUMUCS
0 65E
300A
2290
2300
FREQLF-
BMI
EXIT
no voices, Just duration
0660
20B706
2310
JSFi
GETCMD
f yes..* get neKt byte
0663
900002
2320
STA
AUDFlrX
; and set the frequency
0666
CA
2330
DEX
0667
CA
2340
DEX
t see if more voices
0668
10F6
2350
t^PL
FREQLP
t yes* . tkeep trying
2360
; no . .
.fall
through to
EXIT
2370
t
2380
EXIT
066A
6CC406
2390
2400
2410
JHP
CSAUEUBLK)
J let OS clean things up
? I J J J *
t r *f I t
*t t *f T * t i t t t I
t * t t f t t f t t t * I t t t i I t
2420
2430
\ set
nunber of voices
244 0
2450
D8NIJM
066D
20B7 06
2460
JSR
GETCMD
; ne;:t byte. . *
0 67 0
AA
2470
TAX
0671
CA
2480
DEX
0672
8A
2490
TXA
; less one
0673
3003
2500
BMI
NIJMOK
t if < zero* leave it alone
b675
2903
2510
AND
*%Q3
; Ensure 1-4 voices
0677
OA
2520
2530
NUMGK
ASL
A
\ doubled, for ease of use
0678
8DC606
254 0
STA
NUMyCS
; as nunber of voices
lines, if you DIMension more
variables, etc., the string may
move and Play it would start
playing random sounds.
The commands have simply
been entered into the program
via DATA statements starting at
line 9000. Those of you who go to
the trouble to enter all this will, I
hope, be pleasantly surprised by
the sounds generated by lines
9400-9418. You will probably be
dismayed, however, at the idea of
putung in such a complex sound
yourself. That is why I encoiuage
someone to come up with a better
"Music Compiler*' along these
same lines.
In any case» 1 invite you to
compose your own music or
sounds to be put into this system.
Generally, I wrote a sound in
BASIC to test it before committing
it to DATA statements. For exam-
ple, the "CHOO-CHOO" sound
evolved from this BASIC Hne:
FOR V= 15 TO 0 STEP -I : SOUND
0,V,0,V : NEXT V
The above sounds like an explo-
sion, but if you slow it down a
little and repeat it regularly you
can train it as you wish. On to the
short subjects.
HexDec
If you have already peeked at the
listing of Playit From BASIC, you
may have noted an unustial looking
hexadecimal to decimal conver-
sion routine. In fact, I herewith
present you with a "one-liner"
HexDec program:
1 DIMH$(23),N$(9):H$ = SABCDEF
GHII!!!!!! IKLMNO":IN.N$:F,I =
lTOLEN(N$):N = N*16 + ASC(H$(ASC
(N$(I)).47))
:NJ:?N:RUN
The underlined characters
are control characters (control-
comma is the heart, etc.). The
abbreviations are necessary to get
it to fit on one line. To see how it
works, figure out what happens
when you input '*9A". Recall that
ASC("9") is 57 and ASC("A'') is
Beware as you enter the Crypts Of Terror, No one has
survived this horror. Only your unrelenting nerve and
determination will drive you deeper into the unknown.
Find what lurks in these ancient crypts!!
At last we have found an adventure with fufi graphics, sound and
intrigue for your ATARI 400/800 computer.
• CRYPTS OF TERROR is the first adventure game that was
completely designed for the Atari computers only. The graphics
are the finest available using the full potential of the Atari.
ATARI
Atari 800/400 1 6K requires joysticks.
Payment: Personal Checks - allow three weeks for check
to clear.
American Express, VISA, MasterCard - Include all numbers on
card. Please Include phone number with all orders.
Orders from USA $29.95 (US funds)
Orders from Canada S39.95 (Canadian funds)
Plus S2.00 for shipping.
Ontario residents add 7% R.S.T.
Check your local computer dealer for Crypts Of Terror.
Dealer Inquiries encouraged.
INHOME
SOFTWARE
PH. 1-416-961-2760
1560YongeSt.
P.O. Box 10
Toronto
Ontario Canada
M4T1Z7
136
COMPUTEl
March, 1982, Issue 22
65. 57-47 is 10 and 65-47 is 18.
Look at the 10th and 18th charac-
ters in H$. What is ASC("control-
I")? ASC("control-J")?
You can avoid the control
characters by adding the -64
shown in Play it From BASIC.
Simple.
DecHex
This isn't really pertinent, but
while we are on the subject of
one-liners:
1DIMH$(16):H$ = "0123456789AB
CDEF':IN.N:M = 4096:F.I = 1T04:J =
INT(N/M):?H$(J + 1);:N = N-M*J:M =
M/16:N.N:?;RUN
The USR And ADR Functions
Even though the methods of
using the USR function are fairly
thoroughly covered in the Alari
BASKl Reference Ma)iual. 1 find
that many users are not fully
aware of the real power of this
function. Recall that the general
syntax of this fiuiction is:
USR( addr [,expr [,expr ... ]])
In other words, in addition to
giving BASIC an address to call,
you may pass any number of ex-
pressions to the assembly language
routine. BASIC converts each
expression to a 16-bit integer,
pushes the result on the CPU
stack, and cleans up by pushing
on a single byte which tells the
number of such expressions it
pushed, (The address, which may
itself be an expression, is not
pushed and is not counted by that
single byte.)
So what can we pass to as-
sembly language? Obviously,
numbers in the range of 0 to
65535. But what about characters?
C^onceive of
USR( addr, ASC("T"), expr ) ,
where the ''T'' might be used as a
mnemonic command to tell the
routine which of seveial functions
is desired. How about strings of
characters? Recall that the three
essential ingredients defining a
067B ^C^106
067E
0681
0683
0686
06P9
068A
06BB
068D
06aF
0691
0693
0696
0697
0699
069B
069E
06A1
D6A^
06A7
AEC606
30 BE
20B706
9D01D2
CA
CA
10F6
30B2
A207
A90 0
9D00DI
CA
lOF-A
30A6
AOC:^06
802^02
AOC506
8D25D2
6CC^06
2550
2560
2570
2580
2590
2600
2610
2620
2630
26^0
2650
2660
7670
2680
2690
270 0
2710
2720
2730
27^0
2750
2760
2770
27B0
2790
2800
2810
2820
2830
28^0
2850
2860
2870
2880
2890
2900
2910
2920
293 0
29^0
2950
2960
Z970
2980
JHP
3AM
f
\ set tone and volune
DOTy
TULP
yf1t1it**fitttttti
LDX
NUMUCS
BMI
SAM
; no voices to set
JSR
GETCMD
; get ne>it byte
STA
AlJDCitX
; treat as ti<v connand
DEX
OEX
; More voice«i?
BPL
T^LP
; yes
BHI
SAM
; no
iittttittttfttittfi
>tftitiittttt*ttttt
\ STOP thc^ 5Qi,.tnd (by clring all sound regs)
DDSTDP
STDPl.P
LDX *7
LDA *0
STA AUDFljX Jfren and vol to zero
de:x
BPL STOPLP
BHI SAM \ sound s topis, fjqm keeps going
\ ENE) the processing (but doesn't ^top sound)
DOEND
LDA SAUEUBLK
STA yUE>LH[) ; restcire systen ptr
LDA SAUEVBLK+l
STA yUBLKD+1 ; and> to OS, we aren't here
JMP (SAUEyBLK) J one last tiwe
tfittttii
>ttttfttfttttftttftttt*i
repeat thie sane stuff acjain
299 0 ;
30 0 0 DORPT
06AA ADr,206 3010
06AD 8SCE 3020
06AF ADC3D6 3030
06E:2 85CF 3040
06B4 ^C4106 3050
LDA
STA
LDA
STA
JMP
REPEAT
PLAYADDR
REPEAT+1
PLAYADDR+1
SAM ;
! Just reset the addre^i
and tv\i it again
0 6B7
06B7 AOOO
06B9 BICE
06BB E6CE
06BD D002
06BF E6CF
06C1 60
0 6C2
06C2 0000
06C4 0000
06C6 00
06C7 00
.PAGE
J sirtpily gets ne;;t byte froM
; oonnand string
GETCMD
06C8
3060
3070
3080
3090
3100
3110
3120
3130
3140
3150
3160
3170
3180
3190 J
3200 .PAGE "
3210 ;
3220 REPEAT .WORD 0
323 0 SA^EVBLK .WORD
3240 NUHyCS .BYTE 0
3250 DURATION .BYTE
3260 J
3270 J
3280
the OETCMD subroutine
GCEXIT
LDY *0
LDA (PLAYADDR), Y J get the byte
INC PLAYADDR J bunp LSE of pointer
BNE GCEXIT J done
INC PLAYADDR+1 J and the MSB
RTS
raw usage
in case we hear it again
so we can jmp indirect
control-. T^LP and FREQLP
how long we hold a sound
^0600
=0201
= O0Fr
= 0000
060A
0636
0641
068F
06C6
0693
ORIGIN
AUDCl
CMDR
CMDE
WAITVE^
INSTALLED
SAM
OOSTQP
NUMVCS
STOPLP
= OOF"F
= 0 224
=oorE
0600
0 6C2
06C4
06B7
067E
0660
06C1
.END
LOW
WBLKD
CHDS
INSTALL
REPEAT
SAUEVBLK
CETCMD
DDTU
FREQLP
GCEXIT
010 0
HIGH
=D200
AUDFl
0014
CLOCKLSB
= 0OCE
PLAYADDR
OOFD
CMDN
= 0OFC
CMDTU
0603
GOOF
= 0608
TNSTALLl
063C
PLAYIT
0 626
NOWINSTALL
06C7
DURATION
066A
EXIT
0 69B
DOEND
06AA
DORPT
066D
DONUH
0658
DO DURATION
0678
NUMDK
06B3
TVJLP
Imagine being able to print the letter "A"
and get a multi-color space ship. Using THE
NEXT STEP and a minimum of programming
effort, you can do it in no time at all.
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you how THE NEXT STEP can help develop colorful graphic
displays. Graphics you never thought possible until now.
THE NEXT STEP is a user friendly, menu driven graphics tool
kit that allows you to create new character sets or redefine
characters to make shapes for use with your basic or machine
language programs. THE NEXT STEP allows you to save these
"new" characters on disk for future use.
THE NEXT STEP is perfect for use on shapes for animation
and features a joystick controlled color menu to make your
graphics come alive, THE NEXT STEP even generates its own
code to help you incorporate new characters and shapes into
your programs.
THE NEXT STEP allows you to see your shapes as you make
them. Now you can determine ahead of time how characters
will interact with one another when creating shapes for Charac-
ter Set or Player-Missile Graphics,
THE NEXT STEP helps you to mix any of ATARI'S 14 graphics
modes in the same display, THE NEXT STEP is a perfect
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THE NEXT STEP features full joystick control for ease of use
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THE NEXT STEP mns on any 32K ATARI 400/800 with a
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M'UHE'y'*
ems
g ^^^^^^^^H^^^^^^^^^^^HP 3E575 MULILit. KHINLn nUjau • L.Uitrt.:3riLrui.j-i, un ^uoi^ ' ous-DQu-oa^a ^
String in Atari BASIC are its DlMension, LENgth,
and address. Since your program presumably
DIMensioned the string, you know that vakie and
may pass it as an expression. And the address
and length are available from the ADR and LEN
functions!
Would you like your assembly language routine
to modify your string, affecting its length? 1 ry
something like this:
DIMXX$(XXDIM)
XX$( USR( addr, A0R(XX$), XXDIM ) + 1 ) = ^' "
Recall that the USR function may return any 16-bit
value to the BASICS program, which is automatically
converted to floating point as needed. Assume that
this USR routine puts something in the XX$ string
and returns the number of characters it put in.
The above will then set the LENgth of XX$ properly
for use by other BASIC statements and functions.
Finally, there is floadng point. How about
writing a matrix inversion program? If we are
limited to passing 16-bit integers, how do we pass a
floating point number via USR? Simple: we pass
the address of the number, just as we do with a
string. And how do we get the address of a number,
when the ADR ftmction only works with strings?
Like this:
DIM FF$(i),FF( diml, dim2 )
JUNK = USR( addr, ADR(FF$) + 1, diml, dim2 )
A little published fact about Atari BASIC is that
DIMensioningof both strings and arrays proceeds
in an orderly fashion according to the DIM state-
ments encountered. And you are guaranteed that
the order you DIM strings and arrays is the order
they will occur in memory! So, by DIMensioning
that one-byte string, FF$, directly before the
DIMension of the array, FF( ), we kjiow that the
address of the array is one greater than the address
of the string. Thus we can pass all the pertinent
information about the array (its address and di-
mensions) to our assembly language routine. Inci-
dentally, if you don't want to waste a one-byte
string for this purpose, there is no reason FF$ can't
be any DIMension you need: just adjtist the '+ l' to
reilect the actual DIM you use.
One last note on this subject: the fact that you
can predict the memory order of strings and arrays
has fascinating possibilities in regards to record
structtn es, etc. But (and how^ many times have you
read this from me) that's a topic for another article.
Program L
10
20
30
^0
50
60
AUDCTt--53768 t DBL= 1 2 0
AUDF 1 -5376 0 tAUDC; 1-53761
SOUND 1,10,1 0,15; BOUND 3,10,10,15
POKE audc:i,o:pokee audch-^,o
POKE AUDCTL^DBt.
FOR J==10 TG 15; POKE AU[>F-l'f2 , J J POKE AUDFl
■t-6,20"J
138
COMPUTEI
March, 1962. Issue 22
70 F-OR I-t) TO 255tPnKE;: AUDF-l^ItPDKEr AUDF-l-t-^
.25tv-i:NEXT I
80 NEXT J
. * *UEF^Y iiiMnOTH GLIDES. . .
= 120
Program 2.
io audc;tl--53768:dbl
12 DSJOl 78979 0/2
20 AUDri-53760:AU[)C:i==53761
30 SOUND 1,10^10,0
^0 POKE AUDC1»0:POKE AlJPCl-f-^^O
50 POKE AUDCTL,DBL-
60 P2 = 2'^C1/12)
7 0 NTE==16:REM C in the f^EAL aASS
80 FOR I-l TO 109
9 0 FREQ=:INT < O8C/NTE-7 + 0 * 5 ) : FO=INT ( FREGi/256 )
92 Fl=FREa-2S6)»(F0
100 POKE audfi,fi:poke AUDF1-*-2,F0
102 POKE AUDCl+2,17^;
103 PRINT "NOW PLAYINC " JINT ( NTE+ 0 * 5 ) J " HZ"
105 FOR J==^l TO 1 00 : NEXT J
110 NTE=^NTEMCP2
120 NEXT I
130 GOTO 7 0
♦ **9 OCTA^^E CHROMATIC SCALE.*.
Playit From BASIC
1000 REM «(X^«X3K3KXX)K)KXStCX»CXMeX?lt«]lt9NlCX«XXXXX
1020 REM X
1040 REM X F>LAYIT F-ROM BfhSlC , SAH
1060 REM X
10f(0 REM X Thisi routine i*t a sit^ypl^
1100 REM X sound "cowpiler", which
1120 REM X tc-jkes DATA statenent-, and
11 'IO REM X converts then into connsnd
1160 REM X strings sLtitable for use by
IIBD REM X the inte rrupt-driver^ F^l.AYIT
120 0 REM X r-outine.
1220 REM X
12'»D REM X
1260 REM X Written by Bill Wilkinson
12B0 REM X
1300 REM X for March* 1982, COMPUTE!
1320 REM X
13^10 REM xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
1360 REM
1380 REM First* const*tnts, routine addresses, etc*
1^00 REM
1420 DIM HX*(2),CMD»(in ,F'LAyS(1000),HEXS(23)rTYPH*(l>,
PL.AYIT$(1DOO)
1440 HEXi=="0ABCDEFGHI! ! M ! ! ! JKLMNG"
1460 DOCMt)==2300:LODF^lBat):HEXnEI>2600
14B0 AGAIN = 1700:EXITl.ODP = 2iOO
150 0 PLAYIT=^6x256;REM or wherever you put the routine
1520 REM
1530 BOUND OtO,0,0:REM needed to -initialize properly
1540 REM The cowMand equates.**
1560 REM ric)tice that these fiatcrh the
1580 REM assefibly Icrngusqe routine
1600 CMDR=255JCMOS=25^;c:MON=253:CMDT^;=Zj2:CMDE==0
1620 REM
1640 REM xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxsMxxxxxxxxxxx
1660 REM
16B0 REM This is the AGAIN of
1700 REM PLAY IT AGAIN, ATARI
1720 REM
1730 PRINT " <processinQ. * .please wait>"
17^0 PLAy*^'*":PLAY=0
1760 REM
1780 REM Thi-i ii\ LOOP
lElOD PLAY^PLAY+1:REM to ne;;t end byte
1920 READ CMD$:REM a bunch of coMnisnds
184 0 REM
1860 TYPE*=CMD*;REM use the coMwand character
1880 IF type*='*r** then playscplay)=chr* t cmqr ) : gutq exit
LOOP
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
202{)
2040
2060
2080
2100
2120
2140
2150
2160
2180
2200
222 0
2240
2260
2280
2300
2320
2340
2360
2380
2400
2420
2440
2^60
2-480
2500
2520
2540
2560
2580
260 0
2620
2640
2660
2680
2700
2720
89 9 9
9000
9099
9100
9102
9104
9106
9108
9110
9199
9200
9202
9204
9206
9208
9210
9212
921^
9216
9218
9299
9300
9302
9304
9306
9308
9310
9312
9314
9316
9318
9400
9402
9404
9406
9408
9^10
9^12
9414
9^16
9418
9898
9999
:iNf>UT TYPE$
IF TYPE*="S'" THEN PLAY* ( PLAY >=CHR*(CMDS> tCOTC) LOOP
IF TYPE$="N- THEN NUMUCS=1 : CMD=CMDN IGOSUE DOCMDINU
MyCS=DEC;GQTD LOOP
IF TYPEf = "T" THEN CMD^CMDTy :GDSIIB DOCMD I GOTO LOOP
IF TYPE$="E" THEN PLAY*(PLAY)=CHR*<CMDE ) t GOTO EXIT
LOOP
REM XXX IF TO HERE, ASSUME DURATION R FREQ xxx
HX$=CMD*tGOSUE: HEXDEC ;CMD=DEC : REM cohwand is
duration
CMDS=CMD$C2)tftEM to fool DOCMD
G05UE: DOCMDtGOTO LOOP
REM
REM e;;itloop
REM
REM do the sound playing
REM
PLAYITt^PLAy$:REM else we alter what we are playing
JLINK=USR<PLAYIT, ADPJ PLAYIT* ) )
REM
PRINT -HIT RETURN FOR NEXT SOUND
GOTO AGAIN
REM
REM
REM xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
REM THE SUBROUTINES
REM
REM first, DOCMD
REM
PLAY$CPLAY)=CHRS(GMD) IREH The coMnand byte
IF NUMUCS^O THEN RETURN
REM we process NUMVCS bytes
FOR 1=2 TO NUMyCS+NUMyCS STEP 2
HXt=^CMD$(I>:GOSUE HEXDEC J REM convert the byte
PLAY=PLAY+i:PLAYt(PLAY)=CHRS(DEC):REM and stuff it
away
NEXT I
RETURN
REM
REM
REM xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
REM and now HEXDEC
REM
DEC=0:REM our accumulator
FOR L=i TO LEN(HX$)
DEC=0ECX16+ASC(HEX*(A8C(HX$(L> )-47) )-64
NEXT L
RETURN
REM t.«a siren-liKe sound*.,
DATA N01,TCF, 1408, 1412, R
REM *,*3 fanfare of sorts.,.
DATA S jN01,TA2,30F3
DATA N02,TA3A3,30F3C1
DATA N03,TA4A4A4,30F3C1A1
DATA N0^,TA5A5A5A5,60F3C1A17A
DATA TOO 000000
DATA NOO,C0,R
REM ...beepincj off the seconds,**
DATA S,N01
DATA TAE,0130
DATA TAC,0130
DATA TAA,0130
DATA TAB, 0130
DATA TA6,0130
DATA TA4,0130
DATA TA2,0130
DATA 100,3500
DATA R
REM ..♦choo-choo ??? ,*,
DATA S,N01
DATA T0E,010E
DATA T0C*Oi0C
DATA TOAtOlOA
DATA T08,010B
DATA 106,0106
DATA T0^,010^
DATA 102,0102
DATA 100,0300
DATA R
DATA S,N01,TAC
DATA 3051, 305B, 3044, 1S3C,1S2D, 3035
DAT^i -3C, 1820,3035, 30 44, 303C* 3051,3058
DATA K04.TACA4A4Aa
DATA 30516Ce9A2,305E^7990E^6,30446C89A2
DATA 183C4879E;<A.182D4879B6,3035485BD7
DATA 183C4e79&6, 182D58B4F^6,3035445B89
DATA 3044516CA2,38325179F3
DATA 423C4B5BB6,50445B6C89
DATA S,NO0,FO,R
REM ♦..stop and end*.. to quit... — ^
DATA S,E ©
March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPUTEI
139
PARTI
Disk Checkout
For 2040, 4040,
And 8050 Disks
Jim Butterfield
Toronto. Canada
Editors Note: In Pari I of this article Jim expUmis disk
manipulations via machine language. Next month, in
Part II, he concludes with a machine language disk
routine and a program that can analyze the condition of
files and blocks on the disk. — RTM
The disk doesn't know or care who's giving ii in-
structions: BASIC or Machine Language. All that's
needed is lo send or receive the same information
as BASIC uses.
For all input and output, I recommend opening
the necessary channels from BASIC. It's easier and
works the same in all systems. Machine language
may then take over and use the previously opened
files as it wishes, connecting and disconnecting
at will.
You'll often want to check the status byte ST.
It's located at hexadecimal 96 in PET's memory.
It's especially important for checking end-of-file
on sequential records and end-of-record on relative
records. You can also detect IEEE problems heie,
especially timeouts.
Let's take a simple example. We might want to
do a Block Read of a gixen track and sector from
disk and then dump part of the contents to the
screen. To make our example easy, we'll display
only bytes one tlnough eight. Byte zero is sometimes
hard to get on early disk systems due to a bug in
the Buffer- Pointer routine; we'll sidestep that
question.
The BASIC Program
We're planning to read bytes one through eight of
track 18, sector 0. That might be the BAM (Block
Availabilily Map) block, but perhaps not: these
programs will also work on 8050 disks.
We must: Open the Command channel, sec-
ondary address 15; Initialize the disk, in case it's a
2040; Open a direct access channel; Cause the
block read; Set the Buffer pointer; and, finally,
read the channel. At the finish we should close our
channels. Our BASIC program would read:
100 OPEN 6,8,15
110PRINT#6,**I0"
12aOPEN2A3/*#"
130 PRINT#6,**U1:";3;0;18;0
140FRINT#6/'B-P:";3;1
150 GET#2,X$
160 PRINT ASC(X$ + CHR$(0)
170C = C+1
180 IF C< 8 GOTO 150
190CLOSE2:CLOSE6
(Command Channel)
(Initialize)
(Direct Access
channel)
(Read Block)
(Set Buffer Pointer)
(Get a byte)
); (Print it)
(Count them)
(Do more?)
(Quit)
You might like to try this to see it work. If you
Hke, change the buffer pointer (line 140), the
number of values displayed (line 180) or the track
and sector (line 130). Now let's try the same thing
in machine language.
The BASIC Driver
It's convenient to OPEN from BASIC, so we type
NEW and enter the following BASIC program
which will set things up for Machine Language:
100 OPEN 6,8,15
110PRINT#6,"I0"
120 OPEN 2,8,3,"#"
125 SYS 1200
190CLOSE2:CLOSE6
Don't run this yet, since the Machine Language
is not in place.
Planning The Machine Language Program
We want to send exactly the same stuff as was sent
by BASIC, to the same logical channels. We know
that the ML equivalent of PRINT#6... is LDX
#$06, JSR $FFC9 „. JSR $FFCC. Note that we use
the logical file number, 6. Similarly, we know the
equivalent of GET#2 is: LDX #$02, JSR$FTC6,
JSR $FFE4,... JSR $FFCC. So we can code:
LDX
#$06
JSR
$FFC9
(Open channel 6)
LDA
#$55
(Letter U)
JSR
$FFD2
(..print it)
LDA
#$31
(Digit 1)
JSR
$FFD2
(..print it)
LDA
#$3A
(Colon)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$20
(Space)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$33
(Digit 3)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$20
(Space)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$30
(Digit 0)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$20
(Space)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$31
(Digit I)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$38
(Digits)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$20
(Space)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$30
(Digit 0)
JSR
$FFD2
LDA
#$0D
(Return)
JSR
$FFD2
JSR
$FFCC
(End transmission)
Note that we are sending exactly what BASIC
sent from line 130. Most programmers would
quickly realize that a program loop would save a
good deal of memory here. In Part II ol this article,
we'll rewTite the code and complete it.
Copyright © I9SI Jim ButterpehL ©
COMPUTE!
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March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
141
Organizing
Data Storage
John Hudson
Los Angelea CA
There are many storage media available to mini-
computer users. Minicomputer users with a disk
unit know that the disk unit enhances the storage
and retrieval powers of their minicomputer. One
type of file that can be created for the purposes of
storage and retrieval is a text file (for storage of
such things as mailing addresses, telephone
numbers, receipts, etc.),
F'or small text files, the time involved in disk
retrieval and storage is not a problem. However,
when a text file becomes larger than 2,000 records,
the retrieval and storage of information can become
time consuming.
Large text files can be organized in one of two
ways: sequentially, and randomly. In sequentially
organized text files, fields are stored back to back,
where the beginning charactei' of a new field
immediately follows the return character ending
the previous field. Information is retrieved in a
linear fashion, i.e., from the beginning to the end
of the file.
Disk Con Also Be Slow
When a text file does not require much updating
or ongoing revision, sequential organization of the
text file is indicated. However, if a large text file is
ordered sequentially, and there is need for frequent
updating or revision of the file, or frequent re-
trieving of information from end of text file, a di.sk
unit is not much better than a cassette unit. This
accessing of information at end of file may take a
couple of minutes, due to the reading and verifica-
tion of each record, each time.
In this type of situation, the random method
of text file organization is more effective. A
random-access text file is like a collection of equally-
sized records; the records may be full, or they may
be empty, but the length of each record in a random
text file is fixed. Thus, a record at the end of the
file can be accessed at approximately the same
speed as records in any other location in the file.
Howevei*, the controlling program needs to
know where in the file a specific record is located.
Most random files are organized by 'keying' a field
within the record. For example, a mailing address
text file can be organized by last names. TThe prob-
lem when using a random text file keyed to a specific
field in the record is collision. Collision is when two
or more records address the same location within
the text file, as, for example, when two people have
the same last name (B. JONES and J. JONES).
A method of reducing collision is called hashing
the key lield. The basic idea of liashing, or hasli
addressing, is that eacli stored record occurrence
is placed in the text file at a location w hose address
may be computed as some function (the hash func-
tion) of a value w^hich appears in the occurrence -
usually the primary key value.
One of the disadvantages of hash-addressing
is that the sequence of stored record occurrences
within the text file will almost certainly not be the
keyed field sequence. In addition, there may be
gaps of arbitrary size between consecutive occur-
rences of records.
In fact, a text file in a hash-addressing organi-
zation is usually, though not invariably, considered
to have no particular sequence.
Using Mod To Hosh
The following is an example of a hash function:
given that the number of unique records is 1,000;
the *'mod" arithmetic function can be used to assign
unique address locations. The mod function divides
one number by another and returns the remainder.
The mod parameter used in this function should
be the prime number closest to the number of the
records in the text file (see Table 1 for prime
numbers). For this example, the clo.sest prime
number is 997. (Note: if the key field is alphabetic,
it should be converted to numeric.) The function
will be (key field) MOD 997. The hash function
thus minimizes collision.
There are text files, such as a monthly inven-
tory file, that require multiple entries of the same
record over a period of time. Inventory may be
taken at the end of each week, and the quantity
stored into a text file. This presents a different
type of collision problem - same record hash to
same location in text file.
In the case where hashing records into a text
file still causes collision, the controlling program
needs to be able to insert the colliding record into
another k)cation and, wlien it goes to retrieve this
record, it needs to know where it is located. A
solution to this problem is to link the records in the
text file. From the previous example, you have
1,000 unique records; in addition, each record is
entered more than once.
A link field (LF) can be added U) the end of
each record to allow the linking of records. For
example:
RECORD
LINK
FIELD
This LF is used to point to successive entries of the
142
COMPUTEI
MarcM 982. issue 22
same type of record, and contains the address
locations of the successive record entries. The first
record, Al, hashed into the text file at location 100
has *0' in the link field.
TEXT
LOCATION
LF
100
RECORD A 1
When the controlling program tries to hash
another record, A2, into record location 100, it
notes that there already exists a record at that
location, and inserts the new record, A2, at another
text address. It changes the LF of the recoi d A 1
from 0 to the next text address of record A2 (in
this case, 1972), insei ts 0 into the LF of record A2,
and the results are as follows:
TEXT
LOCATION
100
1972
RECORD A 1
1972
RECORD A2
Thus, in this example, record Al points to
record A2, However, a pri3blem arises with this
type of organization: how to set up the text file?
The text file can be organized witli 1,000 unique
hashing locations, occupying text address locations
1-1000. Any additions to a unique recoid can be
located at text address locations 1001-3000.
1000
1001
3000
UNIQUE RECORDS
ADDITIONAL SPACE
TEXT FILE
ORGANIZATION
This type of text file organization needs to be
initialized, since the Apple system does not allow
reading of a text file that does not contain records,
and will pi odtice an 'TND OF DATA" error
message. An example of an initialization routine
follows:
5 D$=""
10 DLOC = 66:DDTE = 9999:DBS=l:DSN = 2:DLP
= 333:DTRK = 444:DC AST = 555;DLINK = 8888
1 1 PRINT D$; "OPEN RECORD,L29"
20 1 = 2001
30 PRINT D$; **WRITE RECORD,R0"
40 PRINT I: PRINT DDTE: PRINT DBS: PRINT
DSN: PRINT DLP: PRINT DTRK: PRINT
DCAST: PRINT DLOC:
1001 FORJ = l TO 4200
1006 PRINT D$; "WRITE RECORD,R";J
1007 PRINT DLOC: PRINT DDTE: PRINT DBS:
PRINT DSN: PRINT DLP: PRINT DTRK:
PRINT DCAST: PRINT DLINK:
1009 NEXT J
1010 PRINT D$;"CLOSE RECORD"
1013 END
This routine initializes enough space for L200
records of length 29. It writes into every record a
set of dummy values.
When you wish to insert a record into the
main text area, the controlling program will read
the text address and check a specific field for 9999,
(DDTE). If it finds 9999, the controlling program '
can insert the record into the read text location. If
it d(>es not, then it will insert the record into the
additional text area. After inserdng the record, the
LF of the main record is updated to point to the
location of the additional record(s).
A method of keepinng track of available space
in the additional text area is to stoi e this address
location and length of records into address location
0 of the text file. After each "additional text area"
insertion, the available address is incicmented. At
the start, the controlling program will read this
information, update it as needed, and, upon com-
pletion of the program, will rewrite the record 0
with the new address location.
The following is an example of a program
using the link organization of a text field:
Line 70 reads text location 0 to determine the
next available additional space, which is indi-
cated by the variable '1 REESPACE;'
Lines 120 through 140 determine the location
where the new record will be inserted. Note
that this is not a hashing function.
Line 190 checks to see if the text field location
DDTE has the dummv value of 9999, or if ii is
filled.
Lines 191 through 200 insert the new record
into the unique text space.
Lines 212 through 214 traverse the link lists to
get to the last record in the link.
Lines 220 through 260 update the last record
in the link, and insert the new record into the
additional text space area.
Lines 280 through 290 update record 0 when
the program is completed.
2
3
5
7
11
13
17
19
23
29
51
37
41
43
47
53
59
61
67
71
73
79
83
89
97
101
103
107
109
113
127
131
March, 1982 Jssue 22
137
139
149
151
157
163
167
173
179
181
191
193
197
199
211
223
227
229
233
239
241
251
257
263
269
271
277
281
283
293
307
311
313
317
331
337
347
349
353
359
367
373
379
383
389
397
401
409
419
421
431
433
439
443
449
457
461
463
467
479
487
491
499
503
509
521
523
541
547
557
563
569
571
577
587
593
599
601
607
613
617
619
631
641
643
647
653
659
661
673
677
683
691
701
709
719
727
733
739
743
751
757
761
769
773
787
797
809
811
821
823
827
829
839
853
857
859
863
877
881
883
887
907
911
919
929
937
941
947
953
967
971
977
983
991
997
1009
1013
1019
1021
10
11
15
16
17
20
30
40
50
6 0
70
INPUT "PLEASE ENTER STORE
NUMBER ", SN
CALL - 936: FOR X = 1 TO 9
: CALL - 922: NEXT X
PRINT: PRINT" I N S E R
T DISK ";SN
FOR X=l TO 3000: NEXT X
CALL -936
INPUT "PLEASE ENTER DATE .
. MMDD .. ",DTE
INPUT •'PLEASE ENTER PURCHA
SELL 1 = PURCHASE ..
SELLS ",BS
71
80
90
100
SE OR
2 = "
D$ = ""
PRINT
PRINT
INPUT
E: IN
INPUT
INPUT
IF
TO
D$;"OPEN RECORD, L29"
D$;"READ RECORD, RO"
FREESPACE: INPUT DDT
PUT DBS: INPUT DSN :
" DLP: INPUT DTRK
DCAST: INPUT DLINK
FREESPACE>=5000 THEN GO
320
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
PRINT D$; "CLOSE RECORD*'
INPUT "PLEASE ENTER RECOR
D CODE, LPS, TRK8S,CASETTES
" ,LOC, LP,TRK,CAST
IF LOC=9999 THEN GOTO 270
LOCA=LOC/100
LOG A= LOG- LOG A* 100
LOG=LOC/100;LINK=0
PRINT D$;"OPEN RECORD, L29"
PRINT D$;"READ RECORDER";
LOC
INPUT DLOCA: INPUT DDTE:
INPUT ~ DBS: INPUT DSN:
INPUT DLP: INPUT DTRK
COMPUTEI
171
190
191
200
210
212
213
214
220
225
230
240
250
143
INPUT DCAST: INPUT DLINK
IF DDTE#9999 THEN GOTO 212
PRINT D$; "WRITE RECORDER" ; LOG
PRINT LOCA: PRINT DTE: PRINT BS
: PRINT SN: PRINT LP: PRIN
T TRK: PRINT CAST: PRINT L
INK
GOTO 90
IF DLINK=0 THEN GOTO 220:LOC=DL
INK
PRINT D$;"READ RECORD , R" ; DLINK
GOTO 170
PRINT D$; "WRITE RECORDER" ; LOC
DLINK=FREESPACE
PRINT DLOCA: PRINT DDTE: PRINT
DBS: PRINT DSN: PRINT DLP:
PRINT DTRK: PRINT DCAST:
PRINT DLINK
FREESPACE=FREESPACE+1
PRINT D$; "WRITE RECORDER" ; DLINK
260 GOTO 200
270 PRINT D$; "WRITE RECORD, RO"
280 PRINT FREESPACE: PRINT DDTE: PR
INT DBS; PRINT DSN: PRINT
DLP: PRINT DTRK: PRINT DGA
ST: PRINT DLOCA
290 PRINT D$; "CLOSE RECORD"
300 INPUT "DO YOU WISH TO CONTINUE
Y/N " K$
310 IF*K$="Y'' THEN GOTO 10
3 20 END
Software Breakthrough!
THE WORD HANDLER
BY SILICON VALLEY
THE ONLY WORD PROCESSOR IN THE WORLD
FOR THE APPLE THAT:
• Gives you fuU line capability on the screen, no boards nee.
» Two character formats to choose from at all timesl
RUNS WITHOUT ANY HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS!
HIGH POWER
Simplicity of
Operation!
LARGE SCALE
Direct to disk!
All functions seen on the screen!
• Lower and uppper case
underlining
• Superscript, bold, and
unlimited tabs
• Proportional spacing
Even and normal justification
Other functions seen on
turnkey systems in the
$13-$20,000 range
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
1625 EL GAMING REAL, SUITE 4
BELMONT.CA 94002
(415) 593-4344
144
COMPUTil
March. 1982 Issue 22
Machine
Language
Sort Utility
Ronald and Lynn Marcuse
Freehald, NJ
There have been occasional articles in the various
personal computer magazines concerning the
sorting oi dala files. Some of these have presented
sort routines coded in BASIC that can be utilized
by existing programs, Fhe complex string handling
required by the sort logic is not really suitable for
BASIC'S rather slow execution speed. Clearly, any
type of repetitive string manipulations (as per-
formed by sorting or searching lunctions) would
benefit From machine language code, if you con-
tinue reading you will find out how much taster it
really is.
Before we get into the programs themselves, it
would probably be beneficial to include some back-
ground information. I he verb, sort is defined: ^'lo
put in a certain place or rank according to kind,
class or natiue; to arrange according to character-
istics." I his comes pretty close to what we sometimes
want to do with the data w^e store in our computers
and files; put it in some kind of order. Once we
have arranged it we can search it c| nicker (imagine
a disorganized phone book), list it in a more read-
able format, or even match it to other files diat
have been sorted the same way.
The Main Questions
First we must decide where will we do the actual
sorting. All of us have arranged things on a desk or
table. Our sort area is, therefore, the desk or table
that we used. In a computer system we have a
choice of irsing the memory within the machine
(internal) or our disk drive (external). There are
problems with both of these. Computer memory is
limited in size and this, in turn, will limit the nimiber
of records that can be read in. The disk drive may
be able to hold more data, but the speed of the
device is snail-like when compared to memory. We
could use both: divide the file up into smaller
chunks W'hich can be sorted in memory* store these
on disk as temporary files, and then merge all of
them together. This process is usually referred to
as "sub-listing" or "sort-merge."
The next question involves the type of sort
logic (there are many ways of putting things in
order). The algorithm used here is called a hubhle
sort. The file or list is examined two records at a
time. If the second has a lower sort key than the
first, the two will exchange places within the file.
Why then, you ask, is it called a bubble sort. Because
records appear to "bubble' upward in memory (I
didn't coin the phrase so don't blame me). Although
this is not a very exotic methodology, it does offer
several advantages. It requires no other memory
allocations for sorting and is fast if the file is not
too disorganized. It will also not disturb the relative
positioning of records that have equal sort keys.
There are numerous other types of sort algo-
rithms. A selection sort would go through a list of
(n) items (n-1) times, pulling out the next lowest
record and adding it to the current end of a new
list. This would need double the memory, though.
A selection and exchange would perform a similar
function within the main sort area, selecting the
low^est element during each pass, moving it upward
in the list to be exchanged with the element occu-
pying its new position . This method tends to upset
the existing relative positioning. Other types involve
binary tree searches and more complex algorithms.
Why Machine Language
The choice of language is, as stated above, rather
clear. Unless you have a lot of dme to kill, your sort
must be in executable object code (machine lan-
guage). When you're doing several hundred thou-
sand (or million ?) character compai isons and
swaps, you don't have time to pull out a "BASIC
dictionary'* for each line in the program (this, in
essence, is what the BASIC does).
Here are some representative execution times,
based on some testing we did last winter, Ihe
speeds are approximate and do not include disk
input/output time. The test file consisted of 200
records, each 75 characters in length. The sort key
occupied ten positions:
BASIC selection/exchange sort (in memory) —
8 minutes
BASIC bubble sort (in memory) - 12 minutes
BASIC selection sort (on disk) - 2 HOURS
plus (hit BREAK kev)
Machine Language bubble (memor\ ) - 3
seconds
The sort program was developed with flexi-
bility in mind. It will sort fixed length records up
150 bytes in size. Ihe sort key itself may be located
anyw^here in the record and can be any length (up
to the size of the record). It will sort in either
ascending or descending order. The records them-
selves must be comprised of ASCII (A TASCUI)
characters. While in memory, they need not l>e
terminated bv end-of-line ($9B) characters.
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146
COMPUTEI
March, 1962 Issue 22
The nominal limit of 150 characters is imposed
bv a possible bug in ATARFs DOS II. The second
half of page five (memory addresses 058()-05FF
Hex, 1408-1535 Decimal) appears to be utilized as
an internal I/O buffer. When more than 128 bytes
are input, the excess witids up on page six. The
sort program also resides in the safe (?) user area
of page six (beginning at $(Hi20 or 1 568). There is
a physical law tliat states: two things cannot occupy
the same place at the same time. This also holds
true in computer memory. The program has been
pushed as far into page six as it can go (there is
data stored behind it).
Using The Sort
In order to use the sort, you must feed it certain
parameters. The record length must be FOKEd
into location 205 (SOOCD). The sort type (0-
Ascending, FDescending) would be POKFd into
206 ($OOCE). The starting and etiding positions of
the sort kev will also have to be POKEd into locations
203 (SOOCB) and 204 ($OOCC). The program is
expecting to see the offset of the sort key. The
offset is the number of positions in front of that
byte. For example; the first position of a record has
a 0 offset, the second has an offset oil, and the
100th has an offset of 99. The USeR function that
calls the sort will also pass the addicss of the string
containing the file and the recoicl count. For those
who are a little unsure of what this is all about,
there are a few examples coming up.
Now that you have a routine that w ill sort vour
data faster than yoti can say Rumplestilskin, how
do you use it? Hete are several suggestions. I he
best method is to link through our sort/file krader
in Program 3. \'oiu' existing program that is pro-
cessing the data file is probably much, much longer
than the short loader. The main advantage of
using a small program is that you wind up with
moi e free memory. And, since memory is our sort
area, the more that is free, the hnger the file. 11
you don't type the REMark statements, you'll have
even a larger sort area. The disk file must be fixed
length records terminated by end-ot-line charac-
ters. Yoitr existing processing program must con-
lain the POKEs mentioned above. It may look
so me tiling like this:
POKE 203,SKEYA-1:POKE 204,SKEYB-1:POKE 205,
RECLEN:POKE 206,0 (for Ascending).
The call to the loader vvould be a RL'N "D:
SORTLOAD" (give the loader this file name when
vou save it). The sort/file loader must have your
file name in the variable F$ and yotu' program
name in P$. 11 your processing piogram liandles
several files, you can also pass the file name by
using the following statements. First, your pro-
gram:
FORI = 0TO14:POKE 1776 + I,32:NEXT I
FOR I = 0 TO LEN(F$):POKE 1776 + I,ASC(F$(I,I)):
NEXT I
Note: F$ is your file's name.
The sortyfile loader will require the following lines
to be added:
70 FOR I = 0 TO 14:F$(I,I) = CHR$(PEEK( 1776 + 1)):
NEXT I
80 IF F$( 1 ,2) <> "D:" THEN ? *'ERROR":END
If your processing program or file is small,
you may do ail of the abo\ e from witliin your pro-
gram. Besides the same POKEs as above (you
wouldn t need the file name, f)f course), you will
need the follow ing line added to your program:
IF RC> 1 THEN A = USR(1568,ADR(X$),RC)
(RC^ is the number of records stored in die string
X$.) Substitme your names where applicable.
Program 4 is a sort/merge utility diat uses the
same sort routine. This will give you the abilitv to
handle much larger files. With a 40 or 48 K machine
you will be able to sort files that are b{),()0() bytes
long (If the record length is 60 characters, that will
translate to 1,000 records). This particular version
divides the file into two manageable sub-files, sorts
each, and then merges them. Be careful with your
disk space; die temporary file will need room also.
If you have more than one drive, you can modifv
the program to split it three or more
wavs and soit even more i ecords. For example, put
the temporaries on drive 2 and the new file on
drive 3. Who said micros can't handle larger files?
Your Options
The sort7merge program is a stand-alone. By swa|j»
ping the front end with the sort loader (Program
3), yoti can do a sort/merge fi om a call (RU\ "D:
SORTMER(i") in your existing software.
Now that you know how to feed the sort its
required parameters and call it, you must still get it
into memory. Once again, you have several options.
If you have the Assembler/Ediu)r cartridge (or a
sitiiilar assembler), the source appears in Program
1 . Please feel free to modifv it if voti so desire. If
vou're limited to BASICS Program 2 will load the
macliine language code when it is run. ,\fter doing
either oftlie.se, you shotild go directlv to DOS
(DOS II only) and do a binary save (option K) with
the following parameters:
D1:AUTORUN.SYS,0620,069D
Saving the code as AUTORUN.SYS will enable the
program to atito-boot w hen you pow er up w ith the
disk (You miLst power up with that disk). Do nol
append an I NIT or RUN address to the file unless
you want the machine to lock up every time you
turn it on.
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incUded uithiti the picitge! H mi potter f til ptckioe! Itijor differences
betvten l^im and COm Cm, versions, tom Cm, ie^itiires h^stk, Lergt
tanuil inchded Iff till listings!! ^isk version is recoaended end iViiUble
for either f^im m or f(l$-ii COm COmUfi, JJrfrf 13, M for Hm version.
f^rm m version (JiT to m) supplied on cassette m,n *il,i§ p^h
m nmrn n$-$0 COLOU CQHmli cassette version— -—iU. 95 *U,ii pkh
fimi ith > BkmiCS miW < m »in, m deferred, Ttesion M or J-B
scenes »ith a hf stick, Uve thee to BISK, (Retrieve thet and edit scenes on
screen in anf hiphics tiode! 'Hit?' option incUded, Cotplete ptckaoe of S
prognns, disk version is rtcotuended (add iiJS), Fonerfal and nell docu-
mented! mth listing, film $i§ onip On cassette n9,9$ HL5§ pkh
^T M£ST COfiST COMPUTER ff^lRE- Booth 0 1224
RAM
For ATARI
48K RAM BOARD FOR THE 400
• Increases memory capacity
• Reduces power consumption
• Reduces heat
48K Board (4oo) $299
32K Board (soo) $150
Intec
Peripherals
Corp
3389 Del* Rosa Avenue
San Bernardino, CA 92404
(714)864-5269
ATARI, 400, 800 are Trademarks of ATARI, Inc.
PAYROLL SOFTWARE
ATARI
THE ATARI 800*
The MILES PAYROLL SYSTEMS is the fifst o! a series ot business software lor Ihe
Atari 800V Atari* graphics and sound have been greatiy utilized and a detailed and
comprehensive manual leads the user step bv step enabling a person with tittle ex-
perience to easily operate the entire software package,
•Randon access tile organizafion lor fast updating of individual records
•Allows weekly, biweekly, semi-momhiy, monthly, quariedy. semi-annual, or misc.
payroll periods
•Calculates and prints payroll checks aulomatically
•Monthly, quarterly, and yearly cumulative totals maintained for each employee
•User-defined workman's compensation classifications
•Complete reporting, including W-2 at end ot year
•User-defined earnings and deductions at end at year
•Automatic data error detection
•Packaged in a liandsome three ring binder with diskettes and manual
M
To order, or for more information:
, . MILES COMPUTING
lies 8941 OwenSfTiouth Ave ''202
TM Canoga Park, CA 91304
(213) 700-1166
Special irrroductory price S179,95 Requires 32K and two Alafi' 810 disc drives Paymenl m
U S iunds required wiin order Add S3 00 shipping/handling Calilornia residents add 6% sales
lax Dealer inquiries welcome
'Alan and Atari EDO ar« tradernarks ot Atari Inc
=Miles Compulinq and Miles PayroH System are trademarks of ft^iles Compuimg, Canoga
ParK, Calilorma Not altihaied with Atari. Inc
cainpjTEH
Calligraphy?
Well, not really! But with FONTEDIT you can design your own
cfiaracter sets for tfie ATARI. You can create special grapfiic sym-
bols for use in games, or even rnake a Russian alphabet. After you
design a new set of characters, save them on disk or tape for later
use. We provide a subroutine that you can use in your own prog-
ranr)s to load a custom character set.
FONTEDIT is very easy to use: you use a joystick to design a
large copy of the new character as you individually control whether
each of the 64 dots that make-up a character are on or off. A menu
of FONTEDIT commands on the screen shows you how to control
this powerful yet simple-to-use character editor. The 56-page
User's Guide provides clear, easy-to-understand instructions for
FONTEDIT, There is also a detailed, line-by-line description that
explains exactly how FONTEDIT works.
In addition to the FONTEDIT program, our IRIDIS #2 package
includes three custom character sets, a routine to load the cstom
characters for use in your own programs, and a program that
shows the use of custom-designed graphic characters. IRIDIS # 2
is an exceptional value: only $17.95 for the cassette, (requires
1 6K) or $20.95 for disk {requires 24K). California residents add 67o
tax. VISA and MASTERCARD welcome.
theCODE ^°^^^^
WLWVnO 805-683-1585
ATAR] IS a registered trademark of Atan. Inc
148
COMPUTEl
March. 1962 Issue 22
Program 1.
} RON MhRCU^SE. freehold Hj 11/29/81
; CALLED FROM BASIC WITH^
i A=1JSR( i 568 .. ftDR( K$ > .. RC >
) HCiTE^ y* IS THE STRING THAT C0NTAIM5
THE FILE
; RC IS THE NUMBER IJF RECORDS
}
; THE FOLLOHINi: ARE POKED BY BASIC PROG
RAM =
S3 - BEGINNINi: OF SORT KCy (DECIM
AL- 203)
04>
)
SE - EhC OF SORT KEY (DECIMAL - 2
SI - RECORD LENGTH (DECIMAL - 285
TYPE - ASCENDING (O) \M DESCEHDI
(CECIMhL - Wtr-}
} THE ROUTINE l-iILL LOOP TrfiiUGH "FILE" S
tJAF'PING UHSORTED
; ADJUIHIHG rCMBERS UNTIL THE "SWAP FLAG
" HAS NOT BEEN SET
.: IH A GIUEN PASS. THE ZERO PAGE ADDRESS
ES "FST" AtCi "SEC"
.: FiJINT AT T^£ imiUIDUAL fEMBERS BEING
COfFARhLi. THt Y
; F£GISTER IS USED AS AN HSEX POINTER F
OR TESTING OR
.; MOUIHG BYTES MITHIN THE TWO RECORDS.
$= $6620 START AT P-AGE 6
.•
MEMBER n ADDRESS (LSB.MSB)
FST
•*D4
;
MEMBER (n+D ADDRESS (LSB-.tlSB)
SEC
$06
.'
EftSE ADDRESS OF LIST (LSB.-MSB::-
BASE
$D8
'}
FIRST PCGITION OF SORT KEY
•I' -I'
$CB
.'
LAST POSITION OF SOFlT f-EY
SE
ICC
Rl
•$CD ELEt€NT LENGTH
SWAP
IDA Sl-iAP SWITCH
}
NUMBER OF ELEf-EHTS aSB.MSB)
RC
$D£i
}
RECORD COUNTER (MSB.. K REG IS LSB>
CKTH
$CF
}
SORT TYPE.. 0-A3C 1-OES
TYF-E
$CE
F-OF' # OF AF^SUnEHTS FROM STACK
FIA
FlH
ST A BASE+1 SET Bft5E AC0RES3
FtA
STA Bh:SE
FIA
STA RC+l SET aEMENT COUNT
PLA
STA RC
.: STAF:T EAC:H PASS ThfJJUGH FILE
BEGIN LDA tlOy
STA SWAP SET Sl'JAP TO 8
STA DTTH SET HIGH CCiJNT TO O
.: SET 'A F£gISTER TO 1 (LOW CCaiNT-'
LDX #$01
; SET FTJINTER (n) TO BASE
LDA BhSl
STA SEC
LDA BftSE+l
STA SEC+1
CWT CLC
LDA ;BEC
STA FST
ad: RL
STA SEC
LDh SEC+1
STA FST+1
aUc #$63
STA SEC+1
; ASCII STRim: COrPARISON
LDY SS
ASCENDING OR DESCENDING?
mV LDA TYF-E
EEQ Ai:C SORT IS ASCEHDINi:
LDA (SEC:nY TYPE = DESCEf^DItC
J COMPARE ADJOINW: rEMBEF'S
CTP (FSTJ'.-Y
BCC BAiJK (nxKn+l;'
BEQ ICR (riMn+r;- TRY AGAIN
ECS FLIP (riX(n+l>
RtSEi FiJINTERS-
(n) to (n+D
(rH-l) to (ri+2;'
ftSC LDA
(SEC)
,'i TYF-E = ASCENDING
; COMF-ARE AD.JOINIM: MEIBERS
crF-
(FST)
,'i
BCC
FLIP
(n»(n+l)
BEQ
ICR
(n:>=(r.+l? TRY AGAIN
ECS
WM
(rix(n+r;'
INCR IKY
ADD 1 TO POINTER
CPY
SE
BID OF SORT KEY?
BEQ
COf-IP
HJ
BCS
BACK
\tZ, lEKT ELEMB-rr
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTEI
«9
FLIP
fWE
BACK
TEST
Bcc cor-p
Sm? ELEMEt^S
IDA «$ei
STA StiAP
LO"i' RL
DEY
LDA <SEC>/.'
LDA (FST/.Y
STh (SEO/t
PLh
ST A (FSTJ'.Y
cpv #$eni
B^€ muE
UCREf€HT RECC
cpx mm
&■£ TEST
w: odH
CPX RC
B^E COHT
LDA RC+1
Of QTTH
ȣ COHT
LDA SWAP
CMP tieo
B^E BEGIN
HO. RETlJR^l TO
RTS
.EhO
MO
SET SWAP SNITCH OH
LOAD LBCTH
SET DISPLAijErEHT
EXCHAHGE BYTES
mRE BYTES TO Sl'JAP?
YES
:iRD COUNTER
CHECK FOR >255
ADD 1 TO HIGH COUNT
B€ OF FILE'"'
HO
ChECK HIGH EOF
tHJT B€) OF FILE
TEST FOR Er€ OF SORT
AN"-!" SWAPS?
YES. START OlER
CALLUC PROijRlAM
Program 2.
100 FOR I
EXT I
1568 DATA
1574 DATA
1588 DATA
1586 DATA
1592 DATA
1598 DATA
1604 DATA
1610 DATA
161 G DATA
1622 DATA
1628 DATA
1634 DATA
1640 DATA
1646 DATA
1652 DATA
1658 DATA
1664 DATA
1670 DATA
1676 DATA
=1568 TO 1693 = READ A^FliKE LA^H
184. 104, 133/217. 104; 133
216.104.133.209.104.133
•2®;. 169.0. 133.218. 133
207. 162. li 165.216. 133
214.165.217.133.215.24
165.214.133.212.101.205
133.214.165.215.133.213
1^.0. 133.215.164.203
165.206.240.10.177.214
•209.212.144.44.240.12
176.19.177.214.209.212
144.13.240.2.176.30
200. 196. 204. 240. 227 . 176
23.144.223.169.1.133
218.. 164.205. 136. 177.214
72.177.212.145.214.104
145.212.192.0.203.241
232.224.0.20S:.2.230
207. 228. 203. 203. 172. 165
1682 DATA 209. 197. 207. 208. 166. 165
1688 DATA 218. 201. 0.20£:. 144.96
Program 3.
10 REM SOFT U¥iD PROGRAM LYNN MARCUSE 1
1/27/31
11 REM
12 R£H CALLIW: PROGRAh MUST'
13 F£f1
14 REM t POKE RECORD LENGTH INTO LOCATI
lW 205
15 FBI :*: POKE BtGINHING OF SORT KEY INT
0 LOC 203
16 REM t POKE EMi OF SORT KEY INTO LOCA
TIOH 204
17 F£M * POKE TYPE '- ASCENDING - 0 OR DE
SCENDING - 1) INTO LOC 266
18 F£t1
19 REM THIS FWJGRAn WILL UJAD FILE INTO
fEMuRY AND CALL MACHlNh
20 Ktti LWiijUAGE ROUTIHb. WHEN COMPLtlhO..
YOIJR PROGRAr-i MAY BE
21 REM RE-ChLLEu BY EQUATING P$ TO YiXiR
PROGRAM NAMh .
22 REM
50 DIM X$<hRt(8':'-&00).R$( 13S).rf(ltO:P$(
15;'.I$<:D
58 REM
59 REM REPLACE X'S UITH YOUR FILL ii PROG
m\ w€s
60 P$= " KaKKXK ' ' ■■ Fl= " KKKXXM "
99 REM GET RECORD LENGTH
1 00 RET = 1 60 ■■ F-PEhK( 285 )
109 REM OFEfi FILE AND INPUT RECORDS
110 ? " LOADING ".F$:TRAF' SSyHOPEH #2.4.
0.F$:L=1
ilV TF!AP 140aNPUT r2.R$ = TRAP 40900
130 A*( L . L+R- 1 ::'=R* ■■ L=L+R ■■ GOTO 1 20
140 CLOSE #2 = L=L-i=rJ=L/R:? " RECOkDS: LOA
DED= ";N
149 REM CALL TttJHINE L^^GUAGE SiJ^lT ROUTI
\-£
150 IF H>1 THEN ? " BEGIN SORT" :A=USR(15
6S.rDR(-vI>/H)
160 RET=170=? " COMF'LETED SAUING ".;Ft
169 PS-1 EF-ASE OLD FILE At-ffi SAiJ£_N£U Ot€
170 TRAP 680^X10 36.#2.0..0..F$MJi-'hN #2.8.
0.F$
180 FOR 1=1 TO L STEP R:R$=X$( I. I+R-l> = ?
#2;R$^HEXT I
190 CLOSE #2=XI0 35. #2.0.8. F$
199 REM RETURN TO YOUR Ff'OGRAM ?
200 RET=2'® = TRAF' 600= IF P*(3.4K>":4=" TH
EN ? " LOADING ":.H--Pm P$
210 £m
600 ? " ER:ROR - "; PEEK-; 195 ;■ = CLOSE #2
610 ? " PRESS F£TURN TO CONTINUE".; ^IFUT
150
COMPUTE!
March. 1982, Issue 22
I* 'GOTO RET
Program 4.
10 REM SORT m£E PRtDGRwh m\ MhRCUSE 1
2/81 /SI
11 REM
12 R£M THIS PFiiGRAM WILL LOAD FILE INTO
tthORY AfCl CALL MHi:HIt€
13 REM LftfCLlwS RCfiJTIHE. IF FILE IS TOO
Li^E. THE SiJi^lTED DATA
14 REM WILL BE Sw.JED AS "O^TEMF"' rt€ £vL
AhJCE iDF FILE HILL EE
15 R-EM READ Ah£i SCfiTED. l-JHEH THIS STEP I
S FINISHED.. T^€ TB1P0RAR:Y
16 F:EM FILE HILL BE flERGED WITH THE SOF;
TED DATA IN MEMORY.
17 F£M
20 GFAPHICS 0:DIM F$(15;^? ■■■'{ , "SORT/f€R
GE UTILITY" =F«E 82.1
30 ? ^? "EKTER:":? =? "FILENAt-C (OnnftK.
ext;- ".;: INPUT F*
40 ? "RECOFB LENGTH ";=TRAP 40= INPUT R^
RAF' Q3= IF R<2 OR RM50 THEN 40
50 ? "SORT ¥£■{ (l5t..2r,d) ".:aRAP ffi^It-fU
T SS.SE=TRAP Q3
55 IF SS>=SE tJF: SS<0 OR SE>R THEN 50
68 ? "ASCErCiIHG - 0 W. DESCErCING - 1 "
rJfSiP Gki-imSl T-TRAP Q3
65 IF T<0 OR T>1 THEN 69
70 fmt 205..R = F-OKE 283 ..SS-1 = POKE 284. SE-
1=F"0KE 20b.. T
88 KL=FRE( 8 )-600 = DIM ¥M. KL ). R$( R ) .. T$( R )..
D$(b;'
90 Ql=2 18 = Q2=by0 : 03=40000 ■ D$= " D = TEMP "
108 ? "LOADING ";F$:TRAP Q2:0PEN #2,. 4,. 8,
Ft:ri=0
120 L=l = ? "PASS 1 - ";-0:iSiJB 588 = IF M=0
THEN 160
148 ? "tRITIW: "jDfMlipEN #3.3;8,D*:G0SUB
560
150 ? "F-ASS 2 - "j:L=l:G0SL8 588
168 CLOSE #2:v "DELETING ".F*
178 TRAF' Q2:KI0 36..t3.0.8,FtMJPEN #3,S..8
.F$
189 ? n-KITINi: ";F$:IF M=0 THEN OJSUB 5b
0:OJTO 488
288 TRAP Q2 ■■ OF"EN #2.. 4. 8. D* = J=l : A=l = B=l = A
E=1=BE=1
210 IF H=l TFEN TRAP 330atfliT #2..R$:TFP
P Q3
220 IF B=l THEN TP:hP 34fi = T$=X*(.J..J+R-l :■ =
J=J+R-TFftP Q3
238 IF AE=e Hf-ffj EE=8 THEN 398
240 IF AE=1 fitii BE=8 THEN 308
ATTENTION ATARI OWNERS
32K MEMORY BOARD FOR ATARI $ 1 29.00
Atari 800 with 1 6K Memory $679.00
Atari 800 with 48K Memory $789.00
Atsfi 8 1 0 Disk Drive $449.00
^^ PRO FOOTBALL FOR ATARI WITH 1 6K Cassette $9.95
Disk $13.95
20% Discount on All Atari Software
COMPUTER COUNTRY
909 North Main Street
Randolph, MA 02368
(617)961-3285
Cash.. .Money Order.. .COD.. .Certified Check
245 IF AE=0 Al-C) BE=i THEN 3ia
250 IF T=l THEN 28S
260 IF R*(SS/i£)>TI( 3S..:3t:' THEN 315
270 L.OTO 369
280 IF R$(SS,SEKT$<SS..3E> THEN 318
380 ? ft3:R$ = A=l:E!=0aF AE=8 THEN A=0 = B=B
E
382 LUTu Qi
310 ? #3jTi = A=e:B=MF BE=0 THEN B=0 = A=R
E
312 GOTO Ql
3SJ HE=0 = GOTn 220
340 EE=8^GUTU 23S
338 CLOSE #2^? "DELETING ";D*^>aO 33.. #2,
0j0..O$
480 CLOSE #3:;:a0 36.#3.0.0.F$
410 END
506 imp 53yatf'UT f2,R* = TRftP 03
510 X*<L::'=R$'L=L+ftaF (L+RXXL T^tN 569
520 H=l
530 L=L-l=f^-''R=? "RECORDS LOADED = ".:N
540 IF N>1 THEN ? "BEGIN SORT ";=A=USR(
1568 ..ADR:-:: X*).N)
550 ? "END :50RT"^ RETURN
560 FOf?: 1=1 TO L STEP R:R$=y$( I..I+R-l> = ?
tt3;F^=HEXT INCLOSE #3^RETLtR}J
680 ? "ERROR: - "5F'EEK.a95) = BCi
SYNCRO, INC.
SOFTWARE DIVISION
31332 VIA COLINAS SUITE 107
WESTLAKE VILLAGE, CALIF. 91361
213 889-9508
SOFTWARE FOR
ATARI '"
400/800
|j:i^>J^>J*!Blj^a/€)1982
ALL GRAPHIC ADVENTURE. CAN YOU FREE
YOURSELF FROM ALIEN HELL? IN THE SPIRIT
OF THE "MAZE OF DEATH".
JOYSTICK REQUIRED
16K Tape $14.95 24K Disk $19.95
Lilu lyiMiUI © 1981
A NEW GRAPHIC ADVENTURE, SIT BACK
WITH YOUR JOYSTICK AND DIVE THE DEEP
BLUE SEA. RENT RIG AND CREW TO PLUNDER
THE STRANGE TREASURES THAT AWAIT YOU.
JOYSTICK REQUIRED
24KTaD€ £16.95 32K Disk $21.95
w^Bfmn
© 1981
ARE YOU A SUPERAGENT? A FAST ACTION,
ALL GRAPHIC GAME WITH PLENTY OF SPECIAL
EFFECTS IN A MAZE LIKE UNDERGROUND COM-
PLEX FIVE LEVELS OF PLAY IN REAL TIME.
JOYSrrCK REQUIRED
16K TapeST2 95 24K Disk S17 95
VISA AND MASTERCARD ACCEPTED.
CALIF. RES PLEASE ADD 6% SALES TAX
PLEASE INCLUDE Si. 50 SHIPPING
DEALER INQUIRIES WELCOME
1
STOP
SOFTWARE for the
ATARI 400/800""
ACR: A POINT OF SALE PROGRAM
CASH RECEIPTS, INVOICING, INVENTORY, COST
AVERAGING. PURCHASE ORDERS, RECEIVING
RECORDS. 40 OR 80 COL. PRINTER,
48K DISK INTRO OFFER: $1 69.95
CASSETTE CHECKBOOK PROGRAM
MULTIPLE ACCOUNTS, 200 TRANSACTIONS PER
PERIOD. USER DEFINED CATAGORIES, CREATIVE
USE OF GRAPHICS AND SOUND,
1BKCASS.:S14.95
SHAOOW HAWK 1
THIS IS A MACH, LANG, SPACE ADVENTURE. WHICH
WE KNOW WILL OFFER COMPETITION EVEN TO
STAR RAIDERS/ OFFERS 3-AXIS ROTATION. HIRES
GRAPHtCS£^ALL OF THE SPACE SHOOTEM UP
YOU'LL EVER NEED (by HORIZON SIMULATIONST
REQUIRES AT LEAST 48K, 1 DISK DRIVE: S48. 95
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
High Country Microsystems
3489 W. 72nd Ave. Suite 108
Westminster. CO 80030
(303] 427-9036 426-5329
S2.DD Shipping & Handling, ADD 2 50 for COD.
Colo residents add 6 5% sales tax
Free cacalogue available, MC and VISA accepted
ATARI IS a registered trademark of ATARI. Inc
SHADOW HAWK 1 is a trademark ot HORIZON SIMULATIONS
^'Zl'^
BUDGETMASTER ($34.95)
• is a professional budgeting tool geared to develop and maintain
even the most complex budget. At the same time, the easy to
read manualand the ! riend ly pf ompts al low even the begin n ing
budgeter without computer experience to develop a budget to
meet their needs.
• Includes the option for hardcopy printoutof anyof tlw 39 differ-
ent display s as wei t as a n opt ion to save you r data to cassette or
diskette.
t requires 32K fl^M
CHECKBALANCER ($16.95)
• a I though Ae perfect companion program to the Budgetmaster,
stands alone as a great tool to balance your checking ac*
countls), with a monthly breakdown of your spending pattern.
• allows you to store your spending analysis to tape or diskette, or
use Checkbalancer in conjunction with the Budgemaster,
and automatically rewrite the expense data of the latter pro-
gram process.
• requires 16K RAM
BUYBOTHPROGRAMSTOGETHERFnfim95ANDSAVEm95!!!
Send check or money order plus $1 .50 Tor shipping and handling
and save C.O.D. fee (Sorry, no credit cards)
Ohio Residents Add Sales Tax
(DEALER INQUmiES WELCOME)
^ »» a i.. . ^^o ft w., . . *^ • P.O. Box 25621 * GaifieW His., Oliio 44125
(216)581-9359
' AtMi is J Tndemvt of Atvi, Inc.
152
COMPUTEl
March, 1982. Issue 22
Dynamic
Renumber
R. Q Young
Ottawa. Ontario
Program line renumbering is often more thim just
cosmetic. Afterthoughts, frequently called /;;/^i^.s,
invariably use up all those spaces left between
original program lines. There are a number of line
renumbering [jrogranis/utilities available for FK F
(and other computer) owners. Unfortunately,
those that I have seen, including lOolkit, renumber
the entire program, once invoked. It is therefoi e
impossible to retain blocks of subroutines, as might
be initially intended.
Blocks of subroutines, 1 ()()()- 1 999 or 2000-2999
for example, are particularly helpful during pro-
gram development. It is easier to i emember a
thotisand-line block while debugging (and leaving
lots of space between blocks) than, for example,
something like 7(>0-790. At the same time, the
mainline program t>r a subroutine block of lines
may require renumbering dtning the debugging
stage. A segment of the program can now be re-
ntnnbered with Dynamic Rentnnber.
This program is a modified version of Rese-
quencer by Joe Trimble from PET User Notes,
Issue 5, July-August 1978, which was modified by
Jim Rtisso and Henry Chow in PET User Notes,
Issue 7, November-December 1978.
Dynamic Rentunber will renumber the selected
range of lines beginning with the desired new line
ntmiber and tising the desired inc rements. It will
abort i( the highest renumbered line overlaps a
line not selected for renumbering, but it will give
erroneous line numbers if the overlap occurs at the
beginning of the renumbered segment. The pro-
gram will then locate all GOTO's, GOSUB's,
THEN's, ON../S, and RUN's, and insert the new-
target line number if required- If, however, the
new target line number is longer than the old line
number, only part of the new line number will be
inserted. When such an event occurs, the line
number o( the line in whic Ii the shortened insertion
is being made and the proper target line will be
printed side-by-side on the screen. An asterisk is
printed as each program line is being analyzed for
required changes.
This program will function quite nicely as a
utility stored in atid rtm from a 4K memorv parti-
tion. 1 he program to l>e rentunbered must, oi
course, reside in the normal low end of memory.
Alternatively, this program can be readily ap-
pended to a program already in memory.
Dynamic Renumber can be easily converted to
other than PE'f BASIC, provided ihat line ntimbers
are stored in the same manner (see also "Program
Compactor," COMPUTE! #1 1). The first four bytes
of each line are defined as follows:
Pointer to next line - low bvte
Pointer to next line- high byte
Line ntmiber — low byte
Line ntmiber -high byte
Changes to Dynamic Renumber, re(|uired
before implementation with other B.ASICs, are the
start-o(-BASIC pointer and the GO f O, (;()SUB,
etc. token values. The start-of -BASIC in the PET is
1025 decimal; this is the niunber that nuisi be
changed in lines 63895, 63933, and 63937. The
applical>le statement tokens are in line 63940 (as-
signed to variable P).
As one last precaution, you may wish to retain
the space l)etween the variable LE and thestatetnent
fHEN in the associated 11'... I HEX staienienis,
thus avoiding BASIC confusion with the LET state-
ment.
637?6 REN END RENUMBER
63SS7 REN LINE RENUMBER - RUN63888
63333 PRI NT " RENUMBER": INPUT "ST h^RT AT LINE #'*,?LS
63389 INPUT "END AT LINE #" ? LEs IFLE>=63776THENLE=63775
63390 IF LS>:= LE THEN63883
63891 INPUT"FIRST NEW LINE #"?Z
63892 INPUT" INCREMENT NEU LINES EV"5K
63895 D I ML < 500 > : L== 1 025 : DEFFNR < X > =PEEK < X > +256:+:PEEK < X+ 1 > : REN*OLD ROM D I M L
63900 DEFFNM<X>==INT'UK:'^X-K+-Z::'x-256>
63902 N=FNR •■ L > : X=FNR < L+2 > : I FX< LSTHENL^N : GOTri63902
63904 L1=L
63910 N==:FNR<L>:X=FNR'-L+2>: IFXO LE THENf^=A+l : L<A::'=X: L=N! IFN=0THEN63920
63912 IFXOLE THEN63910
639 1 5 V= I NT < K*rt-K+Z > s I FX< =VTHENPR I NT " MAX . L I NE OUERLAP - CK . PGM " : END
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63940 F=0s F0RC=L+4T0H"1 : P==PEEK<C> :
I FP= 1 370RP= 1 4 1 0RP= 1 670RP= 1 38
THENF==1 £ G0T063999
63950 IFF>0THEHF=0s IFP<5STHENF=1 s b==
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GOT 0639 9 9
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63970 F0RE=1T0A: IFD==L<::E>GOTO63990
63930 HEXTE : 0=8 : G=0 : GuTu63999
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63997 FORI = lTGGsPOKEC.^ASC<MIDt<E$:. I
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166
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
Disk Data
Structures:
An Interactive Tutorial
David Young
Richardson, TX
The floppy disk is a marvelous and yet mysterious
medium for mass storage of chiia. Indeed, under-
standing exactly how a bit of data is stored and
retrieved from the surface of the disk requires a
good knowledge of physics. However, to leain
about the data structures fomid on a disk recjuires
mathematics no more complex than hexadecimal
iu ithmetic. The manual supplied with the computer
usually does an adecjuate job ol supplying all the
technical details, but wouldn't it sink in better if the
actual data on tlie media could be viewed while it is
being described?
The program that is presented here, Diskpeek.
was created just for diat pm pose. Though this
program was written for the Auui l^nsonal Com-
puter (DOS 2, OS), the interactive tutorial which
follows contains information which sliould apply,
in one form or another, to most other disk based
computer systems. Those with a disk based Atari
compiUer should iv[je in I>iskpeek beffjre pro-
ceeding. This program is used to demonstrate the
disk data structures as they are being described.
Ihc instruclions integrated into the program
sliotild make iis tise self-explanatory.
The Disk Medium
The first disk structure to be aware of is the sector
which, on any computer system, consists of a group
of contiguous bits recorded at a specific location on
the disk. The disk drive hardware always operates
on w hole sectors, that is to say, it is not possible to
read or write partial sectors. Groups of sectors are
organized into tracks forming concentric rings
about the center of the disk.
The Atari system divides the disk into 40
tracks with 18 sectors per track for a total of 720
sectors. This is best visualized l)y taking the lid off
of the disk dri\'e and watching the read/write head
move as certain sectors are addressed. On the Atari
HIO disk drive tliis is accomplished by removing
the four phillips head screws hidden under
gummed tabs at each corner of the lid. While inside
the case, a bit of lubrication on the 2 cylindrical
guide rails supporting the head will make the drive
less noisy.
If sectors 1 thiough 18 are read with Diskpeek,
the head remains fixed on the outermost track.
When sector 720 is read, the head moves in to the
innermost track. W'hen a disk is formatted, the
head can be seen to btnnp sequentially through all
40 tracks. It is laying down the patterns on the
oxide surface which will i:>e recognized In the drive
hardware as the sectors. Ilie sectors ai e all initially
empty ( 1 28 bytes of 0), but at the end of the for-
matting roiuine, as described in the next section,
the Atari DOS records special data into certain
sectors. The top of the drive can now be resecured.
No more in format it)n about the hardwaic is needed
to underatand the higher level disk data structures
of the software.
Boot Sector
At the end of the formatting process, DOS reserves
and initializes certain sectors for special tasks. Into
sectors 1 through 3 is stored the bootstrap for
DOS. On power-up the Atari operating svstem
reads secU)r 1 t(3 determine how many sectors io
read and where inlo memory to load them. After it
has loatled in the specified number of sectors, DOS
starts exectiting the new code at the load address
+ 6. Ptu Diskpeek into the hex mode and read
sector 1 ol any DOS disk. Byte 0 says that -^ sectors
are read (sequentially) and bytes I and 2 specify a
load address of $700. (A 2 byte number is always
specified with the least significant byte first.) Byte 6
is the first instruction to be exectued (a $4C1407 is
a JMP $714). In this case the code w4iich follows
sets up to load the File Management System of
DOS into memory. Ihis is called the second stage
of the boot. Look at the first sector of any other
boot disk available (any game or program which
loads in from disk on power-up). It might be seen
that the program loads in entirely during the first
stage ol the boot, i.e. byte 1 of sector 1 has a sector
coirnt which represents the entire program. For
more details on the disk boot process, see the Atari
OfwraiiniT Sxsfeni laser's MamidL
Volume Table Of Contents
Besides the first three boot sectors, DOS sets up
sectors 360 to 368 as the directory of the disk. DOS
uses the directory to keep track of where Hies are
stored oti disk and how much disk space remains.
Read sector 360 of a DOS disk with Diskpeek in
the hex mode and view a part of the directory
called tlie \ olume Table of Contents (V fOC),
Information pertaining to the availability of every
sector on the disk is sloied in this sector. Bytes 1
and 2 specify the maxiuunn numbei of tiser data
sectors on the disk ($2C3 = 707) and bytes 3 and 4
specify the number of free sectors remaining on
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158
COMPUTEr
March, 1982. Issue 22
the disk (707 tor an empty disk, 0 for a full one).
Starting in bit 6 (the second to highest order bit) of
byte $0A, each bit up ihrougli byte $63 corresponds
to a sector. A 1 corresponds to a free sector while a
0 means the sector is being used.
When a file is stored on the disk, the bits cor-
responding to the secloi s used are set to 0. When
the file is erased, the hits are set back to 1 . That i>
why DOS, wlien it deletes a file, can be heard reiul-
ing the entire file. It is determining which sector;
were being used by the file so that it can free then
back up. Notice that even on a newly formatted
disk, sector bits 1 , 2 and 3 (bits 6, 5 and 4 of byte
$0A) are set to 0. These correspond to the 3 boof
sectors. Likewise, tlie nine bits starting in byte $37
are 0 because they correspond to the sectors oi the
diiectory. These 12 sectors are thus kept from
being overlaid by user files.
If the V roc is viewed on an older disk wliirh
has had many file additions and deletions, it nun
be noted that the \' TOC has become qtiite frag-
mented. Any file added to the disk may get stored
into sectors scattered about the disk. How DOS
keeps track of files spread over multiple sectors
will be discussed shortly. By the way, even though
the operating system recogtiizes sector 720 (try
reading it; should l)e all zeroes), DOS never makes
use of it. True to Mmphy's Law, it adopted the
n timber scheme of 0 to 719 instead of 1 to 720. No
need to bother trying to read sector 0!
The Directory
Of all the disk data structures, probablv the most
important one to be acquainted with is the directory.
The eight sectors following the VTOC (361-368)
contain a list of all the files on the disk along with
their size, starting sector, and status. Put Diskpeek
into character mode and read sector 36 1 of the
DOS disk that has several files on it. It can be seen
that the name of the first file starts in byte $05 and
the extension (if any) starts in byte $0D. If any of
the I 1 character positions of the filespec are untised,
it contains a blank. Notice that the filenames start
everv 16 bytes, allowing eight directory entries per
128 bvte sector. Thus, the maximum nimtber of
entries for the eight .sectors of the directory is 64.
Now put Diskpeek in hex mode and read
sector 361. fhe (Irsi byie of each 16 byte entry
contains the status of the file. For a normal file that
byte is $42, unless it is locked, in which case it has a
status of $62. A deleted file has a status of $80. An
anomaly occurs whenever a file is opened for output
(from BASIC, perltaps) but is not closed before the
convputer is ])oweretl down or glitched. Since the
status of an open file is $13, DOS will neither rec-
ognize the entry as "in use'' nor ^'deleted." Even the
sectors which may have been written out will not
really exist on disk becatise the VTOC is not up-
dated tin til the file is clo.sed. The only harm done is
that this bogus entry will take up space in the diiec-
lory until the disk is reformatted. The second and
third bytes of each entry contain the size in sectors
of the file (low order byte first) w*hile the fourdi
and fifth bytes specily the first sector of the file.
DOS only needs to know^ the first sector of a file
becatise each sector points to the next sector oi the
file in a process called "linking."
Unking
At this point it wt)uld be best to explain how DOS
forms a data file on disk. First, the user must open
an I/O channel for output to the disk, perhaps with
the BASIC '^OPEN" command. DOS responds by
creating an entry in the directory with the specified
lllename and a status of $43. DOS reads the V EOC
into memory and searches the disk map lor the
first free sector. If a free sector is found, its number
is tised as the starting sector in the directorv entry.
Now, when the user begins to output data \ ia this
I/O channel, perhaps with the BASIC "PUT''
(ommand. DOS wails imiil it has collected l!2r)
l)ytes of user daUi in a l)uftei . Htcn DOS adds three
special bytes of its own and otitputs the sector to
the disk. I call these three bvtes the ''sector link."
The sector link, bytes 125 to 127 of the sector,
contains three pieces of information. The high
order six bits of byte 125 contain a number which
represents the position of the files entry within the
directory (0 to 63). DOS uses this number to check
the integrity of the file. If ever this ninnl)er should
fail to match the position of the file's directory
entry, DOS generates an error. The low order two
bits of byte 125 and all of byte 126 form a pointer
to the next sectcjr of the file. A pointer is the address
of a record in the computer's memory or, in this
(ase, the address of a record on disk, the sec lor
number.
The next sector of the file is determined by
scanning the bit map of the VTOC for the next
free sector, which may or may not be the nexi
sequenual sector of the disk. Thanks u> the link
pointers, all sectors of a file need not be couiiguous
sectors on the disk. The last byte of the sector link
(byte 127 of the sector) contains the number of
bytes used within the sector. This byte will always
be $7D (125) except lor the last sector ol a file,
which will probably be only partially filled. DOS
writes out this pat tial sector only when the irser
closes the file, perhaps with the BASIC "CLOSE"
command.
When an oiupui disk file is closed, DOS writes
the newlv tiptlaied V EOC back out to sector 360. It
then updates the file's directory entry by changing
the status to $42 and filling in the file size (bytes I
March, 1982 Issue 22
COMPUTEI
159
and 2) with the number of sectors used by the tile.
This completes the process of creating a file on
disk. Now, when DOS is requested to read a file
from disk, it finds the directory entry of the speci-
fied file to determine the slat t sector. Then, fol-
low ing the link pointers, it reads the file, sector by
sector, until EOF (end of file) is reached, indicated
by a link pointer of 0.
Equipped with a basic understanding of how a
file is stored on disk, try looking ai a file with Disk-
peek. In character mode, first locate the name of
the desired file in the directory (sectors 361-368).
Tlien ptit Diskpeek in hex mode and look at the
fourth and fifth byte of the entry to determine the
start sector. For example, if these two bytes were
"01 02" then type "$201" to read the first sector.
Observe the last three byles of the sector and
verify that the high order six bits of byte 125 corre-
spond to the directory entry position and that byte
127 is the number of bytes used (probabiv $7D).
Then determine the next sector of the file from
the low order two bits of byte 125 and byte 126.
For example, if bytes 125 and 126 are "06 02" then
the next sector of the file is $202 and the file is ihe
second entry of the directory (the lust entrv being
entry zero). If the file is not too long, it would be
instructive to follow the sector links to EOF. Once
the abilitv of fuiding a file on disk and following
tlie sector links is mastered, all that remains is to
become lamiliar with the three types of files tised
by DOS.
File Types
Ihe first type of file is not a true tile, perse, because
there is no entry in the direcU)ry for it. This file
type includes the boot record and the dit ectory
itself. And, sitice the sectors which make up these
files are not linked, but, instead, are related to each
other sequentially, I call these records "sequenlially
linked files." When examining a sector of the boot
record or directory, met ely inci ease the sector num-
ber by one to get to the next sector of the record.
An example of the second ivpe of file is that
which is created with the BASK: LIST or SAVE
connnand. This file consists of ASCII characters
which either lepresent straight text, as in a LIS I ed
file, or a sort of condensed text, as in a tokenized
or S.AVEd file. Except when viewing the sector
links, the character mode of Diskpeek is best suited
for examining this ivpe of file. At this point it
would be instructive to locate (in the directory
of a DOS disk) a file created with the BASIC LIST
command.
Upon determining the start sector, observe the
file in the character mf>de. The B.^SIC program
can be easily recognized. It may be noted that the
carriage returndine feed character (CRLF) is dis-
played in its ATASCIl representation (an inverse
escape character) instead of feeing executed. Now
observe a file that consists of a program that was
SAVEd from BASIC. Since the text has been tok-
enized, the program is harder to recognize. How-
ever, certain parts of the program are not altered
during the tokenization piocess, notably text fol-
lowing REM and PRINT statements. Now, having
investigated ASCI 1 files, it is time to discuss the last
file type, the binary load file.
Fhe binary load file is primarily used to load
6502 machine code into memory for exectition.
However, its format is so geneial that it can be
used jtist as easily to load any type of data, including
ASCU text. Locate a game or other program which
is rtm with the BINARY LOAD option of DOS,
Alternatively, create a binary load file by saving
any part of memory (except ROM) with the BI-
NARY SAVE option. Now observe the first sector
of the file with Diskpeek in the hex mode.
First, notice that all binary load files start with
two bytes of $FF. The next four bytes are the stai t
and end addresses, respectively, where the data to
follow will be loaded into memory. If these fbiu'
bytes were "00 AO FF BF" then the data would be
loaded between the addresses of SAGOO and $BFFF.
I call these fotu' bytes a load Vfrior. After DOS has
loaded in enotigh bytes to satisfy the load vector, it
assumes (unless EOF is readied) that the next four
bytes specify another load vectoi*. DOS will continue
inptitting the file at this new address.
I'pon completion of a BINARY LO.V13, control
will normally be passed back to the DOS menu.
However, DOS can be forced to pass control to any
address in memory by storing that two byte add i ess
at location $2E0. To store the two bytes, it is neces-
sary to specify another load vector as part of the
file. If, for example, it were desired to execute the
program loaded in at .15A()()(), the following load
vectf)r would be part of the file; FO 02 F 1 02 00 AO.
I call this specialized load vector an autorun vector.
It achieves the same result as the RCN AT ADf)RESS
option of DOS. Fry to find the autorun vector in
the file being viewed. Althotigh it could be at the
beginning, it is most likely located at the very end
of the file.
10 REM DISKPEcK= Bauid Youne il/iS/Sl
2S SETCOLGR 1 '9.^4:SETC0lUR 249.' 19
■i0 OIH HEXCmRf':l6\.HEKBYTE$t2^
48 DIM KxHm*(li3).SECTRWf(b8)
50 UIM fEnP$(3X-DF0RM$::n
m 'i' iriRi
iv=:"iv <M,^
UAIT A FtU ShCONOS. . ."
70 bCSUB iiSy^GOSUB 970
80 GOSUB Db0= RESTORE 99
160
COMPUTE!
March, 1982 Issue 22
10S kEmU hEKCHhR$ • GPEH #1 .- 4; S. "K"
lie DF0Rr1$=^^H^^
128 *^* eHR$(i25)^^ '' dlS^Pt^C by D^
yid Youns'^ =?
130 ? "Thi5 is a disk utility for uiewin
148 ? "indiyidal sectors of a disk. It"
156 ? "reads t>ie sector specified by the
II
160 ? "user and then dispUiys it's conte
170 ? "as a raatrix of hiex bytes or ATASC
180 ? I^characters.^^?
IS© '\ "T'riS sector- number- can bs specif ie
d in"
290 ? "decimal ('361' ) or hex ('$169' ).
Tape"
219 ? "RETUFj^ b3 tossle from orte display
II
228 ? "foriuat to the other."
238 POSITION 2/29=? CHR$( ISb); =? "Sector
248 nPUT HEKNUm^IF lEH( HEHHUriJ K >9 Tf€
M 288
258 IF DFORm="C" THEN DF0Rt1f="H" =GOTO 2
70
268 DFORril="C"_
278 G03UB i'7e = uGT0 239
i-Se GOSUE; 589= IF EVTEO OF: BYTE>720 Ti€N
GCSUB 356 = unTu 230
298 S€CH!JM=BVTE
ms t3J;51JB S88=IF :>::=i THEH GCeUB 779
318 GOTO 230
328 REM
338 REM m. PRIHT ERROR hESSAGE nt
348 F£M
358 P&BITIOH 2.. 19 = ? i:n;:$( 156::';rH::$( 156>.:
\yp:$(. 156): "riJT LEGAL MIIBER! " =F£TL!RH
368 FS1
378 REM tm PRIhn HE>= BYTE UmU
388 REM
39fi GGSUB 438 •■ PRIHT HEKBYTEI-; =F£TLiRH
408 REM
418 REfi tm HEX CCWUERSION U^.
428 F-Eh
43fi TEMPB=BYTE = BYTE= IHK B'-iTE/ 1 6 H 1
448 ^€yBYTE*( 1 ■ 1 )=HEXCH=iiR:?( BYTE ■ BYTb >
458 BYTE=( TEr1PB-( BYTE-1 )*16 )+l
468 HEME: YTE*( 2 . 2 )=hEXCHAR$( BYTE . BYTE )
476 BYTE=TErPB ■- RE i UkH
4'dy FiEn
490 REM tU ^^!JMDEP Cu^?JEPSIO^^ ■?**
588 Fei
510 TF'RP 638= IF HE>=;HL!rt*< 1 ,rK>''$" THEN G
OTO 620
520 HE ■•=;i-<L!ri-J-HE>=:HnM*( 2 ?
538 IF LErXHEyNUM$>=3 THEH HEXNUm(4)=HE
XHiJri$< 3 ) = HEKNUM$( 1-. 3 )=HEy?^UM*( 2.2) = HE>=HU
m(. 2. 2 )=HEMMijri$f L 1 ;■ = FEXNUfifC 1 . i >="3"
540 IF LEH(HEXHUM^==2 THEN HEXNUm(4)=v€
Xl'JUf1t< 2 ) = HEKNUm( 3.- 3 >=H£XNUh*( 1 . H = HEKf^U
m'::i.-2)="80"
558 IF LEN(HEMHUMf)=l Ti^N HEXHUM*( 4 >=hE
?=M!rt$( 1 ) = HEXHUM*< 1 . 3 )=^'8y0"
560 IF ASKHEXHUMtd.. l)j>64 1\&\ HEXNUm
a A )=CHR$< ASC< HEK^^•JMt( 1.1) )-7 )
570 IF A9C(HEXMJ[«(2..2))>64 THEN HEJ-MUMJ
( 2.. 2 )=CHR*( hSC< HEXNUi1$( 2.2) )-7 )
5S0_IF ASC(HEKHUrm3.3))>64 THEN ^XNUM?
(3.- i )=CHRI( ASC( HEXNUi'tIC 3j 3 ) )-7 )
590 IF RSC(HEXHUH*(4.^))>64'Tr€H HEXHUfl*
(4^4 ;:i=ri4!;;$i:; c^x HEX NUitK 4 .• 4 ) )-7 )
680 BVTE=( ASCf HEXt^UMf ( 4.4) )-4S )+ 16:=i:( ASC(
i^y KJUM*;; 3,3) )-49 )+25b*( ASC( HEXNUrS( 2.2))
-49 ;:i+4yQi5:i( pgrf HEXHU'"t?=' \ ■ 1 ) )-48 )
610 TRAP 48000= RETURN
620 TRAP 638 = BYTE=UAL(HEXHUM$) = GOTO 618
630 OJSUB 3 j8 = BYTE=- 1 = GOTO 618
648 REM
650 REM tU DISK F£AD''ll?ITE wM-
660 REM
670 RESTORE SE8:FC«; K=l TO 68 = READ Q=SEC
TRW*( K. K )^ikmi Q) = re=T K = RETURN
6£€i L^TA 104. 184.. 134.. 281 .. oJ. 169.- S2. 144
690 DATA 2 .. 1 69 .. S7 . 72 .. 1 69 .. 0 . 72 .. 1 69
700 DATA 1 . 72; 169. 8. 72. 169. 128. 72
710 DATA 169. 6. 72. 72. 184. 184. 141 . 5
728 DATA 3 . 184 . 141 . 4 . 3 . 1 84 . 1 94 . 1 4 1
738 DA I A 1 . J. 184. 194. 141 .2.: 3; 184
740 DrTA 141 . 11.3. 184. 141. 18. 3.32
750 DATA S3. 22S. 173. 3. 3. 133. 212. 169
768 DATA 9. 133. 213. '56
778 F:EM
780 REM tU DISPLAY SECTOR n:^.
798 m\
808 B'TTE=IbJT( SECHUM/25G ) = ? CHR-|( 125 )
810 ? "SECTOF- # = "jSECKUM;
y20 V " (*"= =G!r:;UB 379
830 BYTE=SEeMJM-256*INT( SECNUn'^2t)6 )
E^0 GK.'JB 378 = ? '"')"
858 IF DFiJF:m~"H" THEN GOTO 878
868 X=liSR( ADR( hhMCHAR* ) . 1536+128 ) = RETURN
870 X=USR( i^R< MEMHEXf ) . 1536+ 1 SS ) = RETURN
888 FBI
898 REM tU READ SECTOR tU
980 RiM
910 X=iJSR( ADR( SECTR14* ) .= 32 . SECNUM )
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTEI
161
926 IF X=l T^€H 958
930 Pa5ITim 2.. 19
940 ? "mVl READ SECTOR ";^CHI11.!"!"
950 RETURN
960 REM
970 REM m. DISFIAV f€f1 IH HEX Ut
980 REM
990 DIM riEMHEXt<122)
1000 RESTORE 1010= FOR K=l TO 122= READ Q=
ftmEK$< K .. K )=CHR$( Q ;■ = tEKT K = RETURN
1010 DATA 194.. 164.. 133.. 229.. 104. 133.. 2213. 16
9
1020 DATA 0,72.. 104. 72. 16.7. 169. 155
1030 DATA 32. 164.. 246. 104.96.. 169. 155.32
1040 DATA 164. 246. 164. 72. 74. 74. 74. 74
1050 DATA 291 . 13.43.2. 195. 6. 185. 43
1060 DATA 32. 164. 246. 164. 72. 41 . 15. 2-01
1070 DATA 10. 48. 2. 185 . 6. 105. 43. 32
1080 DATA 164. 246. 169. 32. 32. 164. 246. 169
1090 DATA 32.32; 164.246. 104.72. 168. 177
1100 DATA 22E!. 74. 74. 74. 74. 201. 10.48
1 110 DATA 2. 105. 6. 105. 4S. 32. 164. 246
1 12*0 DATA 184. 72. 168. 177. 228. 41 . 15. 281
1130 DATA 18.48.2.105.6.105.48.32
1140 DATA 164.246.169.32.32.164.246.104
1150 DATA 24.105.1.72.41.7.208.284
1160
1170
1180
tu
1190
1200
1210
teici
1228
9
1230
1248
1 C-JKJ
12*60
1270
12"80
1290
DATA 248.144
REM
R£h -^M DISPLAY [Bl IH CHAR FORMAT
REM
DIM MBCHARI<122>
RESTORE 1220= FOR K=l TO 122= READ Q=
:HAR$': K . K y^mU Q > = bEXT K = RETURN
DATA 194. 184. 133. 229.. 104. 133. 223. 16
1310
1320
1330
1340
1360
1370
DATA 0.-72. 184.72. 16..7. 169. 155
DATA 32. 164.246. 104.96. 169. 155.32
DATA 164. 246. 184. 72. 74. 74. 74.74
DATA 281 . 18. 48.2. 185. 6. 105. 4S
DATA 32. 164.246. 104.72.41. 15.201
DATA 18. 48.. 2. 185. 6. 185 . 48. 32
DATA 164. 246. 169. 32. 32. 164. 246^169
DATA 32.- 32. 164. 246. 169. 1 . 141 . 2d4
DATA 2. 104.^ 72. 168. 177.- 228. 281 . 155
DATA 293. 1 1 ; 169. 0. 141 . 254 . 2. 169
DATA 219.- 133. 93. 169. 31 . 32. 164. 246
DATA 169 .• 32 . 32 . 1 64. 246 . 1 69 . 32. 32
DATA 164. 246 . 169. 8. 141 . 254 . 2. 184
DATA 24 . 1 85 . 1 . 72 .41.7. 288 . 284
DATA 248. 144
SQiiltSiRi
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Variable stress, pitch and volume let your Apple ask
questions or make exclamations while also allowing
for optimal quality. Speech can easily be added to
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The applications of synthesized speech are limited
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The ECHO ][ Speech Synthesizer comes complete with
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Suggested list price is $225.
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STREET ELECTRONICS
CORPORATION
3152 E. La Palma Ave., Suite D
Anaheim, CA 92806
(714)632-9950
March, 1982, Issue 22
COMPUTEI
163
Apple
Addresses
Bill Grimm
Mountain View, CA
The Apple 11 uses ilvree types of addressing de-
l>ciiding upon the huiguage being used. Apple s
machine language uses hexadecimal addresses in
die range from SOOOO lc> SFFFF. lis Floating Point
BASIC language uses decimal addresses in the
range from 0 to 65535. Its Integer BASIC uses
decimal addresses in the range from 0 to 32767 to
-32767 to -L This means that, if you wani lo address
a particular memory location, you must choose the
correct address lor the language you aie using.
Since I program in all three langtiages and my
references are a mixture Irom all three, I needed
an address cross-reference program. So I wrote
*' Apple Addrcs.ses.'
'\\pple Addresses" can l>e used *'as is" to con-
vert one language's address to another's, and to
give the high and low byte values which need to be
[joked into a BASIC program to store that address.
Alternatively, you could extract the subroutines in
Apj>le Addresses which convert between hex and
tlccitnal numbers and insert them in your own
program. See the last paragraph of this article for
more details.
The program begins bv asking tire user which
of the six possible conversions he would like to
make. This is followed by a request to select the
way the results of the conversions are to be dis-
played. There are fotu' possible displays:
1. single conversions displayed on the monitor
one at a time.
2. Single conversions printed out on a Silentype
printer"^ one at a time.
3. a range of conversions displayed on the
monitor.
4. a range of conversions printed out on a
Silentype printer '=\
*With slighi prngrani nKjdifu:auons other pi iiUt'is tontd
t:»c used.
Subroutines
"Apple Addresses" makes extensive use of subrou-
tines. This helps in organizing the program as w^ell
as making it shorter and easier to debug. I he
controlling or EXFCutive routine is called Apple
Addresses - Exec. It starts on line 100 and goes to
line 310. Since a picture is worth a thousand words,
I made what I call a ballooti diagram (Figure 1) to
show how^ data flows through the program. These
are the conveiuions I used to make the diagram;
1. Each balloon repre.sents a subroutine. Fhe
name of the subroutine and the line numbers
where it is located are placed in the balloon.
2. Data flows through a subroutine in the
direction of the arrows on the outside of the
balloon.
3. Data (lows belween subroutines in the direc-
tion ol tlie arrows on ihc sitings,
4. If conditions are placed on what data flows
throtigh a subioutine, these conditions are
written in along the strings.
As an additional aid for imderstanding how
the program works I have included the following
variable descriptions list:
A( ) — each A(I) holds the decimal equivalent
value of the Uh hexadecimal numeral in the
hex lunnbcr being created from a decimal
number — appropriate numbers are then
added to convert these to ASCII codes.
A$( ) — holds the characters represented by
the ASCII codes in A().
(U-IOICE^ — holds the number of the conver-
sion chosen — see lines 1 20 lo 1 78.
DVL — holds the decimal value of the number
being converted — may be either FP or INT
decimal.
DVES — is the string equivalent of DVL and is
used in the output routines.
FLAG — if flag = 1 then an invalid number
was entered and the program returns to get a
new number.
FRST — holds the FP Basic address equivalent
of the lowest address in the selected range.
FRST$ — holds the smallest address chosen —
this add I ess is then processed and stored
in FRS I .
H VL$ — holds the hex number selected or
the hex number resulting from the conversion
— if no hex ntnnbers are involved then it
holds the converted decimal num!)er.
LS r — holds the FP Basic address equivalent
of the largest address in the selected range.
LSI S — holds the largest address chosen —
this address is then processed and stored
in LST.
N — holds the decimal ecjthvalent of each hex
numeral in a hex number being converted to a
decimal number.
PHI9? — holds the number that would be
poked into the high byte when placing the
add I ess into memoi \ .
164
COMPUTE!
March. 1982, Issue 22
PLO% — holds the number that would be
poked into the low l>yie when placing the
address into rneniory,
POK — holds the address Iroin which PL09c
and PHlSt are derived.
SELECT — holds the type ol" output selected
— see hnes 402 to 470.
STP — holds t hr positive decimal siepijing
interval chosen.
STPS — holds die stepping interval t hosen
which is later c hanged and stored in SIP,
TB — the horizontal tab valtie desired.
TN — liolds the intermediate numbers otihe
decimal adtlress that is being converted into a
hex address.
VTB — used to control the vertical tabbing ot
the monitor output.
Some Suggestions
1 have lound that tlie easiest wav to del>ug a pro-
Figure 1: Balloon Diagram
gram wliile 1 am entering it is to llrst type in the
exec: program. 1 hen, if I place return statements
at all the branching locations, I can check tlie EXEC
lor bugs. Once the EXEC is free ol bugs, I add one
subioiuine at a time in the order that the EXEC
uses them, checking ior bugs as 1 go.
If you have a need for subroutines which
convert munliers from hex to decimal or from
decimal to hex, two subroutines in this progiam
may be of help. The first is called '^decimal to hex
converter" (lines 42 to 50). 4 he- input to this routine
is IN w hit h must hold a posiiiv c decimal number
<6r)r):^(>. l he output is H VLS whicli holds the hex
ec|uivalent to ihr number in 1*\. 14ie second is
called "tonveri hex to IN Tor FP decimal' (lines
lOOOto l()r>()). Ehe input to this routine is HVL$
winch must hold a hex number < — SFFFFand
choice. If ( hoite = 1 I hen \ou get the j^ositive
dec imal etjuivalent. Otherwise vou g( ( Int BASIC s
ec|uivalent. Fhe output is a decimal number in 1)\'F.
10 GOTO TOO
12 IF CHOICE < 3 THEN IN$ -= STP$ : GOSDB 1000: STP
100D:I-ST = DVL;IN$ « FRST$: GOSOB lOOOiFRST ^
= DVL:IN$ « LST$:
DVL: GOTO 16
GOSUB
March. 1932. Issue 22 COMPUTEI ^^
14 STP = VAL {STP$):LST = VAL (I^T$):FRST = VAL (FRST$)
16 VTB = 7:TB = 1: IF SELECT ^ 4 THEN GOSUB 3100: POKE - 12526,83: PRi
1: PRINT : PRINT "CONVERTING FROM " ; : ON CHOICE GOSUB 76,78,80,82,84
,86: POKE - 12526,80
18 XF LST < 0 THEN LST = LST + 65536: IF FRST < 0 THEN FRST = FRST + 655
36
19 FOR DVh = FRST TO I^T STEP STP: IF CHOICE < > 4 OR CHOICE < > 6 THEN
TN = DVL: GOSUB 42
20 IF CHOICE >= 3 AND DVL > 32767 OR CHOICE = 4 AND DVL > 32767 OR CHOICE
= 2 AND DVL > 32767 OR CHOICE r. 6 AND DVL > 32767 THEN DVL = DVL -
65536
22 IF CHOICE = 4 THEN HVL? = STR$ (DVL): IF DVL < 0 THEN HVL$ = STR^ (
DVL + 65536)
24 IF CHOICE = 6 THEN HVL$ = STR$ (DVL): IF DVL < 0 THEN DVL = DVL + 65
536
26 GOSUB 92
28 IF SELECT = 4 THEN GOSUB 52: GOTO 32
30 GOSUB 62
32 IF DVL < 0 THEN DVL ^ DVL + 65536
34 NEXT DVL: IF SELECT = 4 THEN PRINT : PRi 0
36 RETURN
42 HVL$ = "": FOR I = 4 TO 1 STEP - 1:A(5 - I) = INT (TN / (16 * (I - 1
)J):TN - TN ^ (A(5 - I) * (16 «* (I - 1))): NEXT I
44 FOR I = 1 TO 4: IF A(I) < 10 THEN A(I) = A(I) + 48: GOTO 46
46 A(I) = A(I) + 55
48 A$(I) = CHR$ (A(IJ):HVL$ = HVL$ + A$(I): NEXT I
50 RETURN
52 DVL$ = STR$ (DVL): IF CHOICE < 3 TH^J 58
54 PRJHT SPC( 6 - LEN (DVL?) );DVL$; : IF CHOICE - 5 OR CHOICE ^ 3 THEN
PRINT ->$-;HVLSj SPC( 1);: GOTO 59
56 PRIHT ■>■; SPC( 6 - LM (HVL$ ) ) ; HVL$; : GOTO 59
58 PRIHT ■ S-; SPC( 4 - LQ* {HVL$) );HVL$;*>" ; SPC( 6 - LQJ (DVL$));DVL
$r
59 PRINT SPC( 9 - LTO ( PLO$ ) ) ; PLO$ ; SPC( 14 - LEN (PHI$) ) ;PHIS; :TB =
TB + 39: IF TB > 42 OR SELECT - 2 OHEN T© = 1 : PRINT
60 lETAB TB: IF TB = 40 THEN PRINT SPC( 3)j
61 RETURN
62 RQ4
63 DVL$ = STR$ (DVL): VTAB VTB: HTAB TB: IF CHOICE < 3 THEN 68
64 PRINT SPC( 6 - LEK (DVL$ ) ) ;DVL$; : IF CHOICE = 5 OR CHOICE « 3 THEN
PRINT ">$'";HVL$j SPC( 2);: GOTO 70
66 PRINT ">•; SPC( 6 - LEN ( HVL? ) ) ; HVL$ ; SPCC 1);: GOTO 70
68 PRINT "$0000>"r: HTAB TB + 5 - LEN (HVL$): PRINT HVL$; : HTAB TB + 1 2
- LEN (DVLS): PRINT DVL?; SPC( 2)j
70 PRINT SPC( 8 - LEN ( PLO? ) ) ; PLO$ j SPC( 14 - LEW (PHI? ) ) ?PHI$: VTB =
VTB + 1: IF VTB > 23 THEN HTAB 3: INPUT -PRESS <RETURN> TO CLEAR SO
REEN-jIN?: HOME :VTB = 6:TB = 1: GOTO 72
71 GOTO 74
72 IF IN? = "Q" THEN POP : GOTO 100
73 IF SELECT = 3 THEN VTB = 7
74 RETURN
76 PRINT "HEX TO FP DECIMAL": GOSUB 88: RETURN
78 PRINT "HEX TO INT DECIMAL": GOSUB 88: REItlRN
80 PRINT "INT DECIMAL TO HEX": GOSUB 88: RETURN
82 PRINT "INT DECIMAL TO FP DECIMAL": GOSUB 88: RETURN
84 PRINT "FP DECIMAL TO HEX": GOSUB 88: RETURN
86 PRINT "FP DECIMAL TO INT DECIMAL": GOSUB 88: RETURN
88 IF SELECT «= 2 THEN PRINT : PRINT " CONVERSION POKE LO BYTE POKE H
I BYTE": RETURN
^^ COMPUTE! Mg rcM982. Issue 22
89 PRINT : PRINT * CONVERSION POKE UO BYTE POKE HI BYTE CONVERSION
POKE IX> BYTE POKE HI BYTE": RETURN
92 POK « DVL; IF POK < O THEN POK « POK + 65536
94 PH1% - POK / 256:PJLO% = POK - PHI% * 256
96 PHI$ « STR$ (PHI%):PIX>$ « STR$ (PUO%>: RETURN
100 POKE ^ 16298,0: TEXT : HOME iFLAG ^ O
110 VTAB 7
120 PRINT • 1, CONVERT HEX ADDRESSES TO FP BASIC": PRINT
130 PRINT ■ 2. CONVERT HEX ADDRESSES TO INT BASIC: PRINT
135 PRINT " 3. CONVERT INT BASIC ADDRESSES TO HEX": PRINT
140 PRINT " 4. CONVERT INT BASIC ADDRESSES TO FP" : PRINT
150 PRINT ■ 5. CONVERT FP BASIC ADDRESSES TO HEX" t PRINT
160 PRINT " 6, CONVERT Fp BASIC ADDRESSES TO INT": PRINT
162 PRINT " ?• QUIT": PRINT
165 PRINT : PRINT "NOTE: ENTERING A 'Q' AT ANY POINT RETURNS
YOU TO THIS KENU,"
170 VTAB 4: INPUT "CHOOSE ONE:";IN$
175 IF IN$ = "7" THEN 9000
178 CHOICE = VAL ( IN$ ) : IF CHOICE < 1 OR CHOICE > 6 THEN 100
180 GOSOB 450: GOSUB 460: HOME : VTAB 1: HTAB 13: ON SELECT GOTO 190,195
,200,210
190 PRINT ": SINGLE ENTRY : MONITOR": GOTO 220
195 PRINT ": SINGLE ENTRY : PRINTER": GOTO 220
200 PRINT ": RANGE ENTRY : MONITOR": GOTO 220
210 PRINT ": RANGE EN!mY : PRINTER"
220 BOME : IF SELECT < 3 TFTEN PRINT "ENTER NUMBER": GOTO 250
230 KOHT "FIRST NUMBER";: HEAB 22: PRINT "lAST NtMBER"
240 PRINT "STEPPING INTERVAL"
250 FDR I ^ 0 TO 39: PRINT CHRS (45)?: NEXT Ir PRINT ■ CONVERSION POK
E I/) BYTE POKE HI BYTE": POKE 34,6: IF SELECT < 3 THEN POKE 34,5
260 BONE
280 CNT - 0:TB « 1 :VTB = 7: IF SELECT < 3 Tfrva^ VTB = 6
290 GOSOB 800
300 ON >SELBCT GOSUB 3200,3200,12,12: XF SELECT < 3 THEN 290
310 VTAB 24: HTAB 5: CALL ^ 868: INPUT "PRESS <RErURN> TO CONTINUE, "; IN
$: GOTO 100
450 BOME : HTAB 4: ON CHOICE GOSUB 452,456,458,455,454,457: FOR I = 0 TO
39: PRINT CHR$ C45);: NEXT I: POKE 34, 2r RETURN
452 PRINT ■HEX->FP": RETURN
454 PRINT "FP->HEX": P.ETURH
455 PRINT "INT->FP": RETURN
456 PRINT -HEX->INT ": RETURN
457 PRINT "FP-> INT": RETURN
458 PRINT ■INT->HEX": RETURN
460 SOME : VTAB 8
462 PRINT - U SINGLE ENTRY ^ MONITOR OUTPUT": PRINT
463 PRINT ■ 2, SINGLE ENTRY - PRINTER OUTPUT": PRINT
464 PRINT " 3. RANGE ENTRY - MONITOR OUTPDT"; PRINT
466 PRINT - 4. RANGE INTRY - PRINTER OOTPOT" : PRINT
468 VTAB 6: INPUT "CHOOSE ONE:";IN$: IF IN$ = "QP" THIM POP : GOTO 100
470 SELECT = VAL { IN$ )
472 IF SELECT < 1 OR SELECT > 4 THEN 460
474 RETURN
500 FOR I = 1 TO LEN (IN$): IF ASC ( MID$ {IN$,I,1)) > 70 OR ASC ( HIDS
{IN$,I,1)) < 48 THEN 520
510 IF ASC ( MID$ {IN$,I,1)> > 57 AND ASC ( MID? (IN$,I,1)) < 65 THEN 520
512 NEXT I: RETURN
520 FLAG = 1 : RETURN
700 FOR I = 1 TO LEN ( IN$ )
MaTcM98Z Issue 22
COMPUTEI ''^^
705 IF ASC ( HID$ (IN$,I)) > 57 OR. ASC ( MID$ ( IN$ , I ) ) < 48 THEN 710
709 NEXT I: RETURN
710 FLAG = 1 : RETURN
800 IF SELECT > 2 THEN 815
805 VTAB 3: HTAB 13: CALL - 868: GOSUB 950: IF FLAG = 1 THEN FLAG = 0: GOTO
805
eiO GOTO 835
815 VTAB 3: HTAB 13: POKE 33,21: CALL - 868: GOSUB 950;FRST$ = IN$ : POKE
33,40: IF FLAG == 1 THEN FLAG = 0: GOTO 815
820 VTAB 3; HTAB 33: CALL - 868: GOSUB 950:LST$ = IN$: IF FLAG - 1 THEN
FLAG = 0; GOTO 820
825 VTAB 4: HTAB 18: CALL - 868: GOSUB 950:STP$ = IN$ : IF DVL < 0 THEN
FLAG = 1
830 IF FLAG = 1 THEN FLAG = 0: GOTO 825
835 RETURN
950 IF CHOICE > 2 THEN 970
955 INPUT ■=$'';IN$: IF IN$ = " Q" THEN POP : POP : GOTO 100
957 IF IN$ - "" THEN FLAG - 1: GOTO 995
960 IF LEN (IN$) > 4 THEN FLAG = 1: GOTO 995
965 GOSUB 500: GOTO 995
970 INPUT " = -;IN$: IF IN$ = " Q' THEN POP : POP : GOTO 100
972 IF IN$ = "" THEN FLAG = 1; GOTO 995
975 IF CHOICE < 5 AND VAL ( IN$ ) < - 32767 THEN FLAG = 1: GOTO 995
977 IF CHOICE < 5 AND VAL ( IN$ ) > 32767 THEN FLAG = 1: GOTO 995
980 IF CHOICE > 4 AND VAL ( IN$ ) < 0 THEN FLAG = 1: GOTO 995
983 IF CHOICE > 4 AND VAL ( IN$ ) > 65535 THEN FLAG = 1: GOTO 995
985 DVL = VAL ( IN$ ) : IF DVL < 0 THEN IN$ = MID$ (IN$,2): GOSUB 700: INS =
STRS (DVL + 65536) ; GOTO 995
990 GOSUB 700
995 RETURN
1000 HVL? = IN$
1010 DVL = 0: FOR I = 1 TO LEN ( IN$ ) : IF ASC ( MID? CIN$,I,1)) > 64 THEN
N = ASC ( MID$ {IN$,I,1)) - 55
1018 IF ASC ( MID$ (IN$,I,1)) < 64 THEN N = ASC ( MID$ (IN$,I,1)) - 48
1020 DVl' = DVL + N * 16 ® ( LEN (IN$) - I): NEXT I
1030 IF CHOICE = 1 THEN 1050
1040 IF DVL > 32767 THEN DVL = DVL - 65536
1050 RETURN
3100 FOR I = 1 TO 7
3110 J = - 16384 + 256 * I
3120 IF PEEK (J + 23) = 201 AND PEEK (J + 55) ^ 207 AND PEEK (J + 76)
= 234 THEN RETURN
3130 NEXT I
3140 HOME : VTAB 10: PRINT "NO SILENTYPE PRINTER INSTALLED.": PRINT "SEL
ECTION ABORTED!": FOR K = 1 TO 3000: NEXT K: POP : RETURN
3200 IF CHOICE < 3 THEN GOSUB 1000: GOSUB 92: GOSUB 62; GOTO 3230
3210 IF CHOICE = 3 OR CHOICE = 5 THEN 1^ = VAL (IN$): GOSUB 42: GOSUB 9
2: GOSUB 62: GOTO 3230
3220 HVL? = IN$: IF CHOICE = 6 AND VAL ( IN$ ) > 32767 THEN HVL? ^ STR$ (
DVL - 65536)
3225 GOSUB 92: GOSUB 62
3230 IF SELECT = 2 AND CNT = 0 TOEN GOSUB 3100: POKE - 12526,83: PR# 1
: PRINT : PRINT "CONVERTING FROM " ; : ON CHOICE GOSOB 76,78,80,82,84,
86: CNT = CNT + 1
3240 IF SELECT = 2 THEN PR# 1: GOSOB 52: PR# 0
3250 RETURN
9000 POKE - 16300,0: POKE - 16298,0: TEXT : CALL » 936: POKE - 16368
, 0: END
168
COMPUTEJ
March. 1982, Issue 22
More VIC Maps
Jim Butterfield
TorontQ Canada
Editors iVofe: For more, seejuns VIC maps in last
month's issue. COMPUTEi #20. — RTM
lt\s interesting to look at the innards olLlae VK^ In
some ways, it's much like the PET/CBM and many
things are qtiiie recognizable. But new things have
crept in, too: some are associated with new features
such as color, others are there to implement
advanced ideas such as an improved INPUT state-
ment. Inner-space explorers will recognize many
familiar landmarks.
The most noticeable new feature is the massive
tables of vectors and links that have been imple-
mented in page three. In hopes of explaining
things better, I am using the terms rather carefully.
Both vectors and links are addresses in RAM. An
advanced application |)rogram can use these ad-
dresses, or even change them; and tliis gives the
VIC remarkable piogramming ilexibility. The
term "Link'' is used when the address is normally
used to connect adjacent code; in this case, it doesn't
affect tlie progiam flow until the link is broken
with a new addiess. A vector, on the other liand, is
used as a jump point, and the normal program
jumps somewhere else through the vectt>r. In
other words, a ROM program hits a link point and
normally keeps going; it hits a vector point and
branches.
I wish Commodore had chosen to keep VIC
add I esses compatible with those in the PET/CBM.
If they had done so» many programs would have
been portable between machines with no co<:ling
changes at all. But that's wishful tliinking and,
since many things are still the same style, it's not a
serious hardship to trim up the PEEK and POKE
addresses for transfer U) the VIC.
1 have inserted the "normal" address contents
of inany of the link.s/vectois in the brackets behind
the description; ihey may not be valid for cinrent
machines, but a serious user can easily PEEK them
himself.
The input and output ports are somewhat
congested. There are almost as many I/O bits avail-
able as on the PE 17CBM, but extra features such as
joysticks and RS232 have caused a bit of a crunch.
The Video Interface Chip (VIC) itself is a
remarkable piece of electronics. I hope m) chart
helps; but a full description can only be obtained in
Commodore's technical reference,
I haven't nt>ted the standard Jump Table in
this map. Near the top of both the PET and the
VIC are a series of standard locations to allow
inputting, ouiputting, checking tlie stop key, and
other jobs. Users familiar with their use in the
PET/CBM will be pleased to know^ that the jtmip
Table is exactly the same in the VIC. All of the old
favorites, such as FFD2 for PRINT and FFE4 for
GET are still there.
Beginners shouldiTt be scared by the mass of
technical detail given here. The VIC can be tised
effectively without any of this information. But for
those who love to tinker with the innards of the
machine, there's a lifetime of experimental PEEK-
ing and POKEing to be done; this map will help
direct vour efforts.
VIC Zero Page Memory Map
Hex
Decimal
0000-
.0002
0-2
0003-
• 0004
3-4
0005-
■0006
5-6
OOOT
7
0008
8
0009
9
OOOA
10
OOOB
11
OOOC
12
OOOD
13
OOOE
14
OOOF
15
0010
16
0011
17
0012
18
0013
19
0014-
-0015
20-21
Description
USR jump
Float-Fixed vector
Fixed -Float vector
Search character
Scan-quotes flag
TAB column save
0=LOAD, 1= VERIFY
Input buffer pointer/// subscrpt
Default DIM flag
Type: FF=string, 00=numeric
Type: 80=:integer, OO^floating point
DATA scan/LIST quote/memry flag
Subscript/FNx flag
0=INPUT;$40=GET;$98=READ
ATN sign/Comparison eval flag
Current I/O prompt flag
Integer value
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i70 COMPUTE! March. 1982 Issue 22
0016 22 Pointer: temporary strg stack
0017-001« 23-24 Last temp string vector
0019-0021 25-33 Stack for temporary strings
0022-0025 34-37 Utility pointer area
0026-002A 38-42 Product area for multiplication
002B-002C 43-44 Pointer: Start-of-Basic
00 2D-002E 45-45 Pointer: Start- of- Variables
002F-0030 47-48 Pointer: Start-of-Arrays
0031-0032 49-50 Pointer: End-of-Arrays
0033-0034 51-52 Pointer: Str ing-stor age(moving down)
0035-0036 53-54 Utility string pointer
0037-0038 55-56 Pointer: Limit-of-memory
0039-003A 57-58 Current Basic line number
003B-003C 59-60 Previous Basic line number
0O3D-OO3E 61-62 Pointer: Basic statement for CONT
003F-0040 63-64 Current DATA line number
0041-0042 65-66 Current DATA address
0043-0044 67-68 Input vector
0045-0046 69-70 Current variable name
0047-0048 71-72 Current variable address
0049-004A 73-74 Variable pointer for FOR/NEXT
004B-004C 75-76 Y-save; op-save; Basic pointer save
004D 77 Comparison symbol accumulator
004E-0053 78-83 Misc work area, pointers, etc
0054-0056 84-86 Jump vector for functions
0057-0060 87-96 Misc numeric work area
0061 97 Accum#1: Exponent
0062-0065 98-101 Accum#1: Mantissa
0066 102 Accum#1: Sign
0067 103 Series evaluation constant pointer
0068 104 Accum//1 hi-order (overflow)
0069-006E 105-110 Accum#2: Exponent, etc,
OO6F 111 Sign comparison, Acc#1 vs #2
0070 112 Accum#1 lo-order (rounding)
0071-0072 113-114 Cassette buff len/Series pointer
0073-008A 115-138 CHRGET subroutine; get Basic char
007A-007B 122-123 Basic pointer (within subrtn)
008B-008F 139-143 RND seed value
0090 144 Status word ST
0091 145 Keyswitch PIA: STOP and RVS flags
0092 146 Timing constant for tape
0093 147 Load^O, Verify=1
0094 148 Serial output: deferred char flag
0095 149 Serial deferred character
0096 150 Tape EOT received
0097 151 Register save
0098 152 How many open files
0099 153 Input device, normally 0
009A 154 Output CMD device, normally 3
009B 155 Tape character parity
009c 156 Byte-received flag
009D 157 Direct=$80/RUN=0 output control
009E 158 Tp Pass 1 error log/char buffer
009F 159 Tp Pass 2 err log corrected
00AO-O0A2 160-162 Jiffy Clock HML
00A3 163 Serial bit count/EOI flag
March, 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTil
171
00 A4
00A5
00A6
00A7
00A8
00A9
OOAA
OOAB
OOAC.
OOAE.
OOBO
00B2
00B4
00B5
00 B6
00B7
00B8
00B9
OOBA
OOBB
OOBD
OOBE
00 BF
OOCO
00C1
00C3
00C5
00C6
00C7
00C8
00C9
OOCB
oocc
OOCD
OOCE
OOCF
OODO
00D1
00D3
0004
00D5
00D6
00D7
00D8
00D9
00F1
00F2
00F3
OOFS
00F7
00F9
OOFF
00 AD
00 AF
■ 00B1
■0033
-OOBC
• 0UC2
•00C4
-00 CA
-00D2
-OOFO
■00F4
■00F6
.00F8
■OOFA
010A
164 Cycle count
165 Countdown, tape write/bit count
166 Tape buffer pointer
167 Tp Wrt Idr count/Rd pass/inbit
168 Tp Wrt new byte/Rd error/inbit cnt
169 Wrt start bit/Rd bit err/stbit
170 Tp Scan ;Cnt ;Ld;End/byte assy
171 Wr lead length/Rd checksum/parity
172-173 Pointer: tape bufr, scrolling
174-175 Tape end adds/End of program
176-177 Tape timing constants
178-179 Pntr: start of tape buffer
180 1=Tp timer enabled; bit cnt
181 Tp E0T/RS232 next bit to send
182 Read character error/outby te buf
183 # characters in file name
184 Current logical file
185 Current secndy address
186 Current device
187-188 Pointer to file name
189 Wr shift word/Rd input char
190 # blocks remaining to Wr/Rd
191 Serial word buffer
192 Tape motor interlock
193-194 I/O start adds
195-196 Kernel setup pointer
197 Last key pressed
198 # chars in keybd buffer
199 Screen reverse flag
200 End-of-line for input pointer
201-202 Input cursor log (row, column)
203 Which key: 64 if no key
204 0=flash cursor
205 Cursor timing countdown
206 Character under cursor
207 Cursor in blink phase
208 Input from screen/from keyboard
209-210 Pointer to screen line
211 Position of cursor on above line
212 Ordirect cursor, else programmed
213 Current screen line length
214 Row where curosr lives
215 Last inkey/checksum/buf fer
216 # of INSERTS outstanding
217-240 Screen line link table
241 Dummy screen link
242 Screen row marker
243-244 Screen color pointer
245-246 Keyboard pointer
247-248 RS-232 Rev pntr
249-250 RS-232 Tx pntr
256-266 Floating to ASCII work area
[Additional VIC Maps appeimd in OOfA?\SW.,J(numn
1 982, #20, pgs. IS I -3.— Ed]
172
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
FF8A-FFF5 65418-65525 Jump Tabler Including:
FFC6 - Set Input channel
FFC9 - Set Output channel
FFCC - Restore default I/O channels
FFCF - INPUT
FFD2 - PRINT
FFEl - Test Stop key
FFE4 - GET
cOOO
ROM control vectors
cble
Print message from (y^a)
cOOc
Keyword
action vectors
cb3b
Print format character
c052
Function
vectors
cb4d
Bad" input routines
c080
Operator
vectors
cb7b
Perform [GET]
c09e
Keywords
cba5
Perform [INPUT#]
cl9e
Error messages
cbbf
Perform [INPUT]
c328
Error message vectors
cbf9
Prompt & input
C365
Miscellaneous messages
cc06
Perform [READ]
c38a
Scan stack for FOR/GOSUB
ccfc
Input error messages
c3b8
Move memory
cdle
Perform [NEXT]
c3fb
Check stack depth
cd78
Type-match check
c408
Check memory space
cd9e
Evaluate expression
c435
'OUT OF
MEMORY'
cea8
Constant - PI
c437
Error routine
cefl
Evaluate within brackets
c469
Break en
try
cef7
Check for M '
c474
'READY. ■
ceff
Check for comma
c480
Ready for Basic
cf08
Syntax error
c49c
Handle new line
cfl4
Check range
c533
Re-chain
lines
cf28
Search for variable
c560
Receive
input line
cfa7
Set up FN reference
c579
Crunch tokens
cfe6
Perform [OR]
c613
Find Basic line
cfe9
Perform [AND]
c642
Perform
[NEW]
d016
Compare
c65e
Perform
[CLR]
d081
Perform [DIM]
c68e
Back up
text pointer
d08b
Locate variable «
c69c
Perform
[LIST]
dll3
Check alphabetic
C742
Perform
[FOR]
dlld
Create variable
c7ed
Execute
Statement
dl94
Array pointer subroutine
c81d
Perform
[RESTORE]
dlaS
Value 32768
c82c
Break
dlb2
Float-fixed conversion
c82f
Perform
[STOP]
dldl
Set up array
c831
Perform
[END]
d245
*BAD SUBSCRIPT'
c857
Perform
[CONT]
d248
* ILLEGAL QUANTITY'
c871
Perform
[RUN]
d34c
Compute array size
c883
Perform
[GO SUB]
d37d
Perform [FRE] '
c8aO
Perform
[GOTO]
d391
Fixed-float conversion ^
c8d2
Perform
[RETURN]
d39e
Perform [POS]
c8f8
Perform
[DATA]
d3a6
Check direct
c906
Scan for
■ next statement
d3b3
Perform [DEF]
c928
Perform
[IF]
d3el
Check FN syntax «
c93b
Perform
[REM]
d3f4
Perform [FN]
c94b
Perform
[ON]
d465
Perform [STR$]
c96b
Get fixed point number
d475
Calculate string vector
c9a5
Perform
[LET]
d487
Set up string
ca80
Perform
[ PRINT #]
d4f4
Make room for string
ca86
Perform
[CMD]
d526
Garbage collection
caaO
Perform
[PRINT]
dSbd
Check salvageability
March. 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTE!
d606
Collect string
dfed
d63cl
Concatenate
e040
d67a
Build string to memory
e056
d6a3
Discard unwanted string
e094
d6db
Clean descriptor stack
e0f6
d6ec
Perform [CHR$]
el27
d700
Perform [LEFT$I
el53
d72c
Perform [RIGHT$]
el62
d73 7
Perform [MID$I
el65
d761
Pull string parameters
elbb
d77c
Perform [LEN]
elc4
d782
Exit string-mode
eldl
d78b
Perform [ASC]
e203
d79b
Input byte parameter
e20b
d7ad
Perform [VAL]
e216
d7eb
Get params for poke/wait
e261
d7f7
Float-fixed
e268
dSOd
Perform [PEEK]
e2bl
d824
Perform [POKE]
e30b
d82d
Perform [WAIT]
e37 8
d849
Add 0.5
e387
d850
Subtract-f rom
e3a4
d853
Perform [SUBTRACT]
e429
d86a
Perform [ADD]
e44f
d947
Complement fac#l
e45b
d97e
•OVERFLOW
e467
d983
Multiply by zero byte
e476
d9ea
Perform [LOG]
e4aO
da2b
Perform [MULTIPLY]
e4a9
da59
Multiply-a-bit
e4b2
da8c
Memory to FAC#2
e4bc
dab7
Adjust FAC#l/#2
eSOO
dad4
Unde rf low/o ve rf low
e505
dae2
Multiply by 10
eSOa
daf9
+10 in floating pt
e518
dafe
Divide by 10
e54c
dbl2
Perform [DIVIDE]
e55f
dba2
Memory to fac#l
e581
dbc7
FAC#1 to memory
e587
dbfc
FAC#2 to fac#l
eSbb
dcOc
FAC#1 to FAC#2
e5c3
dclb
Round FAC#1
eScf
dc2b
Get sign
e64f
dc39
Perform [SGN]
e6b8
dc58
Perform [ABS]
e6c5
dc5b
Compare FAC#1 to mem
e6ea
dc9b
Float-fixed
e715
dccc
Perform [INT]
e72d
dcf3
String to fac
e742
dd7e
Get ascii digit
e8c3
dddd
Float to ascii
e8d8
dfl6
Decimal constants
e8e8
df3a
TI constants
e8fa
df71
Perform [SQR]
e912
df7b
Perform [POWER]
e921
dfb4
Perform [NEGATIVE]
e929
173
Perform [EXP]
Series evaluate 1
Series evaluate 2
Perform [RND]
?? Breakpoints ??
Perform [SYS]
Perform [SAVE]
Perform [VERIFY]
Perform [LOAD]
Perform [OPEN]
Perform [CLOSE]
Parameters for load/save
Check default parameters
Check for comma
Parameters for open/close
Perform [COS]
Perform [SIN]
Perform [TAN]
Perform [ATN]
Initialize
CHRGET for zero page
Initialize Basic
Power-up message
Vectors for $300
Initialize vectors
Warm restart
Program patch area
Serial output *1'
Serial output *0'
Get serial input & clock
Program patch area
Set 6522 addrs
Set screen limits
Track cursor location
Initalize I/O
Normalize screen
Clear screen
Home cursor
Set screen pointers
Set I/o defaults
Set vie chip defaults
Input from keyboard
Input from screen
Quote mark test
Set up screen print
Advance cursor
Retreat cursor
Back into previous line
Output to screen
Go to next line
Do 'RETURN*
Check line decrement
Check line increment
Set colour code
Colour code table
Code conversion
COMPUTE!
March, 1982. Issue 22
e975
Scroll screen
f20e
e9ee
Open space on screen
f250
ea56
Move screen line
f27a
ea6e
Synch colour transfer
f290
ea7e
Set start-of-line
f2c7
eaSd
Clear screen line
f309
eaal
Print to screen
f34a
eaaa
Store on screen
f3cf
eab2
Synch colour to char
f3df
eabf
Interrupt (IRQ)
f3ef
eble
Check keyboard
f3f3
ecOO
Set text mode
f40a
ec46
Keyboard vectors
f495
ec5e
Keyboard maps
f4c7
ed21
Graphics/text control
f542
ed30
Set graphics mode
f647
ed5b
Wrap up screen line
f659
ed6a
Shifted key matrix
f66a
eda3
Control key matrix
f675
ede4
Vic chip defaults
f728
edfd
Screen line adds low
f734
eel4
Send 'talk'
f760
eel7
Send 'listen'
f767
eelc
Send control char
f770
ee49
Send to serial bus
f77e
eeb7
Timeout on serial
f7af
eecO
Send listen SA
f7e7
eec5
Clear ATN
f84d
eece
Send talk SA
f854
eee4
Send serial deferred
eef6
Send 'untalk'
f867
ef04
Send 'unlisten'
f88a
efl9
Receive from serial bus
f 894
ef84
Clock line on
f Sab
efSd
Clock line off
f 8b7
^t rt _ rt
ef96
Delay 1 ms
f 8c0
efa3
RS232 send (NMI)
f8e3
ef ee
New RS23 2 byte send
f8f4
f016
Error or quit
f94b
f027
Compute bit count
f95d
f036
RS232 receive (NMI)
f98e
f05b
Setup to receive
faad
f09d
Receive parity error
fbd2
f0a2
Receive overrun error
fbdb
fOaS
Receive break error
fbea
fOaS
Receive frame error
fc06
f0b9
Bad device
fcOb
fObc
File to RS232
fc95
fOed
Send to RS232 buffer
fccf
fll6
Input from RS232 buffer
fcf6
fl4f
Get from RS232 buffer
fd08
fl60
Check serial bus idle
fdll
fl74
Messages
fdlb
fle2
Print if direct
fd22
flfS
Get..
fd3f
f205
..from RS232
fd52
Input
Get.. tape/serial/RS232
Output. .
..to tape
Set input device
Set output device
Close
Find file
Set file values
Abort all files
Restore default I/O
Do file opening
Send SA
Open RS23 2
Load program
'SEARCHING'
Print file name
• LOADING/VERIFYING '
Save program
' SAVING '
Bump clock
Get time
Set time
Action stop key
File Error Messages
Find any tape header
Write tape header
Get buffer address
Set buffer start,
end pointers
Find specific header
Bump tape pointer
'PRESS PLAY . . '
Check cassette status
'PRESS RECORD . . '
Initiate tape read
Initiate tape write
Common tape read/write
Check tape stop
Set timing
Read bits (IRQ)
Store characters
Reset pointer
New tape character setup
Toggle tape
Data write
Tape write (IRQ)
Leader write (IRQ)
Restore vectors
Set vector
Kill motor
Check read/write pointer
Bump read/write pointer
Power up entry
Check A-rom
Set kernal2
March, 1982 tssue 22
COMPUTEI
175
fdSd Initialize system constants
fdfl IRQ vectors
fdf9 Initialize I/O regs
fe49 Save data name
feSO Save file details
fe57 Get status
fe66 Flag ST
fe6f Set timeout
fe73 Read/set top of memory
fe82 Read/set bottom of memory
fe91 Test memory location
fea9 NMI interrupt entry
fed2 RESET/STOP warm start
fede NMI RS232 sequences
ff56 Restore & exit
ffSc RS23 2 timing table
ff72 Main IRQ entry
ffSa Jumbo jump table
fffa Hardware vectors €
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176
COMPUTE!
March, 1982. Issue 22
EPROM
Reliability
Michael E, Day
West Linn, OR
Although EPROMs are in widespread use, there
are continuing prolilenis with the tise of the device
affecting their overall reliability.
The following report describes how to obtain
tlie maxinunn performance and reliability froni
the 2708 EPROM. 1 he concepts invohed, however,
may be applied to most of the ultra-violet erasable
PRO Ms oti the market to date.
The EPROM celf consists, basically, of a ca-
pacitor which either has a charge on it or does not.
The charge is created by applying a high voltage
pulse to the device, and is removed by exposing the
device to high intensity ultra-violet light.
The cell is programmed by injection of high
energy electrons through the oxide onto the
floating gate. Once there, the charge is trapped, as
there are no electtical connections to this floating
gate. This action is similar to the action of a zener
diode in tliat, as the voltage increases, ii linally
passes a pf)int where it can overcome the barrier
presented by the silicon oxide surrounding the
gate and allows the electrons to flow to the gate
and collect there. As the voltage is removed it
f nially drops to a point where it can no longer
maintain the bridge through the oxide, and it
again becomes isolated. However, the gate now has
a charge of electrons on it.
The charge is removed from the cell by expo-
sure witli ultra-violet light of the correct wave
length (2r>37A) and energy (10 watt seconds/cm")
which will impart stif ficient photon energy to the
trapped electrons to allow the floaung gate to be
lully discharged.
1 he presence of charge on the floaiing gate
causes a shift of the cell threshold. In the discharged
state (no charge on the floating gate) the cell has a
low threshold, and selection of the cell turns on the
transistor. Storing a charge on the gate shifts the
dneshold of the cell above the select voltage so that
the transistor will not itn n on when it is selected.
The amount of charge on the gate determines the
level of select voltage at which the transistor will
change from a n(Mi'Conducting to a condticting
state.' The cell is designed so that the dischaiged
threshold and charged threshold are equally above
and below the select voltage. This provides for
maximum immunity against marginal cells.
Data retention can be measured by baking the
device at an elevated temperature (250°C). 168
hours at this temperature is equivalent to 10 years
at 70°C'. Test samplings have shown that the time
to 5% batch failine is 100 years.
ExperimeiUs ha\ e been made to determine
the effects of prolonged exposure to UV light.
Through the first 20 hours the threshold voltage
increased slighdy after whicli it stabilized oul to 30
days at wdiich time the test was terminated. Al-
though no study has been made to determine what
is causing the initial change, it is thought to be
caused by some radiation damage catised by the UV.
It is believed that UV lamps with short wave-
lengths (less than I800A) and high intensity can
ionize oxide with long exjjosure. The theory is that
this will shift the threshold until the part will not
function properly. This is not a permanent shift
and a bake at 150° for 24 hotirs should correct the
problem.
Some EPROMs exhibit a sensitivity to ambient
light. This does not erase them, but they may not
function properly. This is a common |Dhenomenon
with most semiconductors. Covering ihe lid with
some sort of opaque niateriai will prevent this.
For a giveii de\ ice, given that the programming
equipment is operating at factory specifications,
the fai hue to take a charge is device-related, and
attempts to bring the charge level higher bv re])ro-
grannning will seldom l>e successf til. Failure lo
erase is the most common problem. There are
many factors which can cau^e inadequate erastu e;
among them are weak U V lamp due to age, dirt on
the IC (both internal and external), dirt on the UV
lamp, erase requiremeiUs otUside of noiinal s|)eci-
fications, or a clefective component.
The EPROM is read by determining if the
charge on the capacitor of the cell is above or below^
the threshold of the sensing transistor (the threshold
being that level of applied voltage which causes the
transistor to change from a non-condticting state to
a conducting stale). This threshold can be affected
by shifts in the - 12 volt and -5 volt supplies at the
<levice and temperature. Due to this, if the charge
on the tell is near the thieshold of the sensing
transistor, a shift in the stipply voltage or temjier-
ature can cause the cell to appear to change state,
have an excessive access time, or be intermittent. A
cell which is sufficiently near the threshold of the
sensing transistor so that it can be alTected by tem-
peraliire or voltage shifts is called ' marginally
programmed" or ''marginal."
\)ne failure of the EPROM is a ^ieakv celP' (a
cell that loses its charge alter a short period ol
time). A leakv cell can be found several ways. One
way is to bake the device at 250^ afier progrannning
it, and then test for lost data.
monitor
analog data
quickly and
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provides analog data
monitoring tor your micro-
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SPECS
8 bit resolution A/D
0-5 volt input range
16 Analog Input channels
MODELS
ADAM with TRS-80 inter-
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ADAM with R5-232/RS-423
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Dealer inquiries welcomed.
Iff
small system design
P 0. BOX 4546 • MAMCHESTER. NH 03108
Representatives Pacffic North-
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SOFTWARE
Graphpower
Tax Pteparer 'S2
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Word Processor
Financial Projection
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Z99.0D
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Executive SacrBtary 212.00
KBvada CoBoJ 129.00
ACCESSORIES
Apple II Dual Thirmometafw/toftwari 260.00
Mountain Expansion Chiisii G25.00
CPS Mulltlunctlon 199.00
MDuniiin Music Sytt<m .... ....... 395.00
1D0.G00D*¥ Clock 375.00
Mountain Cl«k 252.00
Supertalkar SO 2000 , , , . . 199.00
A/D + 0/A 299.00
CCS 12K BOM/PROM Boird 99.00
CCS A/D Converter Board 99.00
CCS Serial Asynch. Board 139.00
CCS Calentfar/Clock Bojrd 99.00
VOTBAX Type-f>'Tilk 375.00
ADALAB Package 495.00
DOSOater .....,.,.,..... 49.00
ABT Numiric Keypid 125,00
ABT Softkfly 150.00
ABT Barwand 195.00
ABT Cash Box 295.00
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KagarrSK.
Modems - Novation, Hayes.
Disk Drives ■ Percom. Corvus, Morrow, CCS
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Plotters ■ Watanabe.
Quoted prices valid for stock on hand and sut>-
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Ask tor our FREE catalog.
PfeiM:
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#
APPLESCOPE
DIGITAL STORAGE OSCILLOSCOPE
Interlace for the Apple II Compuier
The APPt,ESCOPE system comDines two hjgh speed
analog to digital converters and a digi;al control t>oard
wjin the high resolution graphics capabilities of tne Apple
II computer to create a digital storage oscillosocpe
Signa I trace paranneters a re entered through the keytjoard
to operational software provided in PROM on the Dl
control doard.
• DC to 3.5 Mhz sample rate with 1024 byte t^uffer
memory
• Preingger Viewing
• Programmable Scale Seiect
• Continuous and Smgie Sweep Modes
• Single or Dual Ctiannel Trace
Price for the two board Applescope system is S595
EXTERNAL TRIGGER ADDAPTER $29
APPLESCOPE ACCESSORIES
APPLESC0PE*HR12 High resolution 12 bii analog to
dig tai converter with sample rates to 1 00 Khz. Requires
J8K Apple II with disk dnve. Software provide on floppy
dtsk includes basic SCOPE DRIVER package
Price per cnannel S695
APPLESCOPE-HHHS High Resolution AND Highspeed
Circuit combines two 6 bit flash analog to digital converters
to gsve a 1 0 bit dynamic range. The 1 0 bit converter resolu-
tion is maintained at sampling rates uploihe? Mhz. maxi-
mum for signal slew rates less than .5 volts per micro-
second. Larger inputs slew rates will reduce the converter
resolution to 6 bits until trie signal stabilizes within the .5
Volt per microsecono limit Requires 48K Apple li with disk
dnve. Software provided on disk inc<udes the oasic
SCOPE DRIVER pacKage Price per cnannel S695
APPLESCOPE-EXT External trigger adapter nas a
swi;cn se.ectaole external trigger input to a BNC con-
nector mounted in a rear slot of the Apple ll computer
Price $29.00
APPLESCOPE'BNC BNC adapterconnects the Berg stick
connectors on tne Ai circuit card to male BNC plugs
mounted m a rear sici of tne Apple il compter.
PnceS14.95
BUS EXTENDERS Allow easy access to Apple w
peripheral circuit cards. Price SI 9.95
SCOPE PROBES Oscilloscope probes for use witn ine
APPLESCOPE ' BNC adapter Price$29.95
SCOPE DRiVER Advanced software for the Applescope
system provided on 514 floppy disk, Available options
include:
• Signal Averaging - Acquires l to 255 signal sweeps
and displays the averaged result,
• Digital Volt Meier- pillows use as a real time DVM or use
to measure points on an acquired sweep
• Hard Copy - Uses graphics printer to produce hard-
copy output of displayed traces.
• Disk Storage ■ Allows automaiic storage and recover
of acquired data on floppy disks
• Spectrum Analyzer-Calculates and displays Irequency
spectrum of acquired data
BUS RIDER
LOGIC ANALYZER for the APPLE II
The BUS RIDER circuit card silently rides the Apple II
peripheral bus and allows real time irackmg of program
flow, Software .provided on E PROM allows set up of trace
parameters from V^q Keyboard and read back of disas-
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•32 bit by 1024 sample memory buffer
• Monitors Data and Address bus plus 8 extern a I. in puts
• Trgger on any 32 bit word or external trigger
• Pretrigger viewing
The BUS RIDER IS an invaluable development tool for
anyone working with Apple tl or Apple 11+ computers.
Price $295
RC ELECTRONICS INC.
7265 Tuolumne Si. Goieta CA 93 n 7
Visa (805} 968-6614
M/C
178
COMPUTEl
March, 1982. Issue 22
Another method of testing for leakv cells is to
make an erase profile for the suspect EPROM.
This is done by programming the clc\ ice, and then
erasing ii in one to two minute increments, meas-
uring the number of erased bits after each incre-
ment. Making a graph with this infotmation will
give you a profile of tire erasure characteristics of
the EPROM, Any cell that erases twice as fast as the
overall avei age should be cosidered suspect.
Another failure mode of the EPROM is the
"sticky cell" (a cell which is difficult to program or
erase). Although a sticky cell can be overcome by a
longer program or erase time, in a production
environment it is not acceptal>le to adjust these
times for each device. I'herefoi e, any device w hich
requires more than three times the normal time to
program or erase should be considered defective.
The major source of problems with tlie 2708
EPROM is inadequate erasure. In testing the
EPROM to determine iCit has been adeqtiaiely
programmed or erased, it is not acceptable to
simply read the PROM and compare the informa-
tion read against the trtie data, since marginal cells
may nt)t be found w ith this method, A more reliable
method of verifying if an EPROM has been prop-
erly progranmied or erased is to measure the depth
of the charge at each cell. This can be done by
shifting the threshold level of the sensing transistor
al)ove and below the normal level and by doing a
normal read and compare.
In this way, a map of the charge level of (he
cells in the EPROM can be generated by observing
the level at which the output changes state.
The threshold level of the 2708 EPROM can
be shifted by adjusting the -5 voli supply (VBB).
Oausing the -5 volts to go more negative wilt deter-
mine how deep the cell has been charged: bringing
it more positive will determine hf>w much it has
been erased.
The charge limits will \ ary greatly not only
from matuifactnrer to mantifactiner, but from
device to device, Thereloi e, an acceptable limit
must be determined at which the device mav be
considered good or bad. For the 2708 this is greater
than tw ice tlie tolerance for the -5 volt supplv. This
can be simply generated by using the forward
voltage drop across the diode (,7 volts) above and
below the -5 volt level. In more critical applications
a tw^o-diode level drop ( 1 .4 volts) might be
considered.
More is not always better. Just because the
charge on one device is deeper than on another
does not mean that it will retain the charge longer.
Data retention is related to cell isolation and not
necessarily to the level of the charge.
100 200 300 400
CUMULATIVE HOURS (a 250X
500
TEMPERATURE
FAILURE RATE
609r CONFIDENCE
(Sf/ 1000 hours)
FAILURE RATE
yO^c CONFIDENCE
(7f 1000 hours)
70°C
55X
0,013
0,006
0.027
0.0 1 ;i
Operating Life Test Results
EQUIVALENT
TEMPERATURE
SAMPLE SIZE
HOURS
DEVICE
HOURS (a 70X
FAILURES
FAILURE MODE
160X
64
2243
39,9 xio'
1
Charge Loss
160X
49
2028
27.6x10^
0
160X
51
2028
28.7x10
1
Charge Loss
160X
40
2830
3L4xI0'
2
Charge Loss
160X
80
1176
26.1x10^
1
Charge Loss
160X
77
1176
25,1 xlO'
4
Charge Loss
160X
79
984
21.6x10
I
Charge Loss
§1§
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D Send full BYTE-DOS Data.
180
COMPUTEI
MarcM 982. Issue 22
8.0 r
? 7.5h
>
2
3
<
pa
pa
>
7.0-
6.5-
6.0-
SELECT GATE
(TO X DECODER)
FLOATING GATE
(CHARGE STORAGE)
12 3 4 5 6 7 8
CYCLE NUMBER
Multiple Program Erase Experiment
10
(a) CROSS SECTION
<
WEAROUT
INFANT
MORTALITY
RANDOM
DRAIN
TIME
Reliability Life Curve
Vcc
SELECT
GATE
1400
HOURS (« 250°C
50
100
150
200
EQUIVALENT YEARS (a 7aX
Intel® 250X Bake Failure Rate
>
O
<
>
9-
7"
0
FAILING REGION
i
PASSING REGION
100 200 300 400 500 600
HOURS OF 2537 AUV EXPOSURE AT 6000 mw/cm^'
700
Oi SUBSTRATE
FLOATING
GATE
SOURCE Vbb
(b) SCHEMATIC SYMBOL
i
h
ERASE
30 MINUTES
o
PROGRAM
MDS SYSTEM
u
BAKE 25rC
168 HOURS
VOLTAGE
SHMOO
^ Plot
C«ne ration
1
r
Program Erase Cycles
' SPRING SPECIAL '
No need to wait any longer for our controller develop-
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The MMC/03S is back! For $250.00 you get:
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1 MMC/031CE In circuit emulator, works off any 6502-
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1 MMC/03EPA EPROM programming adaptor;
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R. J. BRACHMAN ASSOCIATES, INC.
P.O.Box 1077
Havertown,PA 19083
(215)622-5495
SEE COMPUTEI
April 1981
For Eric Rehnke*s Review.
NEED MORE MEMORY?
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182
COMPUTEl
March, 1982 Issue 22
Random Music
Composition
On Tlie PET
Alfred J. Bruey
Jackson. Ml
This program, MUSICOMP, lets the PET computer
compose and play music. MUSICOMP was written
to pro\ ide the user with an introduction to com-
puter generated music. The music is output using
the CB2 method o( niusic generation which is
described many places in PET literature. Attach-
ments A and B give descriptions of the hardware
that you can use if you don't already have CB2
sound. Figure 1 shows the connections necessary to
output sounds Irom the PET to an audio amplifier.
Figure 2 shows a sim|>le audio amplifier that you
can make if you don't have one.
Program Description
MUSICX)MP generates tluee kinds of music: white
nuisic, brown music, and 1/f nuisic. For a complete
descripuon of these three types of music, see Martin
Gardener's Mathematical Games column in the
April, 1978, issue ol' Sfientific American magazine.
A. White music: White music is a sequence of
completely random sounds. In this program, you
have your choice oi two different types of white
music:
1. Option 1 on the menu allows any of 25fi
different frequencies to be generated. The
notes are not correlated with each other in any
way. It is unlikely that you will want to go away
humming the tunes you generate using this
option.
2. Option 2 also generates random sounds, l)tu
these sounds are restricted to: the 25 piano
notes (well-tempered scale) beginning with the
B below middle C.
B. Brown Music: The second type of music is called
brown music (Option $). It is similar to the Brownian
motion of particles. In brown music, each note can
vary by only one tone (half-step) from the preceding
note. The only randomness is in choosing the
starting note and in determining whether each
note is one tone higher or lower than its predeces-
sor. You will pi obably find this music boring. It
sotuids something like a finger exercise for a
violinist.
To get brown music, enter a 1 when you are
asked for the maximinn variation. Entering some
other n timber, a 3 for example, will allows each
note to vary three tones from its predecessor. True
brown music allows only a one tone variation from
note to note. The option of choosing a maximum
variation is given so you can experiment with
sounds.
C. 1/f Music: The final type of random music in
this program is I/f music. This music is somewhere
between the randomness of white music and the
boring regularity of brown music. 1/f music was
discovered by an investigator who was trying lo
find music in nature. I he algorithm used in this
program is the same as the one described in the
previously mentioned article except five different
colored dice were used instead of three so that
tunes 32 notes long cotild be created. Most listeners
agree that 1/f music is much more musical than
either white or brown music.
Extensions
I asstmie that anyone who knows BASIC and a
minimum of music will want to change this pro-
gram. That's why an annotated listing of the pro-
gram is provided.
You might want to add options which impose
different rules on itic composition. You might also
want to add the coding to save the composition on
tape or disk. The place where you might do this is
marked in the listing.
Using The Program
Load the program in the usual way. The main
menu will be displayed on the screen as follows.
Press the proper key from 1 to 5 to make your
selection, but do not press RETURN. (If you press
RETURN accidently and get the READY signal,
type CONT and press RETURN and you1l be
right back where you lefl off.)
COMPOSITION SELECTION
1 RANDOM TUNE
2 RANDOM TUNE, WELL-TEMPERED
3 RANDOM TUNE, WELL-TEMPERED
WITH STEP SIZE LIMIT
4 I/F MUSIC
5 END PROGRAM
A brief description of each of the options follows:
Option I : Random notes — This option will compose
and play tunes based on 256 different tones, ranging
from a tone slightK below the B below middle C to
a tone that's probably even too high for yotir dog
TTie SM-KIT is a collection of machine language fif nrware programming and test aids for
BASIC programmers SM-KIT is a 4K ROM (twice the normal capacity) which you
simply insert in a single ROM socket on any BASIC 4 CBM/PET-eilher 80 column or 40
column Includes tjoth programming aids and disk handling commands.
ERROR DETECTION: the SM-KIT automatically indicates the erroneous line and
statement for any BASIC program error,
LINE NUMBERING, the SM-KIT automatically numbers BASIC statements until you
turn the function oft.
SCREEN OUTPUT the commands FIND, DUMPJRACE and DIRECTORY display on
the CRT while you hold the RETURN key (display pauses when the key is released).
Continuous output is selected with shift-lock
OUTPUT CONTROL to DISK Of PRINTER: in addition to displaying on the CRT. you can
direct output to either disk or printer.
HARDCOPY allows screen displays to be either printed or stored on disk,
FIND searches alf or any part of a program for text or command strings or variable
names Either exact search or wild card search supported.
RENUMBER, the SM-KIT can renumt}er all or any part of a program. The selective
renumbenng allows you to move blocks of code within your program.
VARIABLE DUMP displays the contents of floating point, integer, and string variables
(both simple and array). Can display all variables or any selected variables.
TRACE SM-KtT can trace program execution either continuously or step by step
starting with any line number. Selected program variables can be displayed while
tracing.
DISK COMMANDS as m DOS Support (Universal Wedge), the "shorthand" versions of
disk commands may be used for displaying disk directory, initializing, copying,
scratching files, load and run. etc.
LOAD SM-KIT can load all or part of BASIC or machine language programs. It can
append to a program in memory, overwrite any part of a program, load starting with any
absolute memory location, and load without changing variable pointers.
ME RG E allows merging all or any part of a program on disk with a program in memory.
SAVE and VERIFY SM-KIT provides one step program save and verification. It atso
allows you to save any part of a program, or any address range.
SM-KIT
for Commodore Computers
A Programming Productivity Tool
ONLY
$40
A 4K ROM with both
programming and disk
handling aids.
Developed by {and available in Europe from) SM Softwareverbund-Microcomputer GmbH, Scherbaumstrasse 29. 8000 Munchen 83, Germany
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JUST PLUG IT IN
• No soldering* No messy wires
SOFTWARE
SELECTABLE
1 . Software select one of two
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2. Software select utility ROMs
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18^
COMPUTEI
March, 1982, Issue 22
to hear. When you press the 1 key, a series of ques-
tions will be displayed (Press RETURN after each
answer):
HOW LONG IS THE TUNE
(Answer with a number from 1 to 150)
DIFFERENT LENGTH NOTES (Y OR N)
(If you enter a Y, each note length w^ill be one
second long. If you answer M it will be V'li
second long. If you answer F it will be V\ second
long. All other note lengths will be scaled
accordingly.)
REPEAT NOTES (Y OR N)
(If you reply N, the tune will play one dme
and then the main menu will reappear. If you
reply Y, the tune will repeat. In either case,
you can stop the ttnie w hile it is playing by
Figure 1.
Back View of the PET:
PET CRT (Rear View)
lEEE-488 Port
Parallel User Port
/
Second Cassette Port
AC CORD
/f^ ON/OFF \
The edge connector that you need plugs into
the Parallel user port of the PET. Do not attach it
to the IEEE-488 port. (It's not a bad idea to put a
strip of masking tape across the IEEE port so yoti
don't accidently plug inU) it.) Here's what the com-
pleted cable should look like. The amplifier end
might look different if your system doesn't use the
RCA type jack.
Amplifier connector
Positive (connects to pin M)
Negative
y (ground)
/ PET
PET connector
PinM
(positive)
You should use shielded cable for the line
between the PET and the amplifier. Be siircyftu
dont put the PET connector on upside down!
holding down the X key. Yoti will return to the
main menu,)
After you have answered these four questioris,
there will be a short pause while time values are
being calctilated for all the notes. Then the tune
will begin to play.
Option 2: Random notes, well-tempered. This is the
same as Option 1 except that all notes are chosen
randomly from one of 25 tones. These tones are
the 25 piano notes beginning with the B below
middle C.
Option 3: Random notes, well-tempered, with step-
size limit. You will be asked the same questions as
in Options 1 and 2. After ycju answer them, you
will receive an additional question:
MAX. VAR, FROM LAST NOTE
This question is asking yoti for the maxinunn
variation in lone (half-steps) that are permissible
from one note to the next. If you reply 1, you will
get brown music. You may enter any other value
just to see what kind of tune the PET will compose.
Option 4: \/i Music. Pressing the 4 key will generate
I/f music. 1 he 1/f tunes will all be 32 notes long, so
you will not be asked for the length of the tune.
Otherwise, you w ill be asked the same qtiestions as
in Options 1 and 2.
Option 5: End Program, Select Option 5 when you
are ready to quit.
A Circuit For A PET Amplifier
Below^ is a circuit for a PET amplifier for making
music or adding sound effects to your games. Use
an RCA phono jack as the input and you'll be able
to use the same connector cable as described
previously.
Figure 2,
-^9"
Rl - lOOK potentiometer with switch
SI -Part of Rl
Q1-RS2031 (Radio Shack 276-2031)
SPKR - 8 ohm SPEAKER
SMALL PLASTIC BOX, 9 VOLT BATTERY,
BATTERYHOLDER
• THE MAGfC OF MAGIS •
MAGIS is a fully integrated accounting system designed
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Although a thorough manual is provided, you can operate
the system without it, as MAGIS is completely MENU
DRIVEN. That is, all of your choices are shown on the
screen. You never have to look up a command. Default file
sizes are:
375 • General Ledger Accounts
500 - Accounts Receivable (6000 open Invoices)
50 - Accounts Payable (1000 open invoices)
50 - Payroll Records
3000 - Inventory Items. (12000 w/2 drives)
10- Departments
40 - Depreciable Assets. Automatically computed
How much will all this accounting power cost me? The
answer is 'Not NEARLY what you would expect to pay!"
MAGIS sells for up to $1500,00 at other dealers, but now you
can get it for $499 from C & 0 Micro Systems. MAGIS
requires a CBM 8032, 8050 disk drive and printer.
MAGIS IS COMMODORE APPROVED
Also - ASTEROID MINER. Uses graphics, music and sound
effects. Requires 8032. $14.95 Cass. $16.95 Disk.
G & O Micro Systems Inc.
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To order call toll free 800/854-4368
In California call 800/472-4378
For information call 913/888-4062 or 816/252-021 6
X
PBT/CBM
2000/3000/^4000 Series
not using a CHT. or display controller chip
S275.aO*
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NEW PET/CBM SOFTWARE
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Cass. 8K $9.95
TARGET COMMAND — Its you against a barrage of enemy
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OLD PET OWNERS NEVER DIE
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• 4K fVlEMORY EXPANSION
Installs easily internally. Uses eight 2n4Ls. Write protect provisions.
"Soft-ROM" applica
Second expansion needs external +5V power,
tions. Bigger programsl
PHB002 Bare Board $16,00
PHK002 Full Kit (No 21145) $29,00
P H ■002S Asse mbl ed ( No 2 1 1 4 s ) S4 2 .00
PH002 Assembled with 21 14s S89.00
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• "REAL WORLD" SOFTWARE
For most PET/CBMs. Word Processor, Mailing List. Catalog, Satelliie
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186
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
Substitutions may be made for Ql, but a high-
gain transistor should be used to be sure of" suffi-
cient volume. The transistor can be mounted
directly on the leads of tlie poieniiomcter.
Program 1.
150
160
170
180
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
300
310
320
330
340
350
360
DIM SN(150) ,ST(150) ,PI(25) ,PN(1
50)
F0RI=1T025 : READPI ( I ) : NEXTI
DATA2 51, 237, 2 23, 21 1,19 9, 18 8, 17 7
,167,157,148,140,132,125,1
17,111,104
DATA98,93,87,82,78,7 3,69,6 5,61
ggjV^ ***************************
****
REM VARIABLE LIST: *
REM T=TIME OF NOTE IN 60THS OF "
SECOND
REM P=POKE NUMBER FOR NOTE
REM TY$=TYPE OF SONG
REM 1=RAND0M
REM 2=RAND0M, WELL-TEMPERED
REM 3=RAND0M, WELL-TEMPERED,
LIMIT ON STEP SIZE
REM 4=1/F MUSIC
REM 5=ST0P
REM L%=LENGTH OF SONG
REM L$="y" NOTES "DIFFERENT LENG
TH
REM
«'|vi"
NOTES SAME LENGTH
SLOW S0NG,S=1
MEDIUM SPEED SONG,S=
"F^' FAST S0NG,S=4
***************************
"N"
REM S$="S"
REM
2
REM
REM
***
PRINT" {CLEAR} {03 RIGHT} {03 DOWN
DOWN} {REV}C0MP0SITI0N SELE
CTION"
370 PRINT" {DOWN} {04 RIGHT} {REV} 1 { OF
OFF} RANDOM TUNE
380 PRINT" {DOWN} {04 RIGHT} {REV} 2 { OF
OFF} RANDOM TUNE, WELL-TEM
PERED"
390 PRINT" {DOWN} {04 RIGHT} {REV} 3 { OF
OFF} RANDOM TUNE, WELL-TEM
PERED
400 PRINT"{DOWN} {04 RIGHT} WITH "
STEP SIZE LIMIT"
410 PRINT" {DOWN} {04 RIG HT} { REV} 4 { OF
OFF} 1/F MUSIC
420 PRINT" {DOWN} {04 RIGHT} {REV} 5 { OF
OFF} END PROGRAM
430 GET TY$:IFTY$=""THEN430
44 0 ONVAL(TY$)GOTO50 0,590r69 0,98 0,4
60
450 GOTO430
460 REM ***************************
* * *
470 REM EXIT ROUTINE **************
***
4 80 REM ***************************
***
490 PRINT"{CLEAR} {03 RIGHT}{04 DOWN
DOWN} {REV}ROUTINE ENDED":E
ND
500 REM ********************
510 REM PLAY RANDOM ********
520 REM ********************
530 GOSUB 1190 :REM GET SONG DATA
540 FORI^1TOL%
550 SN(I) =INT(RND(3) *255+l}
560 NEXTI
570 GOSUB1410:REM GENERATE NOTES AN
D PLAY
580 GOTO360
5 9 0 REM* ***************************
***
600 REM RANDOM, WELL-TEMPERED *****
***
510 REM ***************************
***
620 GOSUB 1190 :REM GET SONG DATA
630 FORI=1TOL%
640 SN(I) =INT(RND(5) *25+l)
650 SN(I)=PI (SN(I) )
6 60 NEXTI
670 GOSUB 1410
680 GOTO360
690 REM ***************************
***
700 REM RANDOM, WELL-TEMP, STEP-SIZE '^
■k-k-k-k
710 REM ***************************
* * *
720 GOSUB 1190 :REM GET SONG DATA
730 SN(1)=INT(RND(6) *25+l } : PN ( 1 ) =PI
(SN(1))
740 IFMV>1THEN850
7 50 REM BROWNIAN MOVEMENT
760 F0RI=2T0L%
7 70 IFSN(I-1)=1THENSN(I)=2:PN(I) =PI
(2) :GOTO830
7 80 IFSN(I-1)=25THENSN(I) =24:PN(I) =
PI(24) :GOTO830
790 KR=RND(7)
800 IFKR< .5THENSN(I)=SN(I-1)+1
810 IFKR> = .5THENSN(I)=SN(I-1)-1
HOME FINANCES
Commodore PETtm
These programs were developed
on a Commodore 2001 series,
thirty-two kilobyte [32K required!
personal electronic transactor
with a single tape cassette,
Will categorize and review entries,
give totals S. tallies for all past-
entered data [not a ledger; no
dates or specific item names).
Great for use every 2-6 months
in conjunction with check book
records, stubs, bills, or your
cancelled checks.
[a) Personal cash flow & tax
deduction-related: 24 specific
to general categories:
"tax accounts" S30
or TAX ACCOUNTS'
[No sh(ft)
(b) Forty categories mostly
specific for common home
expenditures:
■'house accounts" . . , . $50
or HOUSE ACCOUNTS
(No shift]
[cJ Both above programs; very
slight Qveriap; $70
Choice desirad , . .
Mail, with check or other
payment and your address, to:
PractEd Tapes, Inc.
12162S.E 14th St.
Bellevue, Washington 98005
1206J74 7-8485
Programs not Quaranteec against loss.
misuSE or system difficulties
CBM/PET? SEE SKYLES ... CBM/PET?
** Should we call it Command-0
or Command-O-Pro?"
That's a problem because this popular ROM is
called the Command-O-Pro in Europe. (Maybe
Command-O smacks too much of the military.)
Bui whatever you cat! ii, ihis 4K byte ROM will provide your CBM BASIC 4.0 (4016,
4032) and 8032 computers wiih 20 additional commands including 10 Toolkit program
editing and debugging commands and 10 addiiionai commands for screening, formatting
and disc file manipulating. (And our manual writer dug up 39 additional commands in the
course of doing a 78-page manual!)
The Command-O extends Commodore's 8032 advanced screen editing features to the ulti-
mate. You can now SCROLL up and down, insert or delete entire lines, delete the char-
acters to the left or right of the cursor, select TEXT or GRAPHICS modes or ring the
8032 belL You can even redefine the window to adjust it by size and position on your
screen. And you can define any key to equal a sequence of up to 90 key strokes.
The Command-O chip resides in hexadecimal address S9000, the rightmost empty socket
in 4016 and 4032 or the rearmost in 8032. If there is a space conflict, we do have Socket-
2-ME available at a very special price.
Skyks guarantees your satisfaction: if you are not absolutely happy with your new
Co*mmand-0, return it to us within ten days for an immediate, full refund.
Command-O from Skyles Electric Works 575.00
Complete with Socket-2-Me. ..,• -"■ 95,00
Shipping and Handling , (USA /Canada) S2.S0 (Europe/ Asia) $10.00
Caiifornia residents must add 6%/6i/2% sates tax, as required.
() Skyles Electric Works \ isa/Mastercard orders: call toll free
Nnf 23 IE South Whisman Road (800) 227-9998 (except California).
0 Mountain View, California 94041 California orders: please call (415)
^^ (415) 965-1735 965-1735.
C
P^^ISK II
HIGH SPEED - at least FOUR times faster than the 488 bus disks,
HIGH CAPACITY - up to 850 K bytes of storage in a three drive system.
RELIABI LITY — wide timing margins insure long trouble-free operation.
SOFTWARE - the PDOS II disk software provides a full set of BASIC
commands with standard syntax.
BVa" mini FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS:
Model 540-1 Single Drive, Double Density (143K)
Model 540-2 Dual Drive, Double Density (286K}
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^^ 8" MINI FLOPPY DISK SYSTEMS:
I Model 877-1 Single Drive, IBM standard (295K)
J Model 877-2 Dual Drive, IBM standard (590K}
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FOR INFORMATION, SEE YOUR DEALER OR:
fMICROTECH)
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED
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*PET tS A TRADEMARK OF COMMODORE
188
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
820 PN{I)=PI(SN(I) )
830 NEXTI
840 GOTO950
850 F0Rr=2T0L%
860 MX=SN(I-1)+MV
870 IFMX>25THENMX=25
880 MN=SN(I-1)-MV
890 IFMN<1THENMN=1
900 N0=MX-MN+1
910 CG = INT(RND(6) *N0)
9 20 SN(I)=MN+CG
930 PN(I)=PI (SN(I) )
940 NEXTI
950 F0RI=1T0L%:SN(I) =PN(I) :NEXTI
960 GOSUB 1410:REM SET TIMES AND PL
AY NOTES
970 GOTO360
980 REM ***************************
***
990 REM 1/F MUSIC *****************
***
1000 REM ***************************
***
1010 GOSUB 1190 :REM GET SONG DATA
1020 L%=32
1030 F0RI=1T05:D(I)=INT(RND(8) *6+l) :
NEXTI
104 0 SN(1)=D(1)+D(2)+D(3)+D(4)+D(5)-
5
1050 IFSN(1)<1THENSN(1)=1
1060 SN(1)=PI (SN(1) )
1070 F0RI=2T0L%
108 0 IFI=17THEND(1)=INT(RND{8) *6+l)
1090 IFINT( (I-1)/8) = (I-1)/8THEND(2) =
INT(RND(8)*6+1)
1100 IFINT( (I-1)/4) = (I-1)/4THEND(3) =
INT(RND(8) *6+l)
1110 IFINT(I/2)<>I/2THEND(4)=INT(RND
(8)*6+l)
1120 D(5)=INT{RND(8)*6+1)
1130 SN(I)=D(1)+D(2)+D(3)+D(4)+D(5)-
5
1140 IFSN(I)<1THENSN(I)=1
1150 SN(I)=PI (SN(I) )
1160 NEXTI
1170 GOSUB1410
1180 GOTO360
1190 REM *************************
1200 REM ASK FOR SONG DATA
1210 REM *************************
1220 PRINT" {CLEAR} {03 RIGHT} {03 DOWN
DOWN} {REV}COMPOSITION DATA
»
1230 IFTy$="4"THEN1270
1240 INPUT"{02 RIGHT} {DOWN}ENTER LEN
GTH, IN NOTES"; L%
1250 IFL%<=0THENPRINT"{DOWN}TOO SHOR
T":GOTO1240
1260 IFL%>150THENPRINT" {DOWN} MAXIMUM
LENGTH 150":GOTO1240
1270 INPUT" {02 RIGHT} {DOWN}DIFFERENT
LENGTH NOTES (Y OR N) ";L
$
1280 IFRIGHT$ (L$,l) <>"Y"ANDRIGHT$ (L$
, 1 ) <> "N"THENPRINT" { DOWN } EN
TER Y OR N" :GOTO1270
1290 INPUT"{DOWN}{02 RIGHT}SLOW, MED
lUM, FAST (S,M,F) ";S$
1300 IFS$<>"S"AND S$<>"M"ANDS$<>"F"T
HENPRINT"{DOWN}S,M, OR F" :
GOTO1290
1310 IFS$="S"THENS=1
1320 IFS$="M"THENS=2
1330 IFS$="F"THENS=4
1340 INPUT"{DOWN}{02 RIGHT}REPEAT NO
TES (Y OR N) ";RP$
1350 IFRPSO "Y"ANDRP$<>"N"THENPRINT"
{DOWN}ENTER Y OR N":G0T013
40
1360 IFTY$<>"3"THEN1400
1370 INPUT"{02 RIGHT} {D0WN}MAX. VAR .
FROM LAST NOTE " ; MV
1380 MV=INT(MV)
1390 IFMV<=0THENPRINT" {DOWN} INVALID ~
VALUE ":GOTO1370
1400 RETURN
1410 REM ************************
1420 REM GENERATE TIMES AND PLAY NOT
ES
1430 REM ***************************
***
1440 IFL$="Y"THEN1490
1450 F0RI=1T0L%
1460 ST(I)=16/S
1470 NEXTI
1480 GOTO1540
1490 W=64/S
1500 F0RI=1T0L%
1510 R=INT(RND(4)*5+1)
1520 ST(I)=W/R
1530 NEXTI
1540 POKE59467,16:POKE59466,15
1550 F0RI=1T0L%
1560 POKE59464,SN(I)
1570 T=TI
1580 IFTI-T<ST(I)THEN1580
1590 POKE59464,0
1600 GETA$:IFA$="X"THEN1630
1610 NEXTI .
1620 IFRP$="Y"THEN1550
1630 POKE59467,0:POKE59466,0
1640 RETURN ©
P.I.E.-C
interface CBM to Parallel Printer, Uses and Extends the
IEEE-488 Bus.
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Will Operate EPSON. IDS, OKIDATA. CENTRONICS.
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190
COMPUrEl
March, 1982 Issue 22
Ghost
Programming
Aric Wilmunder
Los Angeles. CA
I will show how it is possible for 16K Atari users to
write and run BASIC programs normally re(|uiring
24 or even 32 K. This method is not al all like the
method given to tis in the BASIC manual where
small proiijrams simply call each other and passing
oi variables and arrays is difficult. Instead, this
method is many times more pow^erful than chaining.
Passing of variables is easy, and chaining is
unnecessary.
In this article, I will explain ht)vv it is possible
to write lines of code, subroutines, even entire
progranrs without using any memory except for
the space necessary for variables, arrays, and
strings. Mow it is even possible to call and execute
programs without changing oi destroying the
currently stored program, fiowever, like every
silver lining, mine too has a dark cloud — there are
a number of restrictions involved. I will try to cover
these restrictions thoroughly, but only after
explaining the te( hnique.
I should mention that, although all o! the
programming examples are disk oriented, all of
the lechni(|ues used can be easily modified for
cassette users.
After spending nearly foiu' weeks tryitig to
cram close to 40K worth of program into a 32K
machine, I began to re-examine the j^roblem of
conserving memory. There are many ways to save
memory sj)ace on the Atari, from removing 1/(0
bufiers on tlie DOS to complete recocling (ol which
I have done quite a bit). (A list of memory conser-
vation technif|ties is included as part or/> Re Atari,
and anyone interested in writing large programs
should become familiar with them.)
Instant Exec
What kept nagging me were the fifty or more lines
of initialization code thai were executed only otice
during my entire program. Alter their execution,
these lines simply took up precious memory space
which could be used for other purposes. Also,
many of these lines are simply variable assignment
statements like J = 12 or 1= 1, or siring assignments
like A$ = ^'PH ASERS/' 1 hese statements must be
executed at the beginning of each execution, but
could be forgotten during execution.
Of the two types of assignments, variable and
string, the string assignments concerned me the
most. The statements' DIM A$(26):A$ = '^^BCD...Z"
does not use only tlie 26 bytes for storing the string,
hut you are also tising another 2b or more bvtes for
the assignment. Ihe result is that your program is
using more than twice the memorx that is necessary
in order to store a string. This ma\^ be no problem
with smaller strings of up to fifty bytes, but. when
using larger strings in a program where meniorv is
already scarce, it can be quite alarming.
The method that lias solved most of niy prol>
lems goes something like this: create a file with all
of the assignment siatemenls used in the opening
of the program in the same structure as a LIS f Hie
but minus the line numbers. For example: rather
than having a lAS'V file that, when dumped, looks
exactly like a program listing. You have the same
line of code, but with commands only. The line:
1000 FOR I = 65 TO 90: ?CHR$(I);: NEXT I
would read;
FOR I = 65 TO 90: ?CHR$(I);: NEXT I
When entered, this line would act exactlv as if
it were typed on the keyboard by hand. Ai the
beginning of my main program I use the command
'ENTER* D:<filename>" \ This command causes
the system to entei' each line of code from my
Exec program and execute it using virtually no
memory space.
Vou can create a file with only an initialization
rotitine, <jr go so far as to write an entire program
with this method. To execute any of these programs
you simply type ENTER' or T.\ the extension and
the file name. BASIC: will treat this Exec Program
exactly as if you were typing in each statement
from the key!x)ard, tliereb) using no memory
space for lines used only once. The amount of
memory that can be saved from this method ranges
from y/( to virtually an entire progi am s s|>ace.
One of the restrictions with this technitjue is
that programs must be single step or step bv step
executable. The program must step one line at a
time executing each line separately for the entire
length of tlie program. .Another restriction is that
yoti cannot have nmlti-line FOR/NEXT loops
(whei e both the FOR and the NEXT do not reside
on the same line). Flie dilficrulty is in that, bv the
time the NEXT is encotmtered, BASIC' will have
discarded the FOR statement, giving the loop
nowhere it can return to, and causing an error.
The lines:
FOR I = 65 TO 90
?CHR$(I);
NEXT!
would have to be restructined into one single line.
A simple test for writing and developing Exec
Programs is to try to write the program by typing
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192
COMPUTE!
March, 1982. Issue 22
each statement directly into liie machine wiiiinut
using line numbers and then checking the results.
Another Restriction
Still another restriction is that, because BIXEC^
programs have no line numbers, G01X)s and
GOSUBs to points within the KXF.C program arc
not allowed. However, if you cmrently have a
program in memory, you can call outside routines
that exist in your main program without afiectitig
program control. Say you have a delay routine at
line 100 in your main program; you can have your
E\ec Program (iOSl'B that line and tlien retmn to
the next line oi the KXEC^ prt)grain. If you want,
you can even have a loop that will repeatedly call
that routine. This technique is shown in Program :i
In order to create EXEG program files like the
one I described, I have written a simple demo
program whi( li will write them. In this demo, voti
write your own program starting at line 1000 and
continuing anywhere up to line 9990. The program
writes itself out to disk in a LISl' file containing
only the lines between 1000 and 9999. This LIST
file is then opened as an input file and each line is
read individually, the litu* numbei s are renuned,
and the line is rew litten to a new tile. When the
program ends, vou can test voiu^ file bv t\ ping:
E.^i'^iXOMEM.EXE.
I (your Exec Program was properly written,
the file should be executed and yotir original pro-
gram will remain unchanged. II vou tried the disk
directory program, (Program 1), )Ou would now
have a program on disk w^hich could be called at
anv time and would leave no leftover lines to be
deleted later.
One feature which I should mention about
this demo program is the ability to test yom* pro-
gram before making a file. By typing GO 1 C) and
the line luimber of the first line of youi program,
you can follow the program execution and even
make changes where necessary before creating an
Exec Progiam, This is important because, if an
error occius anvtime dining execution, tlie EXEG
program will stojj and control will rctin n to the
monitor. For testing, type E/l):<lMlename> and
check for proper program How. H problems arise,
you can list the line mnnbers, make changes, and
RVK the program again until all bugs are removed.
Transfer Of Control
Iw'o aspects of using this method merit close atten-
tion. The first is that if you wish to enter this pro-
gram from a running program, it is necessary to
have a GOTO (next line in Main program) as the
last statement. 1 liis will turn program control over
from your Elxec program to your Main program
when tlie Exec is over. If this is forgotten, when
the EXEG program is over, execution w ill stop.
Since variables, ariays, and strings ai e passed on,
the Main piogram can use variables fVf)m the Exec
and vice versa.
The other interesting aspect is that keyboard
input will be changed w hile the machine is leading
tiom the file. I he problem arises from the fact
that, while the EXEG program is running, the
mat bine acts as if all commands are being iy|)ed in
diiectly on the keyI>oard. When a reguhu INPU P
command is encoimtered, rather than inputing
from the keyboard, the next piece of inlormation
will be read in from the disk. If a string is being
in|)ut, that string will lt)ok like the next series of
tonnnands. 'i1ie way around this is to open (he
keyboard as an input buffer. (OPEN #1,4,0,"K:")
Strings and unmet ic values would then be entered
in a loop using repeated GET commands and
ending when a <GR> is cncotmtered. The routine
given will automatically terminate after a s|)ecified
mnnber of char acters have been entered. (In the
sample piogr am. 20 characters are entered, Init
this can be changed by replacing both 20's in the
routine with whatever you like.) The r'outine also
tests lor I)ELE/I E characters arrd rrrodif ies lire
string accor'dingly. For mrmeric values, vou can
simjjly let A = \ AE(AS). I his is shown iir Program 2.
.\fter you have tried a mmiber of programs,
you will notice tliat the pr'orrr|>t READS' will a|jpear
alter each line is executed. So far, I have iro cure
Ibi* tliis problem, but if one is fomrd Fll be sure to
let you know.
In a short period of time, you carr build a
substantial library of Exec litnctions. By changing
the rrame of the outptrt file, you can label the func-
tions any wav you find convenient. For example;
E/ D:DIR wotild display your current directory,
and E.''D:HEXDEG would convert hex values to
decimal. Except for variable declarations, none of
these would alfect the current program in metrrory.
All in all, I have shown only a handltil tjf the
})oteittial uses of Exec Progr arris. Other uses might
incltrde complex Batch Jobbing and self-deleting
line numbers. Any new^ ideas or feedback about
this lechniciue would be greativ appreciated. Like
many aspects ol the Atar*i, I feel that we ar'e still
only beginning to understand lire full poiemial of
this fantastic machine.
Main Program
100 DIM A$ (500)
110 TRAP 200
120 LIST"D:XYZZY.TMP'* ,100 0,9999
130 0PEN#1,4 ,0,"D:XYZZY.TMP"
140 OPEN#2,8 ,0,"D:NOMEM.EXE"
150 INPUT#1;A$
160 PRINT#2;A$ (6)
170 GOTO 150
200 IF PEEK (195) 0136 THEN ?"ERROR -";
PEEK(195)
210 CLOSEll
220 CL0SE#2
230 END
Program 1: Disk Directory
1000 GRAPHICS 0:CLOSE#1:OPEN#1,6,0/'D:*.*"
: FOR 1=1 TO 999:GET#1,A:?CHR$(A) ; :
IF A0155 OR B083 THEN B=A: NEXT I
Program 2: Input A Value
1000 CL0SE#1:?"ANSWER?"; : 0PEN#1 , 4 , 0 /'K : " :
FORI = 1 TO 20: GET#1,A: ?CHR$ (A) ; :
A$(I)= CHR${A): 1=1+20* (A=155) -2* (A=
126) ; NEXT I
Program 5: Calling Outside Routines
500 FOR 1=0 TO 127
510 PRINT CHR$(27);CHR$ (I) ;
520 NEXT I
1000 FOR J = 1 TO 5: GOSUB 500: NEXT J
Program 4: List Program Variables
1000 J=PEEK(130)+256*PEEK(131)
1010 FOR J=J TO PEEK(132)+256*PEEK(133)-1:
?CHR$ (PEEK(J)-128* (PEEK (J>127) ) ;CHR$
(27+128*CPEEK(J)>127) ) ; :NEXT J
1020 1=0: FOR J=PEEK(130)+256*PEEK{131) TO
PEEK (132)+256 * PEEK(133)-1: 1=1+
(PEEK (J) <127) :NEXT J: ? I ;" VARIABLES "
Look Out!
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Dealer inquiries invited (916) 272-6808
STARTING YOUR OWN
MICROCOMPUTER BUSINESS
Starting your own microcomputer business is easy if you
know the right steps to take. Two volumes of the new book
Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business describe the
things you should know to start right and to build your
business successfully.
Many people have good ideas for a successful microcomputer
business. But they don't know how to put their ideas into
action. These people are plenty smart. That's not the problem.
The problem is in knowing simple things: How to analyze the
market. How to select the right product or service. How to get
enough startup money. How to plan yourgrowth and success.
The answers to these problems are not hard to understand. All
you need is the right information. Your Fortune In The
Microcomputer Business gives you the knowledge tools to
start right, grow and prosper.
This practical reference manual has no hocus-pocus. It does
not tell you how to do astrology or dating services. It does give
you clear, complete, step-by-step instructions on how to get
started right and insure your success!
Volume I Includes:
mmmM
Voliunel
Getting Started
■ The hottest trends in the market
fl The seven best test markets
■ How ta read between the lines at a trade show
■ 107 ways to reach your market
■ Examples of the best ads in the business
■ How to get free advertising
■ The 21 steps to set up your business
■ How to start a manufacturing business
■ How to write a newsletter
■ How to give a seminar
M How to start a service business krmwwifl
■ How to package software for the mass market
■ How to be a highly paid consultant
■ Franchtsiiig— the good, the bad and the ugly
■ Interviews with six successful microcomputer businesses
■ How to use the RLC factor to be street smart, lean, mean and successful
Volume II Includes:
■ Strategies for growth
■ Straight facts on incorporation
■ How to build your organization
■ How to manage cash flow
■ How to develop your accounting system
■ How to manage employees, wages and salaries
■ How to survive a cash crunch
■ What to do if things get really bad
■ How to maximize your profits
■ How to grow by acquisition
■ How to value your business
> How and when to sell your business
WRITE OR CALL-DONT WAITI
.BilUByi&ffTIa
Mmt II
(ktrnth, Survival
and Success
hncmnJ
Wildfire Publishing, 326 DJ Toro Canyon
Carpinteria, CA 93013 Ph. (805) 684-1489
Please send the following book(s) by return mail. I
understand if 1 want to return them for any reason within 90
days of receipt, I can do so and get a prompt full refund.
D Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business
Vol, I, Getting Started, $20.00,
n Your Fortune In The Microcomputer Business
Vol. 11, Growth, Survival and Success, S20.00.
Pkase add SI. 50 per hook for shipping, Caljf. residents please add
S1.20 each sales tax.
Name
Street
Cily ..
-State.
Ztp-
Enclosed is .
Cird# -_^
Ex, Dt
Signature _
_ or charge my MasterCturge O or Vba O
MCItiterbank U
_© 1982 Wildfire Pub.
1P4
COMFUTEl
March, 1982. Issue 22
BASIC 4.0 To
Upgrade
Conversion Kit
Elizabeth Deal
Malvern, PA
Q: When is a NEXT not a NEXT?
A: When its a DCLOSE command from Basic 4,
of course.
Tfiis arlictc is inlciuled primarily for users of tfie
Upgrade PE'iVdBM systems. It discusses several
BASIC 4 dislv commands, as they appear on tlie
Upgrade screen.
BASK" 4 programs can often rini in the up-
grade system with or without conveision. But, to
convert, one must know the autlior's intent in the
progiam and the Upgrade system ol)hterates tfie
necessary information. Reilect on a three way
analogy you might, some day, see on your screen:
NEXT = RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB = DCLOSE
It looks curious, l>ui it makes sense.
A Bit Of History
Some time ago, I had the pleasure of using a BASIC
4 CBM. I was writing a relative file program. At
one point I had to reninnbcr the program, CBM
couldn't do it lor me, and tlie only sensible solution
was to load the program into my trust) old Upgi ade
PET equipped with foolkit"''. I listed the progiam
to see how the disk (onnnands would behave in a
new environment.
Assorted quotes from BASIC 4:
300 FOR 1= ITONF:RECORD#(DF),(CR),(FP^f(I))
310 PRINT#DF,F$(I):GOSUB230:NEXT:RETURN
READY,
2020 DOPEN#(DFWFF$),D(DD),L(RS) :GOSUB230
2030 RECORD#(DF),)NR):GOSUB230:FRINT#(DF),
CHR$(255):GOSUB230
2040 CLOSEDF:GOSUB230:OPENDF:GOSUB230:FR
= 1:RETURN
READY.
3090 SCRATCH(KY$)
READY.
4020 DCLOSE
READY,
As seen l)y the Upgrade system:
300 FORI= lTONF:DATA#(DF),(CR),(FP7f(I))
310 PRINT#DF,F$(I):GOSUB230:NEXT:RETURN
READY.
2020 FOR#(DF),(FF$),D(DD),L(RS) :GOSUB230
2030 DATA#(DF),(NR):GOSUB230:PRINT#(0F),
CHR$(255):GOSUB230
2040 CLOSEDF:GOSUB230:OPENDF:GOSUB230:
FR=1:RETURN
READY.
3090 GOSUB(KY$)
READY.
4020 NEXT
READY.
The screen showed FOR# wheie DOPEN#
should have been (line 2020), and DA4 .\# where
a I elative file statement REC()RL)# sliould have
been (lines 3()() and 2020). VVoise still, it nanslated
SCRATCH(KV$) into GOSUB(KVS) in line 3090.
Finally, a conversion of a simple DCLOSE into
NEXT (line 4020) seemed incredible.
Both the Toolkit and the PE f left those key-
word tokens intact (I did not retype the BASIC 4
kevwords, doing that would have destroyed them).
The program worked fine after transfer to the
BASIC 4 comptiter. And that was that.
Recently, I had to look at that undocumented
mess of code. I lemembered some of the nasties,
but couldn't recall them all. Seveial of these com-
mands leaped otit in a listing as invalid ones, but I
dichf t catch NEXT, of course. It seemed to belong,
I lowcver, Pow er didn't let this otie slip bv.
While scrt)lling through the pt ogram, back
and forth, looking for additional ti otible, I noticed
that GOSUB(KY$) translated imo S fRlNG TOO
LONG(KY$) and there appeared a strange looking
4()2() RETURN WEI HOUT C;()SUB statement.
That was mv NEX E. (I camiot provide a printottt,
because to print we use the LIS'E command, where-
as these two long sentences w^ere not done b\ LIST,
they restilted from scrolling.)
I was hicky in that I was looking at a program
I had written and had a vague idea of what it did.
But imagine, for an instant, that somebody sends
voti a piogram containing BASIC 4 disk cominands.
How can you go about finding out w4iich are used?
How can voti distinguish the true l^pgrade com-
mands, like NEX I from BASIC 4 disk commands?
Solution
It alwavs helps to utiderstand the process. The
Power mantial was useful in solving this one for
me, becattse it explained where and how Power,
and the PEE for that matter, pick up the keywords
and error messages contained within ROM.
One way to get at the keywords is to look in
ROM in both Upgrade and BASIC 4 systems and
produce a side-by-side listing oi tokens and mes-
sages. The search addresses were taken from
memory maps.
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muiti
User
System
— Works with all combinations PET/CBM models.
— 100% Hardware. No software required!
— No special commands, User TRANSPARENT!
— Up to 8 users can share a disk &/or printer.
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— Connects in minutes, no tools necessary.
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DISKSHARE 9000-3 3 USER SYSTEM WITH 6ft. CABLES $749.00
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DISKSHARE 9001-6 ADD-ON CABLE (6 FOOT LENGTH] $ 79.95
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For More Information Call:
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1210 Woodbine Avenue.
Markham. Ontario Canada
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dealer and
distributor inquiries
invited
_i
196
COMPUTEl
Morch, 1982 Issue 22
I used this routine:
140 N^0:F=1:M=128:P=127:TP = PEEK(50003)
150 S = 49298:E = 498 12:REM UPGR &ORIG
160 rFTP= 160THENS = 45234:E = 45858:REM 4
80 COLUMN
170 FORJ = STOE
1 80 IFFTHENF = 0:PRINT:PRINTN;N + M;:N = N + 1
190 V = PEEK(J):IFVANDMTHENV = VANDP:F= 1
200 PRINTCHR$(V);
210 NEXTJ
READY.
The results are shown in Figure 1. A list nearly
identical lo the BASIC 4 listing was in COMPUTE!
# 1 5, and die list ot die U|)grade tokens was in
COMPUTE! # 1 . The list presented here also adds
the messages which follnu the list of tokens.
Note that tokens on the Upgrade PE F range
in number from 128 to 203. From 204 down we
have the PET-people interface. On the BASIC 4
systems, tokens langc irom 128 to 218 with tokens
128-203 being common betw^een the two systems.
Messages follow the tokens and begin at number 219.
The tokens that give us trouble are the ones in
BASIC 4 numbered 204^218. They line up with
Upgrade PET's messages or with the beginning of
the token list, depending who is doing the lining
up, LIST or Pow er's scroller.
The Logic Of It All
The reason behind it goes like this (I think) : The
progratii that runs die PKT, the BASICS inleipreter,
takes a BASIC 4 token that was loaded in, for
instance token 206 (DCLC)SE). In order to print it
on the screen, it scans the table looking for 206.
But the Upgrade PE T knows that the highest valid
token number in its list is 203. When the list is
exhausted, it wraps aroinid and starts at the top of
the list, goes down three more items and. conse-
quently, returns an inconspicuous NEXT. Power,
on the other hand, doesn't wrap around. When a
token, invalid for the system, exists in I lie program,
it goes down the list to number 206 and finds a
clearly visible RETURN W' ITHOUT GOSUB
message, equivalent to DCLOSE. All quite logical.
And simple.
The conversion kit, therefore, consists of a list
of tokens and messages. By some careful work on
your part, BASIC 4 programs can be lead on an
Upgrade scieen. H you see a strange looking com-
mand, you can find out what it means by aligning
the tokens and messages.
Trv to guess what BASIC 4 statement is in-
tended when the LIS I command savs END and
Power s scroller says NEXT WITHOUT FOR?
How^ about LIST showing COTO aiul the scroller
showing REDINLD ARRAY?
Subsequent to the disk commands having been
decoded from their curious appearance, the only
remaining job is to rewrite those commands into
words Upgrade PET can understand (to achieve
reverse compatibility). Relative file commands
cannot be converted that easily. For this you might
consult reference (4) below. If you see RECORD #
scattered in the B ASI(!1 4 program, you'll need to
do some work. In any case, make sure that you add
a semicolon at the end of all PRINl^ statements.
Other commands can be translated with little diffi-
culty by consulting the disk manual, once you
know what they are supposed to be.
Don't Jump To Conclusions
WARNING: ' Frying to write a BASIC 4 program
on an Upgrade PET cannot w^ork easily. Writing
F()R#4 will not result in DOPEN#4, unless you
scan the program and add 75 to the selected FOR
token value leaving intended FORs alone. It makes
no sense to try to do it, because you couldn't debug
yoiu' hybrid creatif)n anyway.
REFERENCES:
I ) BuUcrjkhVs Mmnan maps in COMPUTE! i.ssuvs 2 and 7.
2i POWER Manual (Projesswnal Software).
3) rscrs Manual far (BM 5[/f-infh Dual Fhpfry Disk Drives,
(jitnuuidori' Bus in ess Ma (hints, part # 32()S99,
I) Butti'rjit'hrs Mixing aud Matching Commodinr dish syslem.
I am grateful to COMPUTER FORUM ofFRAZER. PA for
permitting me to use their BASIC 4 equipment.
For your
Commodore
CBM and VIC
needs
contact:
PEHED MICROSYSTEMS
4265 W, Loomis
Milwaukee, Wl 53221
(414)282-4181
DR. DALEY Introduces...
THEWIZ
Data Management System
THE WIZ ishere!!!
THE WIZ, a system powerful enough to manage most of your data storage and manipulation
needs - yet is easy to use. A system we are so sure of that we have an offer you can't resist.
First though, let's take a look at a few of the many features of this program.
Feature
1. ON-LINE help
Benefit
At your fingertips is the equivalent of a 60 page manual. At
any time the computer is waiting for a response from you,
you may press the 'h' key or type *help'. THE wiz will then
provide you with an explanation of the function you are
working with.
2. Plotting capability This is a feature unique to THE WIZ. It can produce a bar
graph with up to 18 bars or a histogram with up to 100
points plotted. Graphically presented data is easy to
interpret.
3. Wordpro interface
4. Read a sequential
file
5. Search for
keywords
This option is standard with THE WIZ. With many of the
competing data managers, if available, it is an extra cost
option.
You may reorganize your files or even read sequential files
generated by other data management systems.
Here you can search for a word in ANY field in your re-
cord. It can even ignore differences due to upper case and
lower case characters .
6. Constants in data You may store up to three separate sets of contant fields.
entry Each set can have as many fields as you like filled with
information. Then two keystrokes will call the appropriate
set.
And there is more. There is not room enough to tell you all the features in a one page ad!
SPECIAL OFFER
You will like our system. In fact we are so convinced of this, that we are going to pay you to
try it! If you have another commercially available data management program, you can
receive TRADE-IN credit for your purchase of THE WIZ. Call us on our toll free number
(800) 548-3289 for our offer on your present system. Remember that this offer expires March
15, 1982.
DR. DALEY'S SOFTWARE
Water St. Darby, MT. 59829
(OUU) a4o-tJZoy (for Orders & Information)
(406) 82 1-3924 (Montana and technical assistance)
Call between 9 a.m. and 6 p.m. Mountain time Monday through Friday
198
COMPUTE!
Morch. 1982, Issue 22
UPGRADE
0
128 END
1
129 FOR
1=:!
130 NEXT
•-Z'
•-.'
131 DflTR
4
132 INPUTtt
5
133 INPUT
e
134 DIl'l
r
135 RERD
s
136 LET
9
137 C
50T0
10
138
RUN
11
1 39
IF
12
140
RESTORE
13
141
OOSUB
14
142
RETURN
15
143
REM
16
144
STOP
17
145
ON
18
146
WAIT
19
147
LORD
20
143
SR'v'E
21
149
VERIFV
22
150
DEF^
23
151
POKE
24
152
PRINT#
25
153
PRINT
26
154
CONT
27
155
LIST
23
156
CLR
29
157
CMD
30
15S
SVS
31
159
OPEN
32
160
CLOSE
33
161
GET
34
162
NEW
35
163
TRB'::
36
164
TO
37
1 65
FN
38
166
SPCt:
39
167
THEN
40
163
NOT
41
169
STEP
42
170
H-
43
171
-
44
172
*
45
173
1-'
46
174
t-
47
175
RND
48
176
OR
49
177
..-**
50
17S
™-
51
179
■•■_
52
1 30
SGN
53
131
INT
54
132
RBS
BASIC 4
0
12S END
1
129 FOR
k!
130 NEXT
•~i
131 DRTR
4
132 INPUT#
5
133 INPUT
6
134 Din
~7
135 READ
S
136 LET
9
137 GOTO
10
138 RUN
11
139 IF
12
140 RESTORE
13
141 GOSUB
14
142 RETURN
15
143 REM
16
144 STOP
17
145 ON
IS
146 WRIT
19
147 LORD
20
148 SfiVE
21
149 VERIFV
22
150 DBF
23
151 POKE
24
152 PRINT#
*;-i i:."|
153 PRINT
26
154 CONT
27
155 LIST
23
156 CLR
29
157 CMD
30
158 SVS
31
159 OPEN
32
160 CLOSE
:-;3
161 GET
34
162 NEW
35
163 TREK
36
164 TO
37
165 FN
38
166 SPC':;
39
167 THEN
40
168 NOT
41
169 STEP
42
170 +
43
171 -
44
172 *
45
173 /
46
174 t
47
175 AND
4S
176 OR
49
177 >
50
178 =
51
179 <
52
180 SGN
._i \j;;\
ISl INT
54
182 RBS
MM
JV
standard Features:
• Full power to PET/CBM for a minimum of
15 minutes
• Installs within PET/CBM cabinet
• No wiring changes necessary
• Batteries recharged from PET/CBM inte-
gral power supply
Specifications:
"BATTERY
BACKUP
SYSTEM=
FOR COMMODORE PET/CBM COMPUTERS
X 3.6" X 2.4"
Physical Size: 5 5'
Weight: 4.5 lbs.
Time to reach full charge; 16 hours
Duration of outputs: Minimum of 15 min.
Voltages: +16, +9, -12, -9
Battery Life Expectancy: 3 to 5 years
Battery On-Off Switch
For Use With:
• Commodore PET/CBM 2001 and 4000 ser-
ies computer
• Commodore PET/CBM 8000 series com-
puter (screen size will not be normal on
battery back-up)
• Commodore C2N Cassette Drive
Never again lose valuable data because of
power shortages or line surges, BackPack sup-
plies a minimum of 15 minutes reserve power to
32K of memory, the video screen and tape
drive. BackPack fits inside the PET/CBM
cabinet and can be installed easily by even the
novice user. BackPack is recharged during nor-
mal operation and has an integral on-off switch.
BackPack comes fully assembled and tested,
Instructions included.
Also available. Back Pack unit for Commodore
CBM 4040 and 8052 Dual Drive Floppy Disk.
Dealer and distributor inquiries invited.
BackPack is a trademark of ETC Corporation
CBM/PET are trademarks of Commodore Business Machines
Designed and manufactured by:
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
P.O. Box G, Old N.C. 42
Apex, North Carolina 27502
Phone; (919)362-4200 or (919)362-5671
Electronic Manufacturing
Technical Design and Development
Computer System Technology
ELECTRONIC TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION
200
COMPUTE!
March. 1982. Issue 22
UPGRADE
55
133
IJSR
56
184
FRE
57
185
PUS
58
186
SQR
59
187
RND
60
138
LOG
61
189
EXP
62
190
CDS
63
191
SIH
64
192
TFIN
65
193
RTN
66
194
PEEK
67
195
LEH
63
196
STR*
69
197
vnL
70
193
FlSC
71
199
CHR*
72
200
LEFT*
73
201
RIGHT*
74
202
MID*
75
203
GO
76
204
NEXT NITHOUT FOR
77
205
SVHTfl:^::
73
206
RETURN WITHOUT GOSUB
79
207
OUT OF DflTfl
80
208
ILLEGRL QURNTITV
31
209
OVERFLOW
82
210
OUT OF MEHORV
S3
211
UNDEF'D STRTEMEHT
84
212
BRD SUBSCRIPT
85
213
REDIM-D RRRRV
86
214
DIVISION BV ZERO
87
215
ILLEGRL DIRECT
83
216
TYPE MISMRTCH
89
217
STRING TOO LONG
30
213
FILE DRTR
91
219
FORMULR TOO COMPLEX
92
220
CRH'T CONTINUE
93
221
UNDEF'D FUNCTION
94
222
ERROR IN
BASIC 4
59
68
61
S2
5 3
64
65
6 6
67
63
70
7i
183
184
1 8S:
186
1S7
188
1 89
130
191
192
193
194
19!5
196
1 '3 7
198
199
200
201
202
76
204
205
78
206
79
207
30
208
81
209
S2
210
83
211
34
212
1-1 £=;
''.'■' 1 "-:
C. .1 ■_•
36
214
37
215
83
216
1-lQ
217
90
213
91
92
93
94
95
SG
S?
98
99
1 00
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
103
109
219
220
221
224
USR
FRE
POS
SQR
RhID
LOG
lEXP
C0S
3 1 i'-l
TRH
RTN
PEEK
LEN
STR:$-
VRL
BSC
CHR:3r
LEFT"-^
RIGHTS
GlJ
COM CRT
DOPEh-i
DCLObE
RECORD
HERDER
COLLECT
BRCKUP
COPV
RPPEHD
DSRVE
DLOfiD
CRTRLOG
REHRME
3CRRTCH
DIRECTORV
NEXT NITHOUT FOR
SVNTRX
RETLIR!--! NrrHOUT GOSUB
OUT OF DRTR
ILLEGRL QURNTITV
OVERFLON
;25 OUT OF HE NOR V
^26 UNDER '^D STRTEMENT
r27 EiRD SUBSCRIPT
223 REDIh-^D RRRRV
229 DIVISION BV ZERO
230 ILLEGRL DIRECT
231 TVPE NISMRTCH
232 STRING TOO LONG
233 FILE DRTR
234 FGRNULR TOO COMPLEX
235 CRN'^T CONTINUE
236 UNDER -^D FUNCTION
237 ERROR IN
March. 1982. Issue 22
COMPUTil
201
Screen Save
Routine
Joseph Trem
Garfeld Heights, OH
A while back, COMPUTE! published an excellent
article for drawing pictures entitled "SUPER
CUBE" (COMPUTE! #1 1). Pictiues are drawn to
look 3-diniensional. After playing with this pro-
gram, some very interesting pictures developed.,,
all tt> be lost when the computer was turned off!
Gee, it sure would be nice to sa\ e those Rem brand ts!
The following utilit) program can be appended
to the end of your favorite drawing programs and
will enable you to save those Renibrandts. A sample
drawing is included at the beginning of this utility.
The Atari computer is fascinating indeed. The
moie yoti delve, the more intriguing it becomes.
This program is based on three screen-related
memory addresses - 87, 88, Sc 89. Location 87
contains the graphics mode presently in use. Type
"GRAPHICS 7^ then type "PRINT 'PEEK(87)^\
The computer will respond with "7*'. Locations 88
and 89 store the starting addresses of .screen nie-
niorv. 88 contains the low byte and 89 contains the
high byte. Again, type "GRAPHICS 7", then type
"PRINT PEEK(88) + PEEK(89)=^25(>". This will
return the memory starting address for Graphics
7. Note that each computer may return a different
number depending on the nieniory size ol the
machine. Now i\ pe *POKE(meniory start), 255*'.
This will light up one full byte at the top left corner
of the screen (Figure 1).
Figure 1 .
GRAPHICS 7
~40 BYTES"
-H
80
BYTES
READY
Type "POKE(memory start + 40,255", and this will
light up the next full byte directly under the first
byte. Knowing this, it is possible to keep track of
every byte on the screen. There are 40 bytes hori-
zontally and 80 bytes vertically in Graphics 7. In
the uulity program, line 33240 locates the starting
address of your picture. Lines 32125 and 32225
scan and set screen memory locations. You may
adapt these lines to any graphics mode using the
chart provided. For example, if you happen to be
using graphics 5, change the "40*80" in those lines
to "20*40"
HORIZONTAL
VERTICAL
BYTES
BYTES
GR.8
40
160
GR.7
40
80
GR.6
20
80
GR.5
20
40
GR.4
10
40
GR.3
10
20
GR.2
20
10
GR.l
20
20
GR.O
40
24
(full screen)
After running this program, you may want to
append only the tuility pari to your favorite drawing
program. Here's how to do it. First, make sure
vour drawing program does not exceed line 30999.
Now type LIST"C:'\3 1000,32240 or LIST^'DiHIe-
name'\ 31000,32240. This will save only lines
31000 through 32240. When completed type NEW
and load your drawing program (e.g. SUPER
(T'BE). Now load ^ our utility program back in.
4 his is done by typing ENTER"C:" or ENTER
"D: filename". This will append your utility to the
end of any drawing program.
Some programs may have to be modified
slightly, but with a little effort you may find it
worth it. Run your program. Draw yotu^ master-
piece. When vou are satisfied with > our creation,
press the BREAK key and type "GOTO 31000".
This will initialize the save and load louline. Then
sit back, relax and surprise someone with a genuine
work of art worthy only of the great masters.
10
40-195
200
30000
31000
32000
to
32060
32100
to
32103
Initializes SCREEN SAVE ROUTINE
Draws sample picture (e.g. Space game playfield)
Reinitializes menu after drawing
Sets GR.2 & title
Opens lOCB for keyboard
Prints menu. Gets keyboard input and directs to
appropriate line.
Prints save menu. Gets keyboard input and
directs to appropriate line.
202
COMPUTEI
March. 1982. Issue 22
32105
to Prints disk instructions.
32208
32110
to Prints cassette instructions.
32210
32200 Prints load menu.
32122 Stores graphics mode and color register data.
32125 Stores screen RAM data.
32222 Reads graphics mode and color register data and
pokes it into correct location.
32225 Reads screen RAM data and pokes into correct
locations.
32240 Determines start address of screen.
10 uOTO 338y8
46 GRAPHICS 7:SETCnL0R y.b.-b^REr1 tSET GR
ftPHICS 7 MODE
60 Ili>49 = C0=l -COLOR 1
65 I[i>nC:+v3.Q5
70 X=SIH( INC >t20 ■■ Y=COS( IHC >:¥:2y
75 PLOT X+80..V+35: SOUND LX+5e,10..3
80 CO=D:i+i=IF CO<130 THB-^ 65
108 C:Ci=l
lie CCtOR 3
138 ItC=I[C+e.05
140 K=SIH( IHC+i ):?30 = Y=l:0S':: IW: ):¥:38
145 IF C0>49 AND C-0<78 THEN 168
158 CCLOR 2^ PLOT X+fc©..Y+35:SCllND LX+58.
6.8
155 DjLOR 3:Ftut X+31..Y+3o: COLOR 1:PL0T
X+79;y+32
160 CO=Cu+l:IF Cn<i3y 'HhH 118
178 COLOR 1:F0R K=i TO 159 = PLOT X..79 = DF:h
WTO y;79-RH0(_8>^'5= SOUND l.X. 10.8 = HEKT X
IS-S FOR_ X=l i 0 20 • COLOR mK 8 ):? 1+ 1= PLOT
40 .. 49 ■■ DkAWTQ RND( S )* 1 8 .. RHu( 8 X? 1 8 = SOUND 1
..X+20.-5..8:NtXT X
183 FOR: X=i2y TO 159 = COLOR RHD'::6):=J;2+1 =PL
UT X.28 = DRAlaT0 X;RH0(6>:f28 = HEXT X
185 COLOR 2 = PLOT 13ti.3S = DRAWT0 130 .-24 = OR
tt'lTO 134/24 = DRhI']T0 l.;;4..38 = PL0T i30.= 27:DR
AhTO 134 -.27
1&" PLOT i42;25 = DRHWTC_142.'24:DRAWi0 138
.. 24 = DRAWTO 1 38 . 30 = DRAW i 0 1 42 . 38 = DRAwTO I
Til- .' t— «■
187 FIOT 153.: 24 = DRAWTO 146..24 = DRAUT0 146
.. 30 = DRAWTO 1 50 .. 38 = PLOT 1 46 .. 27 = DRAUTO 1 49
30800 GRAPHICS 2=? #6.;" SCREEN SAUE RiJJl
198 COLOR 2' PLOT S.8 = DRAUT0 159;S = DRHl'iT0
159 .. 79 ■ DRAm 0 S; 79 = DRAl-4T0_3. 8
195 COLOR l^RLOT 30;?8-rLOi 4S. 18 -PLOT 1
48 ,'30 -PLOT 150.-78^f^L0T 185.35 = SOUND l^B-
280 GOTO 32888
31088 CLOSE #i^OPEH #h4,e;-'K'''
32000 scrn==32248 • gosub scrh = poke 752 ■ 1 = '^'
1.,.DRhU PICTURE^^' '^
32818 ? '■ 2. , .SAUE PICTURE^'
32026 ? " 3.. .LOAD PICTURE''
32050 GET #l.-H=IF h<49 OR ft>5i THEM 3285
0
32860 OH H-48 LiOtO 48^32168.32280
32108 ? =? " SAUE TO 1 ,. .CASSETTE^- ^^ ^-^
2... DISK? ^'
32101 GET #1;A^IF h<49 OR R>=^m THEH 321ft
1
3218^ OH H-4S GOTO 32110.32105
32l0:j ? :': - PLEASE INSERT DISKETTE AN
D PRESS _ _i^"^^-*R^^ " *GET SLA^OREN #2;
8-0. ''D = PICTURE^': GOTO 32128
32110^? =? '^PLEASE PLACE CLEAN TAPE IH R
ECORuhR fMj press 1 RETURN \ ''
321iD OPtH #2.S;8. 'X^'^REn tOPEN FILE TO
SftUb
32128 ? •? "SIT BACK AnD REL^X '^fiLiUi
G PICTURE r^
32122 i10DE-hctK'-8'^)^PUT #2.t10DE*FuR 1=0
TO 4 ■ COL=PEEK( 788+ 1 ) - PUT #2 .- COL - NEXT I
32125 FOR I=SCREEH TO SCREEi'H( 48^98 )-i ^L
OC=PEEK( I ) * PUT #2; LOC ■■ NEXT I * CLOSE #2
32136 GOTO 32380
32288 ? :? '" LOAD TO 1. . CASSETTE^" ^^ ^
? '' 2, . .DISK*"^''
32201 GET tl.A^IF h<49 OR h>58 THEH 3228
i
122m POKE 752. 1
322y!:> On A-4y GOTO 322 l^v^ 3229'?
32208 ? =? " PLEASE INSERT DISKETTE AND
F'RiESS 1 RETURN I " = GET #1 . A • OPEN S2 .■ 4
.. 8.. "D = PICTURE-' = GOTO 32228
32218 ■'^' " PLEASE INSEF'T TAPE AWQ PRESS i
RETURN i"
32215 OPEN #2.= 4.:8.= "C="=REM *nPEN FILE TO
LOAD
32228 ? =-^ =■? "RELAX AND ENJOY. . . ILOAOI
m: PICTURE!"
32222 GEi #2. riODt = GRAPHICS rlODt = GOSUb SC
RN = rOR 1=8 TO 4 = GET #2..- COL = POKE 783*1.00
L = t€XT I
3222ti FOR I=SCRhhN TO SCREEH+(40^=:8S)-1 = G
ET #2. LOC = POKE L LOC = NEXT I = CLOSE #2
32248 SCREEN=PEEK( 3S )+PE£K': 89 :'t256 = RETUR
N
32508 REH **biRITTEN BY JOSEPH TF;Ef1:^*
32581 REM ti SCREEN SAUE ROUTINE **
March, 1982. Jssue 22
COMPUTE!
203
Parti:
A Superboard II
Monitor
Frank Cohen
Pacific Paltsadea CA
In the last article I stated my opinion of the OSI
Superboard ITs video output. The result was an
advanced cursor routine to supplement the power-
ful ROM-based Microsoft BASIC. Super-Cursor
adds many functions to the output routine of
BASIC. However, Super-Cursor is a very long
routine (almost 500 bytes long) and entering it into
the Superboard can take forever using the existing
monitor program. This gave me the inspiraUon to
write the next couple of programs.
Upon turning on the Superboard and pressing
the BREAK key, one is pr esented with a choice of
entering the BASIC, disk or monitor programs.
Unless one knows enough about how BASIC works
to write a machine code niterface, using the monitor
program is the only way to program the computer
in machine language. It only takes one look at the
monitor program to know that one is very limited
in the things that can be done.
The monitor will perform only three different
things with the Superboard. First, it allows the
viewing of one memory location at a time. This
gives the capability of seeing one whole byte of
memory for every given keyboard entry. Imagine
trying to look through a program like Super-Cursor
one byte at a time, keeping in mind there are over
500 instructions. Finding one byte incorrectly
entered would take hours. Second, the monitor
allows the modification of only one location at a
time. After a byte has been entered, the next address
is displayed. A problem will occur here if you are
not sure the byte you just entered was correct. In
this case you would have to go back and look at the
last memory location. It then becomes necessary to
retype the four digits of the previous address.
Finally, the monitor allows the entry of a machine
language program from a cassette recorder. Of
course, it doesn^t allow one to store a program on a
cassette recorder (which leads one to wonder what
one would be loading to begin with).
An Advanced Monitor
It doesn't take long after you start programming in
machine language to realize the necessity of a more
advanced monitor program. This program (and
two others to follow) form an advanced monitor
routine. To be quite original I have named the
total program Super-Monitor. It is intended for
the type of person who knows the basics of machine
language programming and wants to expand his
knowledge. The three programs are fully docu-
mented and in assembly language format. They
are written in three separate packages so that you,
the user, can modify to your specifications while, at
the same time, learn some simple machine language
p r ogra m m i n g t ec h n iq u es .
Before we start, an outline of what a monitor
program should do will make the whole thing
come together at the end. First, the monitor should
be able to display as few or as many memory loca-
tions at one time as is desired. Second, it should
allow^ easy entry of many bytes into the Superboard's
memory along with the ability to see what was just
entered. Third, it should allow the user to fill many
memory locations with certain strings or combina-
tions of bytes. Fourth, it should be able to move a
whole block of data from one location to another in
memory. Fifth, we should have a routine to store
memory onto tape. Finally, we should have a routine
to read a program from tape to memory with veri-
fication. Once all this is accomplished, entering and
editing machine language programs will be a snap.
Hexdump
This program allows us to see many locations of
memory at once. It will ask you for a beginning
memory address and then it will print one line of
eight bytes of data fiom the memory address speci-
fied. It will then wait for your command. If you
want the next line of eight bytes to he listed, you
simply hit the carriage return key. If you want to
list another part of memory, you hit the line feed
key and HEXDUMP will start again by asking for a
new^ beginning address.
Before we get into seeing just liow Hexdump
works, here is a small word of warning. If you read
the article describing Super-Cursor V 1.3 in COM-
PUTEl #18 you should nave noted that my Super-
board II has had the video modifications added to
give a video display of 26 lines with 48 characters
per line, using the Su pet -Cursor program. The
modifications are simple and w^ell described in
conversion plans which can be purchased from
Elcomp Publishing (Silver Spur Electronics, Chino,
California.)
Hexdump does use some of the routines in
Super-CAirsor so it is necessary that you load Super-
(iUrsor as well. If you don't want to use Super-Cursor,
you will have to write your own output routines to
allow Hexdump to display information onto the
screen. Writing these routines is not very difficult
and you probably could copy the individual routines
out of Super-C'ursor with only a few modifications.
204
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
The assembly listing of Hexdump shows that
it loads into locations 1D20 through 1E38. This is
the area in memory directly below Super-Cursor
V 1 .3. There are seven bytes of memory which
separate the two programs. These will be used
later for another part of Super-Monitor. Hexdump
may be moved to another location in memory by
reassembling it; however, if you do not own an
assembler, relocating Hexdump may become very
difficult as it uses absolute addresses extensively.
Hexdump is an example of structured machine
language programming. It uses a main supervisor
routine which branches into other routines. The
supervisor is labeled Hexdump in the assembly
listing, and calls all of the other subroutines into
play.
Upon starting Hexdump, the supervisor homes
the cursor using the Home routine of Super-Cursor
VI. 3. This positions the solid block cursor in the
upper left position of the screen. The program
then goes to the subroutine labeled Padr. This
subroutine prints the two byte address held in
location ()0E7 and GOES, Fhis address is later used
to find the memory location you want to display.
Ihe program continues by jumping to another
subroutine. Tliis one called Inadr. This subroudne
reads the keyboard four times, allowing the input
of a four digit memory address. The resulting two
byte address is put into locations ()()E7 and 00E8
(ADR). Once the four numbers have been entered,
the program jumps back to the supervisor which
again homes the cursor. The program then jumps
to another subroutine labeled Pline.
Up to this point you probably will not be modi-
fying the program very much as the function of
the subroutines are very straightforward. However,
Pline will probably need to be modified as it prints
the start address of the desired memory locations
and then prints the eight bytes of data contained in
those locations. The number of data bytes printed
is what may need to be changed, if you have not
added the video modifications to your Superboard.
On a 24 by 24 video display you can only print up
to five bytes at a time unless you don't mind the
information falling off one line and continuing on
the next. The number of bytes printed is controlled
by the byte at 1E24. In the assembly listing you can
see that the program between 1E22 and 1 E30 is
concerned only with checking to see if Pline has
printed eight characters and, if it has, to return
back to the supervisor. To change the number of
bytes printed per line, it is necessary to put the
desired number at 1E23 and a copy of that number
at IE2B.
Now that Pline is finished and we have returned
to the supervisor, you can see that Hexdump checks
the keyboard and, if a carriage return is entered
(ASCII value of OD), it will branch back to print
the next eight bytes of memory. If a line feed is
entered (ASCII value of OA), it will branch back to
the part of the program which homes the cursor
and starts it all again.
Next Month
We now have a program which is the first part of a
very advanced monitor program. What comes next
is two other routines which include the functions
listed in our outline. They are smaller routines
than Hexdump. The resulting Super-Monitor will
allow you to enter large programs in a single bound.
;This program uses some subroutines from
; Super-Cursor VI . 3 (COMPUTE! Nov. *81)
}
;Zero page usage is limited to only
; two bytes-
; 00E7 - ADR
00E8 - ADR+1
;which are the low and high bytes forming an
;address for which HEXDUMP looks into memory*
*=1D20
;Start of
1D20 20
80
IE
HEXDUMP
JSR HOME
1D23 20
3C
ID
DIA
JSR PADR
1D26 20
80
IE
JSR HOME
1D29 20
93
ID
JSR INADR
1D2C 20
00
IE
DAL
JSR PLINE
1D2F 20
BA
FF
BD
JSR KEYIN
1D32 C9
OD
CMP #$0D
1D34 FO
F6
BEQ DAL
1D36 C9
OA
CMP #$0A
;Start of program and entry point.
;Home the Cursor
;Print address
;Home the cursor again
; Input address
;Print one line
;Reads the keyboard result in A
;Key pressed = CR?
;Key pressed = LF?
OSI
TRS-80
COLOR-80
OSI
GALAXIAN - 4K - One of the fastest and finest
arcade games ever written for the OSI, this one
features rows of hard-hitting evasive dogfighting
aliens thirsty for your blood. For those who
loved (and tired of) Alien Invaders. Specify
system - A bargain at $9.95 OSI
LABYRINTH - 8K - This has a display back-
ground similar to MINOS as the action takes
place in a realistic maze seen from ground level.
This is, however, a real time monster hunt as you
track down and shoot mobile monsters on foot.
Checking out and testing this one was the most
fun I've had in years! - $13,95. OSI
THE AARDV ARK JOURNAL
FOR OSI USERS - This is a bi-monthly
tutorial journal running only articles about OSI
systems. Every issue contains programs custom-
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the system, and reviews of OSI related products.
In the last two years we have run articles like
these!
T) A tutorial on Machine Code for BASIC
programmers.
2} Complete listings of two word processors
for BASIC IN ROM machines.
3) Moving the Directory off track 12.
4) Listings for 20 game programs for the OSI.
5) How to write high speed BASIC - and
lots more —
Vol. 1 (1980) 6 back issues - $9.00
Vol. 2 (1981) 4 back issues and subscription for
2 additional issues - S9,00.
ADVENTURES)!!
For OSI, TRS-80, and COLOR-80. These
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Adventures require 8K on an OSI and 16K on
COLOR-80 and TRS-80, They sell for S14.95
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ESCAPE FROM MARS (by Rodger Olsen)
Thjs ADVENTURE takes place on the RED
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this one. A good first adventure.
PYRAMID (by Rodger Olsen)
This is our most challenging ADVENTURE. It
is a treasure hunt m a pyramid full of problems.
Exciting and tough!
TREK ADVENTURE (by Bob Reielle)
This one takes place aboard a familiar siarship.
The crew has left for good reasons - but they for-
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DEATH SHIP (by Rodger OJsen}
Our first and original ADVENTURE, this one
takes place aboard a cruise ship - but it ain't the
Love Boat.
VAMPIRE CASTLE (by Mike Bassman)
This is a contest between you and old Drac -
and It's getting a little dark outside. $14.95 each.
OSI
OSI
NEW-NEW-NEW
TINY COMPILER
The easy way to speed in your programs. The
tiny compiler lets you write and debug your pro-
gram in Basic and then automatically compiles a
Machine Code version that runs from 50-150
times faster. The tiny compiler generates relocat-
able, native, transportable machine code that can
be run on any 6502 system.
It does have some limitations. It is memory
hungry — SK is the minimum sized system that
can run the Compiler. It also handles only a
limited subset of Basic — about 20 keywords in-
cluding FOR, NEXT, IF THEN, GOSUB, GOTO,
RETURN, END, STOP, USR(X), PEEK, POKE,
',=,*,/. ' /' > .Variable names A-Z, and Integer
Numbers from 0-64 K.
TINY COMPILER is written in Basic. It can
be modified and augmented by the user. It comes
with a 20 page manual.
TINY COMPILER - $19.95 on tape or disk OSI
SUPERDiSK II
This disk contains a new BEXEC* that boots
up with a numbered directory and which allows
creation, deletion and renaming of files without
calling other programs. It also contains a slight
modification to BASIC to allow 14 character
file names.
The disk contains a disk manager that con-
tains a disk packer, a hex /dec calculator and
several other utilities.
It also has a full screen editor (in machine
code on C2P/C4IJ that makes corrections a snap.
We'll also toss in renumbering and program
search programs - and sell the whole thing for -
SUPERDISK II S29.95 (5//') OSI
BARE BOARDS FOR OSI C1P
MEMORY BOARDSfl! - for the CIP - and they
contain parallel ports!
Aardvarks new memory board supports 8K
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When assembled, the board plugs into the expan-
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PROM BURNER FOR THE CIP - Burns single
supply 271 6's. Bare board - S24.95.
MOTHER BOARD - Expand your expansion
connector from one to five connectors or use it
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16K RAM BOARD FOR CIP - This one does
not have a parallel port, but it does support 16K
of 21 14's. Bare Board $39,95.
WORD PROCESSING THE EASY WAY-
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This is a line-oriented word processor de-
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every new girl out for training in how to type a
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It has automatic right and left margin justi-
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automatic page numbering. It will print any text
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tering commands. It will make any number of
multiple copies or chain files together to print an
entire disk of data at one time.
MAXI-PROS has both globaf and line edit
capability and the polled keyboard versions
contain a corrected keyboard routine that make
the OSI keyboard decode as a standard type*
writer keyboard.
MAXI-PROS also has sophisticated file
capabibilities. It can access a file for names and
addresses, stop for inputs, and print form letters.
It has file merging capabilities so that it can store
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Best of all, it is in BASIC (0S65D 51/4" or
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MAXI-PROS " $39,95. Specify 57* or 8" disk.
SUPPORT ROMS FOR BASIC IN ROM MA-
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functions, software selectable scroll windows,
bell support, choice of OSI or standard keyt»oard
routines, two callable screen clears, and software
support for 32-64 characters per line video.
Has one character command to switch model
2 C1P from 24 to 48 character line. When in-
stalled in C2 or C4 (C2S} requires installation
of additional chip. CIP requires only a jumper
change. - S39.95
C1E/C2E similar to above but with extended
machine code monitor. - $59,95 OSI
ARCADE GAMES FOR OSI, COLOR 80 AND
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TIMETREK - A REAL TIME, REAL GRAPHICS
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STAR FIGHTER - This one man space war game
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$9.95
BATTLEFLEET - This grown up version of Bat-
tleship is the toughest thinking game available on
OSI or 80 computers. There is no luck involved
as you seek out the computers hidden fleet. A
topographical toughie. $9.95
QUEST - A NEW IDEA IN ADVENTURE
GAMES! Different from all the others. Quest is
played on a computer generated mape of Alesia.
Your job IS to gather men and supplies by comb-
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and outright banditry. When your force is strong
enough, you attack the Citadel of Moorlock in a
life or death battle to the finish. Playable in 2 to
5 hours, this one is different every time.
!6K COLOR-80 OR TRS-80 ONLY. $14.95
OSI
Please specify system on all orders
This is only a partial listing of what wfi have to offer. Ws offer over 120 games, ROMS, and data sheets for OSI svstanns
and many games and utilities for COLOR-80 and TRS-80. Send $1.00 for our catalog.
AARDVARK TECHNICAL SERVICES, LTD.
2352 S. Commerce, Walled Lake, Ml 48088
(313)669-3110
COLOR-80
206
COMPUTE!
MarcM982 Issue 22
1D38 FO
E9
BEQ
DIA
1D3A DO
F3
BNE
BD
1D3C A5
E8
PADR LDA
ADR+1
1D3E 29
FO
AND
#$F0
1D40 4A
LSR
1D41 4A
LSR
1D4 2 4A
LSR
1D4 3 4A
LSR
1D44 20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
1D47 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D4A A5
E8
LDA
ADR+1
1D4C 29
OF
AND
#$0P
1D4E 20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
1D51 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D54 A5
E7
LDA
ADR
1D56 29
FO
AND
#$F0
1D58 4A
LSR
1D59 4A
LSR
1D5A 4A
LSR
1D5B 4A
LSR
1D5C 20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
1D5F 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D62 A5
E7
LDA
ADR
1D64 29
OF
AND
#$0F
1D66 20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
1D69 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D6C A9
2D
LDA
#$2D
1D6E 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D71 60
RTS
1D72 A2
00
CVHA LDX
#$00
1D74 8E
78
ID
CVST STX
CON+1
1D77 C9
00
CON CMP
#$00
1D79 FO
04
BEQ
CFIN
1D7B E8
I NX
1D7C 4C
74
ID
JMP
CVST
1D7F BD
83
ID
CFIN LDA
CD AT A, X
1D82 60
RTS
1D83 30
31
32
CDATA DATA
1D86 33
34
35
DATA
1D89 36
37
38
DATA
1D8C 39
41
42
DATA
1D8F 43
44
45
DATA
1D92 46
DATA
1D93 20
80
IE
INADR JSR
HOME
1D96 20
BA
FF
JSR
KEYIN
1D99 20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1D9C 20
F3
ID
JSR
CVAHX
lD9f OA
LSL
IDAO OA
LSL
IDAl OA
LSL
1DA2 OA
LSL
1DA3 8D
AC
ID
STA
INADC+1
1DA6 A5
E8
LDA
ADR+1
1DA8 29
OF
AND
#$0F
IDA A 18
CLC
IDAB 69
00
INADC ADC
#$ 00
IDAD 85
E8
STA
ADR+1
Print address on screen
Start with high 4 bits of
ADR +1 (00E8)
;Convert Hex to Ascii
;Part of Super-Cursor
;Now do the low 4 bits of ADR-fl
;Now work on high 4 bits of ADR
;work on low 4 bits of ADR
;Print '-' on screen after address
Convert whats in A from Hex to
ASCII
This value is changed in CVST
;Put result in A
;Data used in both CVHA and CVAHX
;to convert Hex to Ascii and back.
;Input 4 digit (2 byte) Address
;Read Keyboard Routine from ROM
;Super-cursor
;Convert Ascii to Hex
;Pokes A into IDAC
March, W82. Issue 22
IDAF
20
BA
FF
JSR
KEYIN
1DB2
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1DB5
20
F3
ID
JSR
CVAHX
1DB8
8D
CI
ID
STA
INBDC+l
IDBB
A5
E8
LDA
ADR+1
IDBC
29
FO
AND
#$F0
IDBF
18
CLC
IDCO
69
00
INBDC ADC
#$00
IDC 2
85
E8
STA
ADR+1
1DC4
20
BA
FF
JSR
KEYIN
IDC 7
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
IDC A
20
F3
ID
JSR
CVAEK
IDCD
OA
ASL
IDCE
OA
ASL
IDCP
OA
ASL
IDDO
OA
ASL
IDDl
8D
DA
ID
STA
INCDC+1
1DD4
A5
E7
LDA
ADR
1DD6
29
OF
AND
#$ OF
1DD8
18
CLC
1DD9
69
00
INCDC ADC
#$00
IDDB
85
E7
STA
ADR
IDDD
20
BA
FF
JSR
KEYIN
IDEO
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1DE3
20
F3
ID
JSR
CVAHX
1DE6
8D
EF
ID
STA
INDCD+1
1DE9
A5
E7
LDA
ADR
IDEB
29
FO
AND
#$F0
IDED
18
CLC
IDEE
69
00
INDCD ADC#$00
IDFO
85
E7
STA
ADR
1DF2
60
RTS
1DF3
AO
00
CVAEK LDY#$00
1DF5
D9
83
ID
CVCON CMP
CDATA,Y
1DF8
PO
04
BEQ
CVFIN
IDPA
C8
INY
IDFB
4C
F5
ID
CVFIN JMP
CVCON
IDFE
98
TYA
IDPF
60
RTS
lEOO
20
3C
ID
PLINE JSR
PADR
1E03
AO
00
LDY
#$ 00
1E05
Bl
E7
PBYTE LDA
(ADR) ,Y
1E07
29
PO
AND
#SF0
1E09
4A
LSR
lEOA
4A
LSR
lEOB
4A
LSR
lEOC
4A
LSR
lEOD
20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
lElO
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1E13
Bl
E7
LDA
(ADR) ,Y
1E15
29
OF
AND
#$0F
1E17
20
72
ID
JSR
CVHA
lElA
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
lElD
A9
20
LDA
#$20
lElF
20
40
IE
JSR
CURSOR
1E22
C8
INY
iE23
CO
08
CPY
#$08
1E25
DO
DE
BNE
PBYTE
COMPUTE!
207
;Get second digit
;Pokes A into IDCl
;Get third digit
;Pokes A into IDDA
fGet the last digit
;Poke A into IDEF
Convert contents of A from
Ascii to Hex
;Put result in A
i
;Print one line of eight bytes
;Print one byte from ADR
/Convert A to Ascii
fSuper-cursor
;Print low 4 bits on screen
;Print a space " '
;the bytes
;Are we finished?
to separate
;If not display another byte
208
COMPUTE]
March, 1982. Issue 22
1E27 A5 E7
1E29 18
1E2A 69 08
1E2C 85 E7
1E2E 90 02
1E30 E6 E8
1E32 20 95 IE
1E35 20 AB IE
1E38 60
RCOM
LDA ADR
CLC
ADC #$08
STA ADR
BCC RCOM
INC ADR+1
JSR CR
JSR LF
RTS
;If yes add 08 to ADR
;Were finished printing one line
;so carriage return and line feed
jStatistics
* =
1D20
1D3C
PADR
1D72
CVHA
1D93
INADR
1DF3
CVAHX
lEOO
PLINE
1E40
CURSOR
1E80
HOME
1EC2
CLS
;Start
;Print ADR and ADR+1 on screen
.-Converts Hex to Ascii
; Input a two byte address for ADR and ADR+1
;Converts Ascii to Hex
;Print a line of 8 bytes from ADR
/Prints what ever is in A to where the cursor
;Home the cursor
;Clear screen
is
@
EXPANSION
FOR OSI IP, 2-4P, 2-8P, C4P, C8P
If your Challenger can t generate displays like those shown above WHAT ARE YOU
WAITING FOR? The SEB-1 High Resolution Graphics and Memory Board (for CIP and
Superboard II) and the SEB-2 High Resolution Graphics and Disk Controller Board (for
C2'4 8) simpty plug-in' to your computer and give you instant access to over 4900
individually addressable pixels in up to 8 colors! Your Hi-Res screen can go from
32 " 16 alpha numencs to 256 -192 point graphics in 1 1 software selectable modes.
The standard video of your computer is left intact, so that none of your current software
library is outmoded. Use the graphics for Business. Scientific, Education, or Gaming
displays that were impossible — until now!
Installation of either board requires absolutely NO modification of your computer— they
just 'plu9*in'. Nor do they preclude your using any other OSl-compailble hardware or
. SEB-1 SEB-2
Assembled and Tested
Kit
$249.00 {5K RAM)
$165.00 (No RAM)
$239.00 (1K RAM)
$199.00 (No RAM)
software. In addition to the Hi-Res Graphics the SEB-1 gives 01 & Superboard II users
16K of additional user memory (over and above that memory devoted lo tlie graphics),
two 16 bit timers'counters, an on-board RF modulator, and a parallel port with
handshaking. The SEB-2 gives OSI 4a-pin BUS users an OS! hardwarew'software
compatible Disk controller, and an RF modulator that can be user-populated,
_ SEB-1 SEB-2
Bare Board & Manual $ 59.00 $ 59.00
Manual only s 5.00 $ 5.00
TARG-IT! S1 1 .95
An action-packed, super fast arcade game where you try to destroy Ram ships and the
Evil Spectre inside the Crystal city. 8K,
PLANETARY LANDER 411.95
Your computer generates contour maps of the surface of a strange planet as you
descend looking for the landing pad. As you make your final approach, the computer
displays side and top views of the terrain and your ship as you try to land while avoiding
the swarms of asteroids above the planet's surface. 8K.
PROGRAMMA-TANK S 9,95
Programma-Tank is a complex simulation of a battle between two rotxjt tanks as well as
a fairly painless way to learn assembly language. The opponents program their tanks in
Smalltank' a miniature programming language, which is much like assembly language
The two strategies are then pitied against one another until a victor emerges, 6K,
Write for FREE catalog ^^ jm^ m ^^ m m
International Requests please f 1 mJ I f 1 |\l
supply 2 International Response Coupons ^^ 111 ^^ 1 ^
RUINS OF TALAMARINE $16,95
TJiis is the first of our 'Epic Quests" programs. Epic Quests could be descnbed as
graphic adventures, but they are much more. Can you retrieve the stolen Jewels from
the ruined Talamarine castle? This series of two programs allows you to create a
character with the qualifies that you want to do battle with the forces of darkness. SK.
CODENAME; BARRACUDA. , S19.95
Another of our Epic Quests ', in which you are an agent working for the US
Government trying to rescue a defectir>g Soviet professor. The problem is that a
middle- eastern government has kidnapped the professor and is forcing him to develop
atomic weapons for them. The three programs (8K ea.) in this series allow you to
create, train and send your character on his mission.
DUI^GEONS OF ZORXON S19.95
Can you explore the Dungeons of Zorxon in this "Epic Quest ? Step into a nether world
of monstrous beasts and fortunes in gold where magic reigns supreme. Three
programs QK each.
(^ L flB| ViSA'
THsoftware asso. ^™* ■"■
E 147 MAIN ST, POBOX310.OSSINING,NY10562
March, 1982. Is$ue 22
COMPUTE!
209
Good News For
Alkemstone
Seekers
Level- 10 has increased the reward
for the return of the Alkemstone
from $5,000 to $7,500.
Alkemstone is a computer
adventure which now offers a
$7,500 cash reward to the first
person who can find the missing
Alkemstone.
The Alkemstone is actually
hidden somewhere on the planet
The quest for the Alkem-
stone will lead the player through
underground paths of the lair of
the original owner. There are
untisual messages, fragments of
words, sketches and other clues
written on the walls. Some items
are distributed randomly, so that
one may be visible numerous
times while some will only appear
once in several trips. Each trip
will result in a different combina-
tion of possible hints. If all bits of
information are pieced together
correcdy, then the location of the
Alkemstone will be obvious,
Alkemstone is more than
just a treasure hunt. It also has
the challenge and intrigue of a
fascinating computer game, it
features hi-res color graphics, 3-
D animation, sound effects and
an illustrated short story. Alkem-
stone is written in machine lan-
guage for any Apple Computer
with 48K, one 16 sector disk
drive and Applesoft or language
card.
Level -10
7475 DakinSt
Suite 401
Denver, CO 80221
VIC-20 Timesharing
With Printout
The MDM-1 is a MODEM driver
module that plugs directly into
the user port of the Commodore
VIC microcomputer.
The MDM-1 has two addi-
tional serial ports for connecting
a MODEM and a serial printer.
The MDM- 1 does not require
any external power. A terminal
program supplied with the unit
permits telephone line connec-
tions to large timesharing com-
puters, and to various computer
networks, such as source, Com-
puServe, Dow Jones, etc.
There ai*e two indicators on
the MDM-1 that illustrate the
transmissions to and from the
VIC. These transmissions are
simultaneously recorded on the
VIC TV screen and the serial
printer.
The price of the MDM- 1 is
$59, plus $3 shipping. Delivery is
two weeks after receipt of order.
RVRSysteim
P.O. Box 265
DewitL NY 13214
MatheMagic
The Ultimate
Calculator
TM
International Software Marketing,
Ltd. (ISM) in Syracuse, New
York has announced a unique
software product for microcom-
puters. The product is called
MatheMagic ^\ Essentially, the
product transforms a microcom-
puter into a sophisticated pro-
grammable calculator with all of
the power and facilities of the
computer system available to it.
"MatheMagic was created by
ISM to fill a void which exists in
mathematical microcomptiter
software," says Stephen T.
Brigh thill, ISM Director. "A wide
variety of software is available,
primarily for the business com-
munity, to manipulate numeric
data in a spreadsheet format.
MatheMagic is not a ''spread-
sheet." MatheMagic allows a wide
range of users to easily handle an
even wider range of mathematical
applications. MatheMagic is
completely programmable in
commonly understood matheni-
Meet SUPERSOFT
of England
PET/CBM Specialists
Hi-Res Graphics Board
[320x200]
for 40 or 80 column
'299
Introductoty Price
PLUS
Assemblers, Adventures,
Program mi rng Aids. etc.
Mail Order Catalogue Free from;
SUPERSOFT
10-14 Canning Road
Harrow, England HA3 7SJ
Wes[ Coast Compurer Faire Booth 1 722
NOW TWO LOCATIONS
SAVE TIME • SAVE SHIPPING
Jll Compnters
ATART fiwP«»P>«--
800.. S679
410 Recorder ., S76-00
810 Disc Dnve £449.00
822 Pnnter , 5229,00
825 Pnniet , 5629 00
830 Modenn ,. $159 00
820 Printer S259 00
850 inierface S169.00
New DOS 2 Syslem S2l 00
CX30 Paddle $18 00
CX40 Joy Stick ._. _., $18 00
CX853 16K HAM,. , $89 00
Microiek 16K RAM S75 00
Microtek 32K RAM. ..,. .....5159,00
Ramcram (128K) $539,00
On« y«ir «xtand«l warranty $50.00
/ \ m AMI400
' ^^^^ 16K. ..-$329
^^H^Bl 32K....$478
^^^^^48K- . . - $555
ATARI SOFTWARE
CX404 Word Processor $119 00
CX405 PiLOT (educational) $105.00
CX41 3 Microsoft BasiC $68 00
CX4101 Invitation To Programing I $1700
CX4102 Kingdom $1300
CX4103 Statistics -..., .517 00
CX4104 Mialing Lf&l $17 00
CX4105 BlackiacK .., $13 00
CX4106 Invitation to Programing 2.. .- .... £20 00
CX4107 Biorythm ., $13 00
CX4108 Hangman ,. $13 00
CX4 109 Graph II _ __. ., $17 00
CX4 no Touch Tvpinq ... .., $20 00
CX4n2 States & Capitals £13 00
CX41U European Counines & Capitals $13 00
CX41 15 Mortgage & Loan Analysis S13 00
CX4116 Personal Fitness Program ,,....,. £59 00
0X4117 Ini/iiation To Programing 3 £20 00
CX4118 20Conversalional Languages (ea l.,.. £45 00
CX4121 Energy Czar $13 00
CXL4001 Educahonai Masie' S2l 00
CX6001 17 Talk & Teach Series lea l.. £23 00
CX8106 Bond Analysis - £20 00
CX9107 Stock Analysis .... 520 00
CXeiOl Slock Charting ,. _ 520 00
CXL4002 Basic Corr\puting Language £46 00
CXL4003 Assembler Editor £46 00
CXL4004 Baskeibaii £24 00
CXL4005 Video Easel 524 00
CXL40O6 Super Breakout.... ,530 00
CXL40O7 MuSiC Composer £45 00
CXL4008 SPACE INVADERS £32.00
CXL4009Cness £30 00
CXL4010 3-0 Tic Tac Toe £24 00
CLS401 1 STAR Pi AIDERS £39 00
CXL4012 MISSLE COMMAND £32 00
CXL4013 ASTEROIDS ................ $32 00
CXL4015 TeleLHsk $20.00
Visicaic 5149 00
Letter Perfect (Word Processor^. 5109,00
Source $89,00
CX481 The Entertainer $75,00
CX482 The Educator $130.00
0X483 The Programmer $54.00
CX 484 The Communicator $329.00
Texas Instruments
TI-99/4A S359
PHP 1600 Telephone Coupler $169 00
PHP 1700 RS 232 Accessories interface $169 00
PHP 1800 Disk Drive Controller $239 00
PHP 1850 Disk Memory Drive $369 00
PHP 2200 Memory E)(pansion (32K RAM) £319,00
PHA 2100 R F Modulator $43 00
PHP 1 100 Wired Remote ConlrollerstPair) $31 00
32K Expansion ..,.., $329.00
PHP Printer Solid State $319,00
CALL FOR SOFTWARE
SELECTiON AND PRICES
XEROX 820
XerOK 820
System I SV.,' .,, , . $245000
System II 8' 52950.00
CPM 5V4 " . . , $169.00
Word Processing , . $429.00
Super Calc S269.00
CALL FOR MORE INFORMATION
PRINTERS
Centronics 739-1 - £649,00
Diablo 630 Special $1799.00
Epson
MX70 ^59,00
MX80............ £469.00
MX80FT Call
MXlOO Call
NEC
8023 5639.00
7730..... .....Call
7720..... ......Call
7710......... ...Call
Okidata
82A ........ , ,.....,, $499.00
eSA ...... $769.00
64 51129.00
CitohStarwriter
25 CPS-P 51329.00
45 CPS-P , 51699.00
Paper Tiger
445G $699,00
460G $899.00
560G $11 29,00
Tailey
8024-7 , , $1399.00
8024.L . $1629.00
Terminals
Televideo
910 . $579.00
912C 5699 00
920C - 5749 00
950 £939 00
Call for computers
Zenith Z19 $749.00
Adds $549.00
Modems
Novation Auto $239.00
D Cat $169,00
Cat £159 00
Hayes
Smart £23900
HOW TO ORDER: Phone orders invited or send check or money order and receive free shipping in ihe continental Uniled States. PA and NEV, add sales tax.
computer mail order west
800- 648-3351
IN NEVADA, CALL (702) 588-5654
P.O. BOX 6689, STATE LINE, NEVADA 89449
TO SAVE YOU MORE!
COSTS* SAVE SALES TAX
HEWLETT
PACKARD
:^^
,>..lF^ipi »>.» i i'« » If * >.
HP* 85 M999
80 Column Prmler ..... S799.00
N£W'HPM25 $2999-00
HP-83 ..,.,.. $1699.00
HP«85 16K Memofy Module $249 00
5'* "^ Dual Masler Disc Dfive ...,,.,..., $21 29 00
Graphics Pfonef (7225B( $2079 00
NOW IN STOCK!
The new HP41CV Calculator
$259
41 C .........-.....,.,..,,, $189.00
lie - $1 19.00
12C . , - $129.00
34C $117.00
38C.. $119.00
HP-41 Printer $340.00
Card Reader $164.00
Optical Wanct S99.00
HPIl CALCULATOR PERIPHERALS
IL Moduai - $104.00
Digital Cassette ..,.,..... $449.00
Printer/Plotter , $419.00
CALL FOR SOFTWARE INFORMATION
Monitors
Amdex 12- B&W $149.00
12' Green ..,. $169,00
13' Color $349 00
Sanyo 12' B&W $259,00
12" Green S269.G0
13" Color .,....,.. S449 00
Tl 10" Color 5349,00
Electronics
Pioneer Lazer Disk $599 00
eSRX-10 Systems
PK500 S84.00
LM 501 - S16.00
AM611 - $17.00
AM286 ..._..-......... $17,00
^commodore
CBM 8032
M039
4032 , $969,00
4016 $769.00
8096 $1569,00
Super Pet $1599.00
2031 , $529.00
8050 $1299.00
4022 , $599.00
4040 S949.00
8300 iLeJter Quality) $1799.00
3023 $769,00
Pet io IEEE Cable S37.00
IEEE to IEEE Cable $46 00
Trjcior Feed for 8300 $240.00
8010 Modem $229 00
SOFTWARE
WordPro3 Piys $199.00
WordPro4 PluS -.....,....,. ... $299.00
Commodo'e Tan Package 5399 00
Visicaic.............. ..,,..,..., S 149 00
BPi General Ledger....... , .., . 1329 00
OZZ inlofmation Sysiem $26900
Dow Jones Po^tfof^o .,.,,..... $129 00
Pascal. S239 00
Legal Time Accounlmc]. . $449 00
Word Craft 80 $289 00
Po AE' . . . . , $79.00
Sockel 2-Me $2000
J>nsarr ,, , , . $Call
MAGIS $ Calf
The Manager . $209,00
Softrorr^ ,.,....,, $129.00
Real Estate Package $799,00
BPI Inventory Control $319.00
BPI Job Costing , , , $319.00
BPI Payfoll $319.00
VIC 20
$259
COMPLETE
- \
Vic 6 Pack Pfogram , ., ....................... $44 00
VIC1630 Commodore Daiassetfe $69 00
VIC'1540 Disk Drive $499 00
VIC1515 VIC Graphic Printer $339,00
VlCl2l0 3K Memory Expander .... $32 00
VlCin0 8K Memory Expander $53 00
VIC1011 RS232C Termmai Inte'tace $4300
ViCni3VlC IEEE 488 Interface... ...$86 00
VIC1211 VIC 20 Super Expander $5300
VfCl2i2ProgrammefS Aid Cartridge.
VIC1213 VICMON Machine Language Monitor
VIC1901 VIC AVEMGERS
VIC1904SUPERSLOT
VIC1906 SUPER ALIEN
VIC1907 SUPER LANDER
VIC190S DRAW POKER .... ,.
ViCl 909 MIDNIGHT DRIVE ,
VT106A Recreahon Pack A
VT107A Home CalCLilahon Pack A
\/Ti64 Programmable Characler^Gramegraphics .
VT232 ViCTerm l Terminal Emulator
$45 00
$45 00
$23 00
$23 00
$19.00
$23 00
$23.00
$23 00
$44 00
$44 00
$12.00
. $9 00
New VIC Software
Household Finance .......... . $27.00 Terminal
VIC Games $19,00 Un Word
VIC Home Inventory $13,00 Gratix Menagerie ,
VIC PICS
Ticker Tape
Banner Headliner .
VIC Rec/Ed II $13,00
I SAM $79,00
General Ledger ,......,. $229,00
Accounts Receivable $229,00 rs 232
Inventory , $229,00
. $13.00
, $13.00
, $11.00
$15.00
$13.00
$13.00
$39.00
Above are cash prices, add 3^/0 for Master Card and Visa purchases.
computer mail order
800-233-8950
IN PA. CALL (717) 327-9575
501 E. THIRD ST., WILLIAMSPORT, PA 17701
212
COMPUTE!
March. 198Z Issue 22
atical terms. Now, without the
need for programming or com-
puter knowledge, the user can
access the computer as an ex-
tremely powerful calculator. In
short, if the question that you
have is more complicated than
two plus two and less complicated
than differential calculus, then
Mathe Magic is your answer.
MatheMagic can provide the
answers to mathematical ques-
dons in the business world, in
engineering and science, in the
classroom and in the home."
Some of the features which
make this possible are:
— Menu-driven format for rapid
learning and consistent ease of
use.
— On-line "HELP" for every
MatheMagic command and
option.
— Free- form entry of expressions
of up to 240 characters (in-
cluding standard math opera-
tors, pre-defined functions,
tiser-de fined (brniulas, paren-
theses, variables, etc.).
— Unlimited use of formulas
within formulas.
— Built-in mathematical functions
(trig, logs, conversions, etc.).
— Easy to create and edit vari-
able sets and values.
— Disk storage and recall of user-
defined formulas and vari-
able sets.
-Automatic retention of variable
values for chain calculations.
— Free use of '*Ask Variables" to
allow "What if and repeat
types of calculations.
— Rapid calculation or stepped
calculation for viewing inter-
mediate results.
— Full hard copy support, in-
cluding a trace function.
MatheMagic has been re-
leased on the Apple II and II +
and Z80 based micros running
under CP/M 2.2 ISM plans to
release versions for the Atari
800, TRS-80 1,11, and III,
Commodore PET/CBM and the
IBM PC during Jantiary and
February 1982.
ISM's Home Offices are
located at:
hiiernahonal Software Marki'luig, lJ(L
Suite 42 L University liuHding
120 E. Washington Street
Syracuse, Meiv York 13202
(315)474^3400
The International
Software Directory
The International Software
Directory lists tens of thotisands
of software packages and classi-
fies them by machine, operating
system, subject, vendor and
price. Review information is also
included. It is independent of
both machine manufacturers and
software houses, and thiis allows
for comparison and one-stop
shopping. It is backed by an
excellent search service and
regular updates are available
from the publisher. In addition,
an on-line service is available
through Lockheed dialog.
The ISD is available in two
vokmies:
1) The International Microcom-
puter Software Directory which
contains over 7000 programs and
is available at the extremely com-
petitive price of $34.95 plus
$2.95 postage and handling.
2) The International Minicom-
puter Software Directory which
is available for $65.00
Imprint Editions
420 South Howes
Fort Collins j:0 80521
{303)493-2710
Commodore
Canada
Announces New
Mailing List
Software
Toronto — A versatile new elec-
tronic mailing list software pack-
age called Scratchpad has been
announced by Commodore
Business Machines Limited.
Intended for business appli-
cations, the program is easy to
use, flexible and rapid in ac-
cessing reqtiired data. There are
20 different data items, each with
a 30-character length. A great
deal of data may be stored on file
as a file can consist of any number
of disks.
Some of the modes of opera-
tion in Scratchpad arc Edit, Glo-
bal Search, Format, Recreate,
Print and Backup.
Any data created with the
Scratchpad, developed by Rich-
vale Telecommunications of
Richmond Hill, Ont., may be
interfaced with Wordpro soft-
ware by the use of a small addi-
tional program.
Suggested retail price in
Canada is $295. For further
information:
Isabel McBurney
Software Ma nager
Commodore Business Machines Limited
3 3 70 Phu rmacy A ven ue
ScariMjrough, Ont. MIW 2K4.
(416)449-4292
Dragon's Eye
Now Available
Mountain View, CA — Dragon's
Eye, an FPYX game from Auto-
mated Simulations, Inc., is now
available for the Atari 400 and
800 computers-
Dragon's Eye, an overland
fantasy role playing game, chal-
lenges the player to find a magical
gem, the Dragon's Eye, in 21
game-days (approximately half-
an-hour playing time).
commodore
SHOW SPECTACULAR
8032-32K 80 COL CRT
f?EG S1495
$1135
64K ADD-ON MEMORY
SIEG $500
$395
9000 134K SUPER PET
REG S1995
$1795
4032 32K 40 COL CRT
REG S1295
$995
4016 16K 40 COL CRT
REG S995
$795
8050-DUAL DISK 950K
REG S1795
$1395
4040-DUAL DISK 343K
REG S1295
$995
2031-$INGLE DISK 170K
REG $695
$555
C2N-CASSETTE DRIVE
REG S75
$65
4022-80 COL PRINTER
JEG $795
$649
8023P-136 COL PRINTER
JEG S995
$849
8300P-40CPS LTR QLTY
?EG $2250
$1995
8024-MANNESMAN TALLEY
''''''''' $1595
8024L-LETTER TALLEY
?EG $2495
$1995
25CPS-STARWRITER
!EG $1895
$1445
CBM-IEEE MODEM
!EG $279
$229
VOICE SYNTHESIZER
>EG S395
$329
^ r
PET TO IEEE CABLE
REG S39.95
$34
IEEE TO IEEE CABLE
REG S49.95
$39
VIC 20
REG $299
$269
VIC 1540 DISK 170K
REG $599
$499
VIC 1515 30CPS PRINTER
REG $395 33^^
VIC 1011 RS 232 INTER
REG $49.95
$39
VIC 1112 IEEE INTER
REG S99.95
$79
Special pricing on Atari, Apple, Dig Hog, Epson, Hayes Modem
MATOR SHARK
HARD DISK DRIVE
•Winchester Disk
'Commodore DOS 2.5
*24 Megabyte
$6475
Strobe 100 Plotter
*PET Interface
'Software Pack
$9751
SCHOOL SPECIALS
3 for 2 Pricing
CALL US!
20% Off on Software
Printwheels
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©
'.O. Box 170 St. Davids, PA 19087 (215)687-8540
vlAIL ORDER PHONE 1-800-345-1289
PREPAID ORDERS SHIPPED FREE
VISA & MASTERCARD ADD 3%
COD ■ UPS
HniJic PA RESIDENTS ADD 6% SALES TAX
214
OOMPUTEI
March. 1982. Issue 22
The Eye is hidden some-
where within one of the seven
provinces, and the player must
find it and return it to Fel City,
where his journey began.
The player chooses one of
16 characters and gains a set of
magical abilities, such as healing,
flying, time travel and teleport.
Which spells he gets are different
each time he plays. He is equipped
with his choice of four swords, a
bow and arrows, and magic bolts.
While searching, the player
sees a detailed map of the pro-
vinces on the screen, along with
his location, strength, health, and
other information.
The player encounters drag-
ons, bats, vampires, ghosts, go-
lems, serpents, skeletons and
other monsters. He can choose
between 13 commands, from
firing an arrow and fighting with
sword to casting magic spells and
searching for hidden paths.
When a battle is engaged,
fully animated graphics display
the action between player and
beast.
Dragon's Eye is available on
cassette for the ATARI 400/800
(32K) and PET (32K), or on disk
for the APPLE (48K with ROM
Applesoft), and ATARI 400/800
(32K), from:
Automated Simulations, Inc.
P.O. Box 4247
Mountain View. CA 94040
$24.95
Commodore
Introduces Lowest
Priced Modem In
The Computer
Industry
Valley Forge, PA, January 7,
1982 - A low priced modem has
been introduced by Commodore
Business Machines, Inc.
Thenew'^VICMODEM,"
which retails for $109.95, is an
easy-to-use plug-in cartridge that
connects directly to the user port
of Commodore's VIC 20'" home
computer, and may be used with
any modular style telephone.
The VICMODEM, which is
planned for retail sale in the
Spring of 1982, allows users to
communicate and exchange data
with other computer owners over
the telephone. This latest VIC
peripheral also allows users to
inexpensively access telecom-
puting networks such as the
Source^" or CompuServe™, which
provide services such as stock
quotes and company reports,
newswire stories, research data,
sports scores, airline reservations,
shopping services and more.
The VICMODEM is a direct
connect, 300 baud modem with
originate/answ^er and half/full
duplex capabilities. The com-
bined cost of the VIC 20 and a
VICMODEM is less than $410.00.
Microsetie
Introduces
Mini-Diskettes
Microsette Co. is adding 5^4"
diskettes to its line of computer
and audio cassettes. The diskettes
are useable with Apple, Atari,
Commodore, Tandy TRS-80,
PMC-80 and PMC-81 computers
from Personal Micro Computers
and many mini-computer and
word processing systems.
The diskette surface is certi-
fied error free on one side and is
for all soft-sectored, single or
double density applications. The
burnished diskette surface in-
sures longer head life and excel-
lent media durability. Further-
more, the diskettes feature a
reinforced hub which gives
longer diskette life in this high
w^ear area.
Microsette MD-5 diskettes
are attractively packaged in a
sturdy green box with each of the
10 diskettes in a long-lasting
Tyvek envelope. Each diskette
has a corner label and each box
of 10 contains 20 silver write
protect tabs and 20 large color
coded labels.
Microsette MD-5 diskettes
are sold by mail order in units of
10(1 box) or 50 (5 boxes). Sug-
gested list price is $3.95 per
diskette and mail order prices
are $2.50 each in the box of 10,
or $2.20 each in the box of 50.
Prices include UPS shipping.
Further information and
dealer pricing may be obtained
from Microsette.
Microsette Co.
475 Ellis Street
Mountain Vieitf^ CA 94043
(415)968-1604
Five New Programs
From Atari
Sunnyvale, CA- January 5, 1982
— Three new home computer
game programs, a bookkeeping
package and a home filing system
were introduced by the Home
Computer Division of Atari, Inc.
Pac-Man is the Atari Home
Computer version of a very
popular coin-operated game. In
this version, a player's character
must negotiate a maze without
being eaten by any of four pur-
suers. By eating an ''energy" dot
the player's character can gain
the ability to attack and gobble
up the pursuers. For use on both
the Atari 400 and Atari 800
Home Computers, this $44.95
game comes in cartridge form,
and will be available in the second
quarter of 1982.
Lyco Computer Marketing & Consultants
We Specialize in Quality, Knowledge, Service, and Microcomputers
717-435-5197
ATARI
\ A Warner Communications Company
C 19B1. AJARl. INC
MARCH ^^^1^1 800 16K $665.00
SPECIALS ATARI 400 1 6K $329.00
32K MEMORY BOARDS $149.00
16K MEMORY BOARDS $75.00
for ATARI 400 & 800 with 1 year warranty! !
PROGRAMMING SOFTWARE
CX4101 INVITATION TO PROG , $
CX4106 INVITATION TO PROG 2 ] $
CX4117 INVITATION TO PROG 3 ] S
CXL4002 ATARI BASIC CART . S
CXL4003 ASSEMBLER EDITOR [ $
CXL4015 TELEUNK. . $
CX405 MICROSOFT BASIC , $
EDUCATIONAL SOFTWARE
CXL4001 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM. S
CX6001 U.S. HISTORY S
CX6002 U.S. GOVERNMENT. S
CX6003 SUPERVISORY SKILLS S
CX6004 WORLD HISTORY $
CX6005 BASIC SOCIOLOGY $
CX6006 COUNSELING PROCED S
CX6007 PRINCIPLES Of ACCT S
CX6008 PHYSICS S
CX6009 GREAT CLASSICS. S
CX601 0 BUS. COMMUNCIATION S
CX601 1 BASIC PSYCHOLOGY. S
CX601 2 EFFECTIVE WRITING .............. S
CX60 1 4 PRINCIPLES OF ECON S
CX601 5 SPELLING S
CX601 6 BASIC ELECTRICITY S
CX601 7 BASIC ALGEBRA S
CX41 08 HANGMAN S
CX41 1 2 STATES & CAPITALS S
CX41 14 EUROPE COUNT. & CAP S
CX4123 SCRAM..... $
CX4102 KINGDOM....... . $
CX4103 STATISTICS........ S
CX4104 MAIUNG UST . S
CX4109 GRAPHIT . $
CX4110 TOUCH TYPING $
CX4121 ENERGY CZAR S
CX4118 GERMAN . S
CX4I19 FRENCH . S
21,00
24.00
24.00
45.00
45.00
24.00
69.00
1 9.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
22.00
12.00
12.00
12.00
21.00
12.00
19.00
19.00
17.00
19.00
12,50
45.00
45.00
ATARI HARDWARE
410 CASSEHE RECORDER $ 75.00
810 DISK DRIVE...................... S455.00
850 INTERFACE S159.00
830 PHONE MODEM $159.00
825 PRINTER. $585.00
ENTERTAINMENT SOFTWARE
CXL4004 BASKETBALL $ 35,00
CX14005 VIDEO EASEL $ 35.00
CXL4006 SUPER BREAKOUT $ 35.00
CXL4008 SPACE INVADER $ 35.00
CXL4009 CHESS .................$ 35.00
CXL401 1 STAR RAIDERS $ 35.00
CXL401 2 MISSILE COMMAND $ 35.00
CXL401 3 ASTEROIDS $ 35.00
CX4015 BLACKJACK S 12.50
CX4107 aiORHYTHM.. ..,..$ 12,50
ATARI PACKAGES
CX481 ENTERTAINER $ 85.00
CX4fl2 EOUCATOfl $125.00
CX483 PROGRAMMER $ 55.00
CX484 COMMUNICATOR S325.00
ACCESSORIES
CX30 PADDLES S 1 7.00
CX40 JOYSTICKS S 1 7.00
CX863 1 6K RAM S 85.00
WE CARRY MANY OTHER LINES OF
MiCROCOMPUTERS YOU CAN
CALL FOR PRICES ON:
IN STOCK ORDERS
SHIPPED SAME DAY
At Lyco Computers we offer our expert services to help customers make their first computer purchase,
schools establish a computer program, or evaluate multiterminal systems,
to help evaluate your needs or
if you wish to make a purchase
CALLUS AT 717-435-5197
LYCO COMPUTERS
P.O. BOX 10
COGAN STATION, PA 17728
WE PAY FREIGHT ON PRE-PAID ORDERS
NO EXTRA CHARGE
ON C.O.D. ORDERS
216
COMPUTEl
MafcM982. Issue 22
Centipede is another Atari
Home Computer version of a
best-selling coin-operated game.
In this version, the player uses a
"Bug Blaster" to defeat colorful
legions of attacking spiders, fleas»
scorpions, the Centipede itself,
and poisonous mushrooms. The
$44.95 game can be used on both
Atari 400 and Atari 800 Home
Computers. It comes in cartridge
form and will be available in the
second quarter of 1982.
Caverns Of Mars is a fasci-
nating new game that takes play-
ers beneath the surface of Mars.
The player's character must
penetrate several layers of de-
fenses to reach the Aliens'
stronghold. Floating mines,
"enemy" ships on patrol and
deadly laser fire menace the
player constantly. This game w^as
originally developed for the
Atari Program Exchange and
won a prize in the APX quarterly
softw are contest for its 1 7 -year-
old author. This $39.95 game
can be used on both the Atari
400 and Atari 800 Home Com-
puters with an Atari 810^'' Disk
Drive. It comes in diskette form
and will be available in the first
quarter of 1982.
The Bookkeeper is an ac-
counting system designed to
meet the needs of people who do
business from their homes and
for those who run their personal
finances in a business-like fashion.
It is a low-cost, comprehensive
accounting system that generates
professional calibre reports, such
as Profit and Loss Statements,
Balance Sheets, Accounts Receiv-
able and Payable, It will handle
1,000 transactions a month and
up to 350 General Ledger ac-
counts, vendors and customers.
The Bookkeeper consists of
four diskettes, including a sample
company data diskette that lets
you familiarize yourself with The
Bookkeeper before you start
entering data of your own. The
package requires an Atari 800
Home Computer with Atari
BASIC language cartridge and
48K of Random Access Memory,
an Atari 810 Disk Drive, an Atari
825''' 80-Column Printer and an
Atari 850^'' Interface Module.
Price and availability will be
announced later.
The Home Filing Manager
lets a user create, store, edit,
retrieve and print information
similar to that found on 3"x5"
index cards. It provides a conve-
nient way to catalog books, ad-
dresses, clothes, recipes, record
collections, Christmas card lists,
vocabulary words, term paper
notes, and the like.
The user can search in al-
phabetical or reverse alphabetical
order or locate an entry by its
title or a phrase it contains.
Price and availability will be
announced later.
Scheduled
Educational
Conferences
National Educational Computing
Conference (NECC-82)
Kansas City, MO
June 28-30, 1982
The purpose of the conference is
to provide a forimi for discussion
among those interested in educa-
tional computing. Based on
previous conferences, approxi-
mately 1 000 people from institu-
tions at all levels are expected to
attend. Between 50 and 75 vend-
ors are expected to exhibit at the
conference.
Papers will be presented
which describe actual experiences
with computer use in the class-
room or consequences of such
use on the educational process in
general. The diversity of disci-
plines and participation by indi-
viduals from elementary, secon-
dary, and post secondary educa-
tion provide a unique opportu-
nity for crosS'poUination of ideas
and experiences. Additional
conference activities include pre-
conference workshops, project
presentations, vendor exhibits,
special sessions, tutorials, and
birds-of-a-feather sessions.
Additional information may
be obtained from:
/^^\ ALL ATARI' HARDWARE 15%-25% Jll
t^^^ OFF LIST PRICE -^Ix
Atari 800 16K 710.00
Atari 400 16K 359.00
Atari 410 Cassette 80.00
Atari 810 Disk . 480.00
ATARI^ ACCESSORIES 10%-20% OFF LIST PRICE
flK Memory Board 40.00
16K Memory Board BOOO
Joysticks (pair) , 19.00
Paddles (pair) ..19.00
TO order Call 617 964 3080 pM,cin^. on" OFF
Ask tor ma.l order o- *r,te PLUS 1 0 o 20 /a OFF
■till u -I n -I ALL ATARI- SOFTWARE
BdI Mail Order also 3ro party hardware
^^^ P 0 Box 365 AND SOFTWARE AT
yyi Newton Highlands. MA 0Z151 COMPARABLE SAVINGS
^\^^ (617)964 3QBQ
Intricate programming for tlie ATARI by
Software which wjtl revolutionize the
ATARI'S mjcro-computer software
market. We rewrite software reapeatedly.
All modifications to the software you^
purchase will be sent to you at no cost.
Call or mail for free catalog:
SPYDER SOFTWARE
RO. Box 895
Beavertoii, OR , 97075 ( s 03 ) e 42-2 s n
Authorized Commodore sen/ice center
Repuifr of the complete line of Commodore products
In a huny? Check our modular exchange program
Cbinputer
CHsc
commodore
HARDWARE:
CBM 8032 Computer, 80 Column S 1 095
CBM 8050 Disk Drive 1 340
CBIV1 4032 Computer, 40 Column 995
CBM 4040 Disk Drive 995
CBIVI 4022 Printer 649
CBM VIC 20 Computer 263
CBM VS 1 00 Cassette 68
PET to IEEE Cable 33
IEEE to IEEE Cable 39
BASF Diskette, Box of 1 0 30
Order TOLL FREE 1 +800-527-3 T 35
T 0 AM to 4 PM CUT Monday through Friday
Texas residents call 1 +2 1 4^6 1 - 1 370
VISA, MASTER CHARGE, MONEY ORDERS. AND C.O.D. "Certified Check" accepted-
Units in stock shipped wjthjn 24 hours. EOB, Dallas, Texas.
Alf equipment shipped with manufeaurer's warranty.
Residents of Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma City and Tulsa, Oklahoma must add applicabfe taxes.
SOFTWARE:
ozz
S299
Wordcraft 80
299
Tax Preparation System
380
IRIVIA
380
Dow Jones Portfolio
Management System
115
Personal Tax
55
Rascal
229
Assembler Development Package 77
Wordpro 4+
329
Eclectic shortly will be announcing products that are designed to work with CBM systems.
1 . ROMiO: two RS232 ports -three parallel ports ~26K EPROM memofy-managed
alternate character set software controlled -EDOS (exterKied DOSJ.
2. Temifnal program (options with ROMIO) 4, Front-end proces^jr
3. EPROM programmer 5. Additional firmware to be announced
Be sure to write the address below for more information; dealer inquiries welcome.
P.O. Box M66 . 16260 Midway Road . Addison, Texas 75001 . (214) 661-1370
218
COMPUTEI
March, 1982. Issue 22
E, Michael Siaman
NECC-82 General Chairman
Catnpiis Computing Serif ices
Vn iversity of Mmou ri- Columbia
305 Jesse Hall
Columbia, MO 6321 J
T^ -^ 'F 't- -l^ 5^ 'P
Computers in Education
Conference
Seattle Pacific University
Seattle, WA
March 12& 13, 1982
The annual conference will in-
clude talks, workshops, and
exhibits with emphasis on the use
of the microcomputer in K-12
classrooms of various disciplines.
Tonyjongejan
Everett High School
24 1 6 Colby
Everett, WA 98201
Microcomputer Conference
The University of Victoria
Victoria, British Columbia
May 6-8, 1982
Moving Microcomputers into
The Mainstream Of Education
will be an opportunity for both a
formal and an informal sharing
of ideas, information and expe-
riences amongst educators. The
major focus of the conference
will be the integration of the
microcomputer into the estab-
lished curriculum into the class-
room, and into the administrative
offices of school districts.
The conference is designed
to provide educators with infor-
mation regarding applications
that have been tried and tested in
the schools to achieve this pur-
pose. A series of keynote ad-
dresses, workshops, papers, and
short presentations have been
planned. A call for presentations
can be found in the upcoming
issue of Micro-scope,
The conceptual threads of
the conference are:
1. Classroom applications.
2- Administration applicadons.
3. Courseware development and
evaluation.
4. Future implications of tech-
nology in instruction.
University housing will be avail-
able at reasonable rates.
University Extension
Conference Office
721-8475
Southern California
Computers in Education
Conference
University High School
Irvine, CA
May 14-15, 1982
This second annual conference is
sponsored by Computer-Using
Educators.
Workshops and field trips
will be held on Friday, May 14 at
schools and industry scattered
throughout Southern California.
On Satui'day all sessions will be
held at University High School,
Irvine starting at 9:00 a.m.
Classroom applications of
computers to all areas of the
curriculum will be presented
covering all grade levels from
kindergarten through two-year
college. The major emphasis of
the conference will be on getting
started with microcomputers.
The Friday night banquet
speaker will be Prof. Lud Braun,
School of Engineering, University
of New York. The keynote ad-
dress on Saturday morning will
be delivered by Dr. William
"Sandy" Wagner.
Preregistration is $10 for
CUE members and $16 for non-
members. Preregistration must
be received by April 30th, 1982.
No purchcise orders accepted. On-site
registration will be available on
Saturday for $ 1 8. All checks
should be made out to CUE (or
Computer-Using Educators) and
mailed to the address below.
One unique feature of the
conference will be several com-
puter workshops held at sea. The
unofficial slogan of the confer-
ence is "PET your APPLES in
Orange County."
Craig Walker
1 982 Conference Chairperson
Arrowview Intermediate School
2299 North'Vr Street
San Benmrdino, CA 92405
(714)886-9118
Buffered Parallel
Printer Interface
The Microbuffer II is an intelli-
gent btiffered parallel printer
interface for the Apple II com-
puter. The Microbuffer II in-
cludes 16K of on-board RAM so
the computer does not have to
wait for the printer to finish
before continuing with other
processing. Buffer memory size
is user expandable to 32K using
industry standard 64K RAM
chips. The Microbtiffer II is
compatible with Applesoft, CP/M,
and Pascal and includes advanced
high resolution graphics print
routines for the Epson MX-80
wdth Graphtrax, Anadex, IDS
Paper Tiger, NE(^ Prow rite r, as
well as complete print formatting
features. The Microbuffer II is
available for $259.
F Tactical Peripherals ^ Inc.
31245 La Baya Drive
Wesilake Village, CA 91362
(213)991-8200
MIT LOGO For
Apple Computers
The Krell Software Corp. Stony
Brook, NY is pleased to announce
that MITs LOGO for Apple II
computers is now available. This
is the authorized version of the
LOGO language for Apple devel-
oped by MIT under the sponsor-
ship of the National Science
ATARI SPECIAL PACKAGE
800 COMPUTER WITH
DISK DRIVES 1,139.00
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Microsoft Basic
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Personal Finance
Arorl Word Processor
Missile Command
Asteroids
Caverns of Mors
UK Lerrer Perfea
UK Moilmerge/ Utility
UK Dora Perfect
OS/A+
Basic A+
Synopse Filemqr. 600
Synapse Disk Mgr,
Wiz b Princess
Thie Next Step
Rood Worl^
um
24.95 Softporn Adventure
24,95 Crush, Cnjmble, Chomp
74.95 Rescue ot Rigel
64.95 Dotestones of Ryn
59.95 Compu-Motti/ Decimals
119.95 CompU'Moth/Froctions
34.95 Compu-Reod 3.0
34.95 LISP 2.0
31.95 DotGsm-65
119.95 Mtcropairer
24.95 Text Wizard
79.95 AliDobo G 40 Thieves
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COPUTERS
Altos 6000-2
Northstor Advontoge
Zenith 2-89
PRINTERS
Epson AAX-80
Okidoro 62-A
NEC 6023A
Dioblo 630
NEC 3510
NEC 7710
MODEMS
Hoyes Mioomodem It
Hayes Smarrmodem
Novotion DCAT
MONITORS
NEC 12" Green
NEC 13" Color
Zenith 12" Green
AAEDIA
Vertxitim
Dyson
THE PUaCHASlNG SERVICE FOR HOME G BUSINESS COMPUTERS
124? LINCOLN BLVD SUfTE F SANTA MONICA CA. 90401 (213) 451-8069
2695.00
coll
2149.00
459.00
469.00
529.00
2195.00
1795.00
2395.00
269.00
229.00
159.00
179.00
329.00
119.00
25.00/box
37,00/lDOx
FREE CATALOG... offering rhe most complete line of computer
products in rhe country. Your satisfaaion is bodied by our 30
day quorontee. ALL PRODUCTS DISCOUNTED UP TO 30%.
COMPjfiJAE PRICES G KNO^VLEDGE. No minimun orders. Please
odd 3% for shipping, hondlino G insurance. Showroom by
oppt. only Monday to Fridoy 9:3D-5:30iPRiCE55U[JJEaTOCHANGE),
FoLUiciiition.
This unique and powerful
language was written specifically
for educational application. It is
highly graphic and ideal for
introducing young people to the
use of microcomputers. MIT
LOGO For Apple is by no means
an abridged version suitable to
children only, it is the full pro-
gramming language whose capa-
bilities and versatility rival and at
many places, supersede those
of BASIC, FORTRAN, and
PASCAL.
KrelFs complete package
includes the LOGO language
system, Krelfs own Instant LOGO
tutorial program, and its unique
introduction to LOGO, Alice In
LOGOLAND, The entire package
is fully documented for teachers
and students. Since LOGO re-
quires a disk system with 64 K of
memory an opuonal 16K RAM
board extension is available at
the special price of $109,95. The
entire software package is availa-
ble for $179.95.
Krell Software Corp,
21 MiUbrook Olive
Stom Brook, NY 11790
(516)751-5139
Atari Special
Additions
Sunnyvale, CA— January 6, 1982
- One hundred and seventeen
vendors are represented with
more than 400 products in Atari
Special Additions, the first edition
of a new catalog of programs,
equipment accessories, furniture
and publications designed for
users of Atari 400 and Atari 800
Home Computers.
Atari Special Additions is in-
tended to be a useful guide to
equipment, and programs pro-
duced by other manufacturers,"
said Roger H. Badertscher, presi-
dent of the company^s Home
Computer Division. "It is a meas-
ure of the continuing success of
our product line that so many
vendors are offering so many
products to be used with Atari
Home Computers."
The catalog, with a cover
price of $3.00, is available from
Atari Computer retailers, and
will be mailed free to owners of
Atari Home Computers who
have filed warranty cards and to
subscribers of The Atari Connec-
tion, the quarterly magazine the
company publishes for owners of
its computer.
Neio Product releases are selected
from suhmissions for reasons of
timeliness, available space, a) id
general interest to our readers. We
regret that we are unable to select all
new product submissiom for publi-
cation. Readers should be aware that
we present here some edited version
of material submitted by vendors and
are unable to vouch for its accuracy
at time of publication. ©
MARCH ■ SPECIALS
OKIDATA MICROLINE 80A
MATRIX .J PRINTER
I
I
ATARI 810 DISK DRIVE
I
/ /
,/
$429.00
PERSONAL
aNHIPUTERS
CALL TOLL FRIEE!
EAST COAST WEST COAST
1-800-556-7586
COMPUTER SHOPPING CENTER
12 Meeting St.
Cumberland, Rl 02864
1-401-722-1027
TELEX 952106
1-800-235-3581
COJAPUTER SHOPPING CENTER
3533 Old ConeioRd# 102
Newbury Park, CA 91320
1-805-499-3678
CA TOLL FREE 1 -800-322- 1 873
TELEX 182889
COMPUTER SHOPPING CENTER
We Accept C.O.D.'s • Stock Shipments Same Day or Next • No Surcharge for Credit Cords • All Equipment Factory
Fresh w/MFT Warranty • We Carry the Complete Line of Personal Software • Prices do not Reflect Shipping Charges
Rhode Island and California residents please add 6% Sales Tax
NEC PC-8023 Printer $629.00 ^^ ^^ m m
NEC 7710 Spinwriter 2345.00 ^J g^ ^J
NEC 7720 Spinwriter 2695.00 ^J EC |^
NEC 7730 Spinwriter 2345.00 "J" ^^ ^_
NEC JC 1 201 M(A) - Color 1 2" Monitor 359.00 QQ ^J 2«
NEC JB 1 201 M 1 2" Green Monitor 1 59.00 ^# ^™ ^"■'
Okidata Microline-80 ..... ......... 329.00 ^^ ^J
Okidota Microline-82A 499.00 ■■ ^^ ^^
Okidata Microline-83A 729.00 ^J ^^
Diablo 630 . 1995.00 "" ^0 UJ
M & R Sup-R-Terminal 279.00 h^ ^^ ^\
Microsoft Soft Card (Z-80) 279.00 wKm §■■ ""
Hazeltine 1420 . 799.00 m ^f Ul
Northstar Horizon II 32K QD 2925.00 ^^ ^J ^
Anadex DP-9500/9501 1 249.00 J^ ^J ^J
Televideo910 . 559.00 f^ J i^i^ ^^
Televideo912C . 669.00 jj 1^
Televideo 920C . 689.00 QS HH ^h
Televideo 950 929.00 fj ^% ^^
CBM 8032 Computer 1149.00 ^^ ^^ ^\
CBM 8050 Disk Drive . 1349.00 "JJ ^^
CBM 4032 Computer , 1029.00 ^^ t^%
CBM 4040 Disk Drive 1029.00 ^^ ^y ^^
CBM 4022 Printer 649.00 ^^ ^^
CBM VlC-20 . . 269.00 UJ ^^ i^l
Leedex/Amdek lOOG. 159.00 Q^ ^^ ■*■
Leedex/Amdek Color - 1 13" Color Monitor . . . 329.00 JS ^^
Microtek 16K Ramboard for Atari 800 ....... 79.00 ^J ^^
Microtek 32K Ramboard for Atari 400 and 800 1 49.00 jj ^I ^^k
Qume Sprint 9/45 (Full Panel) . 2295.00 ^J VlT ^J
Atari 400 16K 339.00 ^^ ^^
Atari 410 Recorder 60.00 ^1 ^^
Atari 825 Printer 599.00 ^5 ^^ U
Atari 850 Interface 1 39.00 ^^ ^^ ^"i
Atari 830 MODEM . 159.00 ^^ UJ ^^
Atari 810 Disk Drive 429.00 ^S ^^ ^^
Atari 800 1 6K ...... 749.00 ^^ ■■
Epson MX- 70 349.00 ^^
Epson MX-80 , 449.00 ^^
Epson AAX-80 FT 549.00 U
Epson MX-lOO FT , 729.00 ^^
PRICES ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
WE CARRY THE COMPLETE LINE OF ATARI SOFTWARE, PERIPHERALS AND ACCESSORIES
PERSONAL COMPUTERS
COMPUTER SHOPPING aNTER
NEC GREEN 12" MONITOR
JB 1201M
$159.00
EPSON MX-80
INTERFACES & CABLES
IEEE $55. RS-232 $70.
TRS-80 CABLE $35.
$449.00
AMDEXCOlOR-1 MONITOR
$329.00
EPSON MX-lOO FT PfflKin
$729.00
222
COMPUTE!
March, 1982, Issue 22
CAPUTE!:
Corrections And
Amplifications
L "Spacewar Part 2," Home and Educational COM-
PUTING!. Fall 1981, pg. 21: an ?Oul Of Memory
error can occur after several rounds of the game.
The following changes will prevent this as well as
the problem w^ith the black hole option:
6 SX = 50:SY = 50:POKEV-9,255: ?"[CLEAR]":X = S + A:
FORI = XTOX + 505:POKEI,T:NEXTI
And change lines 18 and 45 to contain GOTO
47 (instead of GOSUB47).
Change lines 59 and 70 to contain GOTO 1 7
(instead of RETURN),
Changing line 140 to: 140 POKE52,28:
POKE56,28:CLR w^ill allow you to make modifica-
tions and debug the program w itliout running out of
memory. (Our thanks to Ken Denniston and Ronald
Gruenzel for these suggested improvemenls.)
2. "Window Analysis." COMPUTE!, December,
1981, pg. 35, line'720: GOSUB FNTRC should
read GOSUB FTRC.
3. "A Simple Printer Interface For Apple H,"
COMPUTE!, December, 1981, pg. 85: 220 OHMS
should be 2200 OHMS (and vice versa).
4. 'TET To PET Communication Over The User
Port," COMPUTE!, December, 1981, pg. 142: The
second paragraph on the second column of this
page should begin, "Now the receiver can leave
line 40 and read the data byte (on line 50). The
transmitter is now^ stuck on line 90 . . ."
5. "File Recovery," COMPUTE!, December, 1981,
pg. 164: to apply Program 1 to the 2040 Disk Drive,
the following lines are required.
145 PRINT **ENTER TRACK NUMBER OF 1ST
DATA BLOCK": INPUT TT
TO:
AIM-65 USER
Would you be interested in a
Consulting Job
writing custom software on your own AIM-65?
If yes, are you: 1. An expert in Alf^-65 use?
2. Located in the Bay Area?
3, Familiar or ready to learn
Alf^-65 FORTH?
Please call:
Dr. Gat 415 961-6823
414 PRINT#15,*'B-P:"3;5 + 32*R-2
416 PRINT#1,CHR$(TT);
6. "The Beginner\s Page," COMPUTE!, Januarv.
1982, pg. 24: pan of the Atari version oi ihc pro-
gram was missing. Here il is in its entirety;
lee DATA aFER.AmE,f^tRIC^.RAll«QW,QUA
LIT7 . IHTERffliJCT I C . f®. 1 peL£ . FOOLPROOF
lie DATA PR9GKAm/S0FTW^,f::OtfirTERU^*R£,
COCE , L 1ST IMS . l^FQRMAT ION, nAG IC
129 Dm MSJECTlUEfCSt2e>.H3UN$<7t2fi>.TEH
Pt<2e),LK8>.L2<7>
13B FOR 1=1 TO 8=REflD TBPt = ADJECT IUe*< I
*26-19. IX20>=TErP$=LlC I M£HC TETPf >*I€XT
1
148 FOR I==l TO ?^JStf) TFP$^HOUN$< 1*20-1
9.1X28)=TeP*:L2<l>=LE>4(Tei^> = J€<T 1
156 FOR 1=1 TO 7
166 FOR J=l TO 8
179 FI^IHT ADJECTIue*(C>n*2e+h(J-l)*2e
+iKJ)>;" •;H0UK«CI-U*2&+L(I-n*2e^l2
(1))
18C h€XT J
190 t£XT I
7. "Invest;' COMPUTE!, January, 1982, pg. 39: the
author suggests tliat the follow ing changes be
made to his program since equity builduj} lor an
investment should be multiplied by the ijiitial
amount financed rather than the yearly payment
amount. As the program stands, it makes an invest-
ment look
a little better than it really is. The following will
correct the problem:
7490 PN := PR - DP : REM THIS IS THE AMOUNT
YOU'RE FINANCING
7500 EB = PN * El (Y,I) : REM THIS IS THE EQUITY
BUILDUP FOR 12 MONTHS, 1ST YEAR
7502 EB = EB/12
7503 EB = EB * M : REM THIS IS THE EQUITY
BUILDUP FOR THE MONTHS YOU^LL OWN
IT, THE 1ST YEAR
7505 EB = EB/1000
7510 ET ™ PN * E2 (Y,I) : REM EQUITY BUILDUP
FOR THE 2ND YEAR
7515 ET = ET/1000
8. "Apple Addresses/^ COMPUTE", January, 1982,
pg. 83: the program was missing from this article.
The entire article is being reprinted in this issue,
starting on page 163.
9. "Tinymonl/^ COMPUTE!, January, 19S2, pg.
176: Jim Butter field WTites, ''1 bungled it! In my
zeal to make the whole thing as painless and fool-
proof (!) as possible, I added four bytes to the end
of the program. This made the checksum straight-
forward, and made the hex entry a little simpler.
All of this w^ould have been OK had I not
added four bytes to the BASIC pointers, too. The
Tirst change' should have been:
.: 0028 01 04 14 08 14 08 14 08
If you punched the whole thing up and it
doesn't work, all is not lost. Reload the program,
make the above change, go back to BASICS and
SAVE. ..and you will find yourself with a working
Tinymon.
My apologies for all those nights of lost sleep. I
really was trying to make it easier and bug-free,...'"
6
APPLE * ALTOS • ATARI • MAXELL • DYSAN • EPSON • CCS • SHARP • CASIO • HP • VERBATIM • MEMOREX • SOROC • CORVUS • ADDS
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OUR PRICE $1995.00 special Of The Month
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HP-I25 Microcompjter
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HP- 8 3 Microcomputef
Grap^l!cs Plotlei 7225
P«r$orulit]f Mod For 7225
2&3LB ImpKt/Pnntcf;
H*jOt¥
Option 020 For 263 IB
g Df™« io Cfioos*
from S2502S
9S35A 8 Dual Dnv*
Graph^s Tablet 9111A
HP-IIC Slifl-Une AjJvanced
HP-12C SJimiirM Firuncial
HP J I CV New 2.2
Bytes Meiii
HP 41 C aicuLilor
Printer For 4tCWC
OptwaiWindFor*! CV/C
Qiud {Urn Iquils
4 Hem. Mo<ls
l^tmorf Modules For 4 ic
HP 97 Protramble Printer
HP-67 Proiramble
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HP 34C Projnmbte
Scientific
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HP 32E AO* ScientiiJC
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375000 275000
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395000 3250 00
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1300 00 1125 00
6£50,O0 550000
2050,00 167g.00
135,00 11900
150.00 12900
325.00 250 00
25000 Its 00
21500 itJOO
385.00 239 00
125.00 97.00
95.00 tl.00
25.00
750,00 595.00
375,00 295.00
150.00 117.00
150,00 U700
5500 U-OO
7500 5700,
8032 32K 80 Col Crt
4032 32K 40 Col Crt
40I61GK40CQIC1
S050 Dual Oisli %m
4040 Ouji Dish 3431!
C2N Cassette Dnve
4022nBO Col Printer
8074 Uannsman TaEler
25CPS-S!ar*ritef
CSU IEEE Uodem
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VJC20
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1495.00
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impACii
830 Acoustic MoOetn
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Atari Visictic
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List
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Price
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457J0
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45000
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TEXAS mSTRUMEHTS
n 99/4A Consoie New i ^ .
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32K Memory Moduke
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RF Modulator
Telephone Coupler iModemi
Printer (Solid State)
Prke
List
95000
39995 333 95
399 95 312.95
H9 95 127,95
^9995 390.95
«.95 4Z,50
2ms i|S,95
39995 315«
NEC STUDENT
SYSTEM
B4K
*HEC PC 8001 A Compuler _,,
'NEC PC 8012 A Expansion <^V
'NEC PC 8031 A Dual Dnve ^%>\
1 2" Grn Phs Video Monitor
EPSOM
MKBOn
MX 80 IMPACT
MX 70 IMPACT
MX 100
ANADEX 9501
NEC
S510
5515
3510
3515
OXIDAfA
UOOLINE 80
MOOLINE 82
MECROLINE S3
PAPER TIGER
445G with Graphics
46CG wtth Graphics
560G New lulf sue
DURLO {lEHER QUALITin
630 R102 bi djrectunil
tnmn
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factors
£30 RO Recerve Only
1G50K 136 keyboard
tractors
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645.00 450.00
500,00 390.00
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1650.00 1299,00
3195,00 2445.00
3295,00 2545.00
2495,00 1795.00
254500 lt49 00
545.00
549.00
1050.00
795,00
1,394,00
395 00
549,00
769.00
695 00
S93.00
1,695.00 1.139 00
2.965.00 2.4M00
4.000.00 tmoo
2.710.00 2^50J1C
IMC
12-Grn. PhsK(J(l5Hz|
12- Gm PhsE0(l8Hi|
12' Grn Phs (20 H/t
12' Colour Compos jlE Hi Res
Grrr. Phs 12'
MC Grn. Phs. 12-
ZeiMlh 12'
L£ MOKITOR
• 9-BAW
• 9' Creen Ptis
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SANYO MONITORS
13" Cfllor (new)
hith quality
12" Green Plis
12-BSW
15-BiW
9'BiWT^BestSelier!
9' Graen Phs.
List
21900
1249,00
279 00
43900
275,00
225.00
159.00
165,00
115.00
209 00
319,00
165 OD
mw
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179,00 159.00
1S9.(H} 1SS.00
2Dd.0C iss.oo
229.00
199.00
1550 00
360 00
340 00
370.00
235.00
275.00
199.00
159.00
399,00
269 OO
239.00
255.00
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199 OOj
XEROX 820
WORD PROCESSING SYSTEM
(INCLUDES SOFTWARE)
MSL I'.lTLSa^mm
3495.00'
S2649.00*
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TELEVIDEO
910
9J2C
920C
950C
Ov
Tst
1699.00 smoo
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DBKETTB sold tN boxes of lo
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DYSAN PRKE PE8 OISIETTE
104/1 5' SOFT SECTOR
104/lD =' DBL
DEN SOFT SEC
3740n 8' SOFT SECTOR
3740/10 8' DBL,
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UAXEU
MDl 5- SOFT SEC-
TOR/OBL DEN
HD 2 " SOFT
SECTOfi/OBL SIDE /OflL
DEN.
FO I 8- SOFT SECJDBL
OEN
FO! 8- SOFT SECJDBL
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6 00 3.99
640
7.2S
10.75
4.U
475
500 150
EIPANSION BOARD
QSTAR
16K RAM BOARD
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SOFTWARE
FOR APPLE II
Language System with
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Visidejt
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Muse Supertext f!
Softipe Miftc Wincow
9900 72.00
f-^ mm
Bcommodore ]
CdUlRCOHPimR if I C^ 20
Vic TV Moduli .,,,..,.. ,119,00
Vic Cjssette Se9.00
Vic Disk Drwe , JCtf
Vic 6 Pack proinm , . „ 144 00
MSL
299.00
OUR PfllCE
S255.0O
44.00
SOFTWARE :-^
FOt COHUODORE ^
On The Inlorn^tbon Wizard
Wordcritt 80
InrwhJb Retneval h Mpit Ajd
Do* Jones Portfolio M|mt
pjsca! Deveicpmefli Pkj.
Ebs fteceivaokes, inventory
Spi General Ledger
Word Pro 340 Cotumn
Word Pro 4^0 Column
Word Pro 4 Pius
39500
39500
49500
14900
29500
75000
39500
25000
37500
45000
Our
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1211.00
2t3.00
3n-00
UIOQ
21100
5i9,00
3t9ilO
175.W
S9in
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MODEMS
NOVATION CAT MODEM
NOVATION 0 CAT
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HATES UOOUODEM
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iill
18995
19900
38900
37900
27900
Oir
Price
140.DQ
150 00
329.00
295.00
239.00^
CALCUUTORSr
'^1
CAW i-ilil Uil
HR 10 Paper Feed --T::: 4995
HR 12 Paper Feed iV-j; 54 95
FR 100 Paper Feed ZZZZZ ^^-95
FR 1210 Paper Feed ••"-c 12995
P020 29,95
LC78S 12,95
LC3165 12,95
FX-6a Scientific 29.95
FX 81 ScienWk 19 95
FX 3600P ScsentifKr 39,95
FX^7P "Computer Tatk 88 Memories Pro
trmrniai Upper i Loiref Case Dot
Malrix 512 Step 129.95
FX 702P So^s Probtcms with A^ha-
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Lwgyaje 199.95
0«
Priei
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42.00
59.00
99.00
23,00
10.00
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29.95
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TEILMSW.
DEVICES
rWME HATE
900 Economy
90S Remote Dual Tape Sys
910 60 Calls Per Side
920 C Vo*
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930 Remote Twin Cass
950 Remote
960 Remote Bui ft In TeJe
Microcomputer ControDeO
39995 21100
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>.JJIM.iicl4JaJ:i.^.lJM^4.-l^!M-JJlJ.»|.li.|Jl.Jj.i:HJ|.lll...|JJJ.|.Jil^^jjjj,jj4,jlljBjj.U^^
^332
Advertisers Index
AB Computers 66,67,183
AG Associates ,.,, 222
Aardvork Technical Services, Ltd 205
Abacus Software 129,169
Actek ..123
Alternate Reofity Software 85
Anderson Peripherals, Inc , 121
Applefest 49
Arcade Pfus .,......,. 109
Artworx Software Company , , , ... 79
Atari. Inc. ...7
Automated SimulcfHons , ....69
Axlon 123
Barron Enterprises 71
Batteries Included 183
John Bell Engineering 162
Beta Computer Devices , 140
The Bit Bucket .,..,........, ..............216
R. J. Brachman AssociatesJnc 181
Byte Microsystems Corporation 179
C-Mart 91
CE Software 116
CFI 155
CGRS Microtech 187
CMS Software Systems , 2,3
C&O Micro Systems, I nc 185
Canadian Micro Distributors Ltd 2425,27,29,31
Consoft Data. Inc 23
Color Computer Concepts 191
Comm* Data Systems, Inc. . ...............169
Commodore Computer Systems BC
COMPUTEFs First Book of Atari 11
COMPUTER'S First Book of PET/CBM ....10
Computer Age Software 131
Computer Country 150
Computer House 145
Computer Mail Order 210,211
Computer Shopping Center 220,221
The Computerisrs Directory 61
Computer Mat Software 175,185
Computertime, Inc. 42
Connecticut microcomputer, Inc 95
Consultors tnternationol 42
Cow Boy Computing 61,83
Creative Software 34
Cursor, The Code Wort<s 116
Cyberia Inc. .,.., 153
Dr,Daie/s Software 197
Data Equipment Supply Corp 86,87
Dilithium Press 99
Dunham Software & Consulting Co ..191
Dynacomp • 46,47
ECX Computer Company - 154
Eastern House Software 127
Eclectic Systems Corporation 217
Elcomp Publishing, tnc 89
Electronic Specialists, Inc 99
Electronic Technology Corporation 199
ExecomCorp ....185
ESS - .-■- ••■••154
GOLF •■■^89
Gebefll Software, Inc. 13
HW Electronics 133
High Countr/ Microsystems 151
Horizon Simulations ...39
Human Engineered Software 114
Huntington Computing - 125
IDSI .......-- - • 21
Inhome Software - • • ........135
Intec Peripherals Corp -■" *' ^^'^
Interlink, Inc. ...95
Iridis, The Code Works ...-■... •■■• ■■■' 1^^
Jini Micro- Systems, Inc ■ * * ■ • •■•19
Krell Software Corp. 101
LJK Enterprises inc. 51
Leading Edge IBC
LemData Products .....189
Lyco Computers 215
MDS 113
MED Systems Software ..157
MIS 175
Madison Computer 129
Magic Carpet 189
Micro Business World Inc 223
Micro Printer Marketing 32
Micro Spec Ltd 175
Micro Technical ProductsJnc, ...118
Micro-Ed. Inc 97
Micrograms, Incorporated 89
The Micromint Inc. , , 140
Microsoft Consumer Products , 4
Microtek Inc 41
Miles Computing ..147
Mosaic Electronics 107
Mountain Computer IFC
Muse Software 162
National Computer Shows ...59
Netronics R8lD Ltd. 181
New England Electronics Company 36.37
Nufekop ...169
Olympic Soles Company 127
On Line Systems 18,137
Optimal Technology Inc. .......65
Optimized Data Systems ..185
Optimized Systems Software, Inc 35,145
Orion Software 208
Oryx Software 177
PSK Evoluotion Service .....189
Pacific Exchanges .....108,119169,200
Pendulum Soffwore 94
Petted Microsystems 196
Philadelphia Computer Discount 213
Poquette's .193
ProctEd Tapes, Inc 187
Professional Software 1,9
Program Design, Inc. 157
The Program Store .......,,,. 57
The Programmer's Institute 42
Protronics 181
Quality Software 83
Quantum Data, Inc 169
Questar Interna' ional Inc 195
RC Electronics Inc. , 177
Samurai Softwof e 45
Santo Cruz Educational Software 81
Sebree's Computing 147
Silicon Valley Systems Inc, - ......143
Skyles Electric Works 63,187
Small System Design — 177
The Software Connection . ., .73
Software Galore 191
Software Street .....161
Spyder Softwore - ......216
Strategic Simulations, Inc 15
Street Electronic;s Corporation - 162
Sunrise Software ....151
Supersoft 209
Swifty Software, Inc 71
Syncrclnc ■■ 17,151
Synergistic Software 77
t:h.e.s.ls - ...- " 1S
TISInc ■ ........104
T'Aide Software Company - ....103
United Microware Industries, Inc. 105
Unicomm. Inc. — ■ 219
Vixel, The Code Works - 6^
Voicetek • - " ■ - * ■ ■ ■ 1^^
Wildfire Publishing -■.. 193
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Full Computer Keyboard ■ Memory Expansion to 32 K RAM
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■ Peripheral Equipment: Joystick, Paddles, Disk Drive, Printer, Cassette unit
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